Review, Urbach lecture Adrienne Moore 3/4/2008. “Reality Science” – scientists don’t just...
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Transcript of Review, Urbach lecture Adrienne Moore 3/4/2008. “Reality Science” – scientists don’t just...
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Review, Urbach lecture
Adrienne Moore
3/4/2008
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“Reality Science” – scientists don’t just conduct experiments
• The process actually involves:• Experimental design
• Writing/obtaining grants
• IRB approval (Institutional Review Board)
• Conducting the experiment
• Conference presentations (preliminary findings)
• Writing peer-reviewed journal publications
• Writing review chapters
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Intro to Experimental Design
• What is an experiment?• An activity that “fiddles with” (manipulates)
an observable process and then observes what happens
• What is a good experiment?• An activity that manipulates an observable
process in a way that allows you to figure out the cause of the outcome and then observes what happens
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Basic Elements of Good Experimental Design
• Independent Variable– Manipulated by the researcher
• Dependent Variable– Unknown, measured by the researcher
***we want to know whether manipulating the independent variable causes the dependent variable to change***
• Control Condition– The independent variable is *not* manipulated here
• Experimental Condition– The independent variable is manipulated here---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Confounds (bad)– Arise when more than one thing differs between the control and
experimental condition (which one causes the outcome?)
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An Example
• I pick up the newspaper and read that a 23 million dollar class action law suit has been settled against the makers of Airborne! Someone claims there’s no good evidence that Airborne actually works. I am shocked, because I used Airborne last week and my cold cleared up, which proved to me that Airborne does help with colds. What do you think I did wrong?
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• Did I do an experiment?– Yes, I fiddled with the natural process of developing a cold by
taking “medicine” and then observed what happened.
• Was it a good experiment?– No, though my cold did go away, I couldn’t be sure that Airborne
was the cause.
• What did it lack?– A control condition
• What might be an independent variable, a dependent variable, a control condition, and an experimental condition that could address the question “Does Airborne prevent colds from emerging”?– Independent – did you take Airborne, Yes (experimental
condition) or No (control condition)– Dependent – how many cold symptoms remained with
(experimental) and without (control) the manipulation
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• Now I have an independent variable, a dependent variable, an experimental condition, and a control condition – is this a good experiment yet?
• Not really – too many confounds• “First principle of experimentation” (manipulate one
variable at a time, avoid confounds)• “First practical of experimentation” (the first principle is
very hard to achieve)• Good Advice:
– Try to turn confounds into independent variables– Increase sample size and then average your samples
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Review, How to Read ERP Data (time, amplitude, electrode)…
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…and EEG
Spectral data.(time,
frequency, power,
electrode)
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Review Pineda slide
What is EEG?
• Electroencephalography:noninvasive method for measuring the brain at work with very good temporal precision
• EEG Spectral analysis:
• Asks where in the signal (at what frequency band) is there a lot of activity?
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Review Viirre slide
EEG analysis
2 options -- Temporal domain :
Evoked Potential, ERP Always averaged
Frequency domain (spectral analysis) : ERSP, power (Pineda’s
approach) Either averaged or “single-
shot” ICA makes single shot
possible
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Memory Performance ERP experiment
• 1. show subjects lists of related words and ask them to memorize them
• 2. after a delay, subjects perform old/new recognition task, using a list of related and unrelated new and old words
• 3. subjects will frequently believe a new word is old if it’s closely related to the old words (“memory intrusions”)
• 4. but there’s an ERP component associated with correct recognition memory -- it differs to old vs new words
• 5. and the ERP component differs to a new word even when the subject believes the word is old