Review Units 1&2

Psychology’s RootsPsychological Science is Born

•Wilhelm Wundt (1879)• Founder of scientific psychology• Set up first lab in 1879 in

Leipzig, Germany • Focused on structure of the

mind and indentifying basic elements of consciousness using introspection.

Structuralism Thinking About the Mind’s STRUCTURE

• Emphasizes consciousness and identification of elements of thought using introspection.• Wilhelm Wundt - studied consciousness using

introspection. • G. Stanley Hall – brought introspection to U.S. at John

Hopkins University, First President of American Psychological Association (A.P.A).• Edward Titchener – studied elements of consiousness

at Cornell University. • Margaret Washburn – First woman to complete her

Ph.D. in psychology

Functionalism – Thinking about the mind’s Function

• Emphasizes how organisms uses its perceptual abilities to adapt to its environment. Want to EXPLAIN behavior by OBSERVING behavior. • William James – wrote Principles of Psychology. • Mary Whiton Calkins – first woman president of the A.P.A.• Functionalism paved the way for behaviorism and applied subfields of

psychology.

Psychological Science Develops (1960s)

•BehaviorismJohn B. Watson B.F. Skinner

(reinforcement theory)

“study of observable behavior”

Fidgeting

Crying

trembling

Psychological Science Develops

•Psychology-• Defined as: The Scientific

study of Behavior and Mental processes.

• 3 parts

• Scientific study – collection and examination of data to prove or support hypotheses.

• Behavior – anything observable.

• Mental Processes – thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions. (unobservable)

Modern Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

biological

evolutionary

psychodynamic

behavioral

cognitive

humanistic

social-cultural

• physiological and bio-chemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes.

• how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of the human species

• how behavior is influenced by unconscious drives and conflicts

• how organisms react to stimuli, learning as a result of experience.

• how we encode, process, store and retrieve information

• how we meet our needs for love and acceptance, and achieve self-fulfillment

•how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

FIELDS:

Biological psychology

Developmental psychology

Educational psychology

Personality psychology

Social psychology

basic research •explores link between brain and behavior

• studies changing abilities throughout the life span

•studies influences on teaching and learning

•investigates persistent traits

•explores how we view and affect one another

FIELDS:

Industrial/organizational psychology

Counseling psychology

Clinical psychology

psychiatry

applied research• used in the workplace to help companies select and train employees

•helps people cope with adjustments, challenges, and crises

•assesses and treats mental, emotional, and behavior disorders

• medical doctors who may prescribe drugs in treatment

Psychology’s Biggest Question

•Nature-Nurture Issuebiology vs. experience

Are we a product of how we are born, biologically predisposed, DNA, etc..

OR are we a result of our experiences?

Nemonics

• MONO – ONE = Monoism• Duo – TWO = Dualism• “Knowledge is Innate, I read that on a Plate” - Plato• StRucturalism = Self Report• FUnctIOnalism = F.U. I’ll Observe it myself• Titchner’s Teacher VVas VVundt• Watson = babies = Wah Wah Watson• Carl Rogers = Humanism, (“Wont you be my neighbor?”)• B. F. Skinner = Skinner B• Abraham Malsow = (write along a pyramids walls)

THREE HURDLES

• Hindsight Bias : “ I knew it all along”

• Overconfidence : “I got this!”

• Barnum Effect : “ OMG, that is SOOOOO true!”

Summary

• Hurdles to Logic• Hindsight Bias• Over Confidence• Barnum Effect

• Applied vs. Basic Research• Applied = useful• Basic = Curiosity

Summary Cont…

• Methods (CRM Chart)• Case Study• Naturalistic Observation• Survey Method• Correlational Method (Positive ↑↑/↓↓) (Negative ↑↓/↓↑)

• Experimental Method (Cause and Effect)

• Variables• Independent (Manipulate)

• Dependent (Measure)

Confounding Variables

• Variables outside of the Dependent and Independent Variables that may affect the outcome of an experiment

• Hawthorne Effect• Experimenter Bias• Placebo Effect• Order Effect

Statistics

• Correlation Coefficient• Range = -1 to +1• Perfect +• Positive• Zero• Negative• Perfect Negative -1

• Descriptive • Central Tendency – Mean,

Median, Mode• Distribution – Normal/Skewed• Standard Deviation• Range• Outliers• Z Scores

Ethics• Animals• Clear purpose

• Acquire animals legally

• Treated in a humane way

• Least amount of suffering possible.

• CATL : LIKE CATTLE

• Human• Must debrief

• Anonymity

• No Coercion- must be voluntary

• Informed consent

• No significant risk

*MANIN : LIKE PEYTON MANNING OR huMAN beINg

Steps in Designing an Experiment1. Hypothesis2. Pick Population: Random Selection then

Random Assignment.3. Operationalize the Variables4. Identify Independent and Dependent

Variables.5. Look for Extraneous Variables6. Type of Experiment: Blind, Double Blind

etc..7. Gather Data8. Analyze Results