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Research Methods 850Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Designs

2013/14

Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Post Diploma

Degree Program, Ryerson UniversityLoiselle et al. (20 )

All Chapters to date

Prepared by Dr Elaine Sta. Mina

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Comparison of Qualitative and

Quantitative Paradigms

Some researchers are purely qualitative and

others are purely quantitative,

neither believing in, nor accepting, the others

paradigm as a valid path to understanding

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Comparison of Qualitative and

Quantitative Paradigms

However, as demonstrated in last weeks class

on multi-method designs there is a growing

body of research embracing both designs

within one study.

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Comparison of Qualitative and

Quantitative Paradigms

There are also differing views on the bestpractice for teaching the two researchparadigms: some educators insist they should

be taught separately and others believe theyshould be taught in an integrated fashion.

The Loiselle et al (2007) text 2nd ed. waswritten from an integrated framework.

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Comparison of Qualitative and

Quantitative Paradigms

This course has taught you about research byseparating the paradigms.

It has built upon what may be most familiar, thenarrative, inherent in qualitative research.

Then it has developed your understanding of thequantitative approach to lead to statistical analysis.

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Comparison of Qualitative and

Quantitative Paradigms

However

it is important that as nurses and as consumersof researcher (and possibly as future

researchers) you understand both paradigms,

and can compare and contrast their

methodologies in order to inform your

practice.

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Comparison of Qualitative and

Quantitative Paradigms

So this weeks class will bring both paradigms

together to compare and contrast each step of

the research process, according to each

philosophy.

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Comparison of Qualitative and

Quantitative Paradigms

So this weeks review will bring both

paradigms together to compare and contrast

each step of the research process, according

to each philosophy.

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1) Underlying Philosophy

Qualitative

a holistic approach to

understanding

reality consists of

multiple truths

inductive reasoning

Quantitative

reductionistic approach

truth as objective reality

deductive reasoning

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1) Underlying Philosophy

Qualitative

subjective experience is

valued

the researcher is

integral to the researchprocess

Quantitative

subjectivity set aside

objective reality valued

the researcher is

separate from the

research process

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2) The Research Question

Qualitative

broadly articulated

phenomenon areexplored,described

Quantitative

tightly defined

cause and effectrelationship amongindependent &

dependent variables

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3) Literature Review

Qualitative

broad focus on

phenomena andphilosophy

phenomena aresearched

may be part of analysis

Quantitative

extensive review of each

variable

review of theory

reviews previousresearch

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3) Literature Review

Qualitative

identification of gaps in

research, methodology,population, conditions

Quantitative

identification of gaps in

research,

methodology,

population,

conditions

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4) Conceptual Framework or Theory

Qualitative

little, if any,

conceptualization of thephenomena

the ory or conceptualmodel

research developstheory rather than teststheory

Quantitative

usually well articulated

theory

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5) The Research Problem, Question (s);

Hypothesis (es)

Qualitative

problem is broadly

described

nohypotheses

Quantitative

problem is clearly

identified from theliterature review

question flows fromproblem statement

hypothesis (es) arestated from the

research question

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6) Design Type

Qualitative

retrospective

prospective

longitudinal

cross-sectional

emergent designs

ethics are critical

Quantitative

retrospective

prospective

longitudinal

cross-sectional

articulated designs

ethics are critical

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6) Design Type

Qualitative

phenomenological

ethnographic

historicism

participant action

critical social

Quantitative

randomized control trial:

the gold standard

experimental

quasi experimental

non-experimental

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7) The Target Population and The Sample

Qualitative

small sample size

sample size determined by

saturation

non-probability

sampling

Quantitative

large sample size

sample size calculation

non-probability

sampling

probability sampling

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8) Methods

Qualitative

ethics approval

informed consent

evolve during process

emergent design

Quantitative

ethics approval

informed consent

tightly articulated

step by step

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8) Methods

Qualitative

collection and analysis

occur simultaneously

may include member

checking

Quantitative

data collection and

analysis occurseparately

findings not validated with

participants, they mayrequest a copy of the

findings

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9) Data Collection

Qualitative

high obtrusiveness

flexible methods

the unstructured and

structuredObservation

Quantitative

highly structured

low obtrusiveness

levels of measurement

nominal, ordinal, interval,ratio

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9) Data Collection

Qualitative

researcher as

instrument

narrative accounts

Quantitative

scales: likert, visual

analogue semanticdifferential,

bio-physiologic

numeric measures

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9) Data Collection

Qualitative

logs, journals, diaries

tape recordings, audio and

video

Quantitative

structured interview

logs, journals, diaries

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10) Data Analysis

Qualitative

iterative

not standardizedunit of measure isnarrative

goal to synthesize,interpret,communicate

Quantitative

Linear

highly standardizedunit of measure isnumeric

goal to establish resultsnot by chance alone

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10) Data Analysis

Qualitative

template

categories ,editing

immersion /

crystallization

Quantitative

statistical analysis to test

the hypothesis

hypotheses are supported

or refuted based upon

statistical significance

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10) Data Analysis

Qualitative

data quality

trustworthinesscredibility

confirmability

dependability

transferability offindings

Quantitative

data quality:

reliability

validity

generalizability of findings

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11) The Research Report

Qualitative

includes thick narrative

transferability

Quantitative

includes statistical results

generalizability

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11) The Research Report

Qualitative

includes thick narrative

transferability

Quantitative

includes statistical results

generalizability

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12) Dissemination of the Research Findings

Qualitative

journals, conferences

books

Quantitative

journals, conferences

books

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13) Strengths of the Paradigm

Qualitative

subjective realities are

valued

in-depth meanings

articulated

Quantitative

subjectivity is controlled

cause and effect more

clearly established

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13) Strengths of the Paradigm

Qualitative

develops theory

develops knowledge

about

little known phenomena

Quantitative

supports of refutes theory

supports or refutes

hypotheses

generalizable

reproducible

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14) Limitations of the Paradigm

Qualitative

subjectivity lend itself to

competinghypotheses

Quantitative

tight control of

extraneous variablesdiminishes

generalizability

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14) Limitations of the Paradigm

Qualitative

not generalizable

small sample sizes

Quantitative

feasibility of getting

large samples

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References

Burns, N., Grove, S. K. (2001). The Practice of Nursing Research:Conduct, Critique, & Utilization 4thEdition.Philadelphia: W. B.Saunders.

Loiselle, C.G., Profetto-McGrath, J., Polit, D., F. & Beck, C. T.

(2007). Canadian Essentials of Nursing Research 2nd

Edition.Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Polit, D., F. & Beck, C. T. (2004). Nursing Research: Principles andMethods 7thEdition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins:

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