Review Sessions for Exam IIIReview Sessions for Exam III

Wednesday  April 11, 3:30 P.M.  HUMB 360Wednesday  April 11, 3:30 P.M.  HUMB 360

Thursday  April 12, 7:30 P.M.Thursday  April 12, 7:30 P.M.  

Totalitarianism and the Totalitarianism and the Decline of the WestDecline of the West

The era of individualism, liberalism and The era of individualism, liberalism and democracy, of humanitarianism and freedom, democracy, of humanitarianism and freedom, is nearing its end. The masses will accept with is nearing its end. The masses will accept with resignation the victory of the Caesars, the resignation the victory of the Caesars, the strong men, and will obey them.strong men, and will obey them.

-Oswald Spengler, -Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the WestThe Decline of the West

I. The Tragedy of I. The Tragedy of VersaillesVersailles

A. The Progressives’ WarA. The Progressives’ War

1. 14 Points1. 14 Points

InternationalismInternationalism

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

B. 1918B. 1918

1. Final gamble1. Final gambleLudendorff Offensive (March)Ludendorff Offensive (March)

Wilhelm II abdicates Wilhelm II abdicates (November)(November)

“November Criminals”“November Criminals”

D. Opportunity missedD. Opportunity missed

1. 1. Diktat Diktat article 231article 231

- responsibility / reparations- responsibility / reparations

2. League of Nations2. League of Nations

3. Reorganized empires3. Reorganized empires - mandates- mandates

Legacy of VersaillesLegacy of Versailles

1. Allies not interested in progressive war1. Allies not interested in progressive war- disillusionment w/ “democracy”- disillusionment w/ “democracy”

2.2. US rejects LeagueUS rejects League- return to near-isolationism- return to near-isolationism

3.3. Europe festersEurope festers

3. League of Nations too weak to: 3. League of Nations too weak to:

- establish new balance of power- establish new balance of power

- rebuild Europe- rebuild Europe

- contend with Bolshevism in the East- contend with Bolshevism in the East

Dictatorship and Dictatorship and IdeologyIdeology

““I was ripe to be converted”I was ripe to be converted”- Arthur Koestler 1949- Arthur Koestler 1949

I. Revolution in Russia I. Revolution in Russia 1917-19201917-1920

Fall of the Romanov DynastyFall of the Romanov Dynasty

Nicholas IINicholas II

A. Reform & RepressionA. Reform & Repression

1.1. 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War1904-05 Russo-Japanese War- 1905-07 “Revolution”- 1905-07 “Revolution”

2.2. The “Mad Monk”The “Mad Monk”

RasputinRasputin

B. Feb/March RevolutionB. Feb/March Revolution

1. Provisional Government1. Provisional Government - Alexander Kerensky- Alexander Kerensky

2. Soviets (workers and soldiers)2. Soviets (workers and soldiers)

- consensus lacking; locally independent- consensus lacking; locally independent

3. Kerensky Offensive 3. Kerensky Offensive 19171917

C. Red OctoberC. Red October

1. Social Democrats (Marxists)1. Social Democrats (Marxists)

- - historical dialectichistorical dialectic

2. Mensheviks2. Mensheviks- - parliamentary meansparliamentary means

BolsheviksBolsheviks- - violent revolutionviolent revolution

-- bourgeois self-absorption -- bourgeois self-absorption

-- discipline-- discipline

3. V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin)3. V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin)

- professional revolutionaries- professional revolutionaries

- role of soviets- role of soviets

4. 4. April ThesesApril Theses

- peace, land and bread- peace, land and bread

5. 5. Storming the Winter PalaceStorming the Winter Palace

Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky

D. Bolsheviks establish powerD. Bolsheviks establish power

1. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 19181918

2. The Russian Civil War, 1917-19202. The Russian Civil War, 1917-1920

3. Elimination of the Czar, 19183. Elimination of the Czar, 1918

4. Politburo4. Politburo

- socialist dictatorship- socialist dictatorship

5. New Economic Policy, 1921-285. New Economic Policy, 1921-28

Fanaticism and SalvationFanaticism and Salvation

Thomas MannThomas Mann 1875-19551875-1955

Humanity seems to have run like boys let out of schoolHumanity seems to have run like boys let out of schoolaway from the humanitarian, idealistic nineteenth century,away from the humanitarian, idealistic nineteenth century,from whose morality – if we can speak at all of morality infrom whose morality – if we can speak at all of morality inthis connection – represents a wide and wild reaction.this connection – represents a wide and wild reaction.

- “An Appeal to Reason” 1931- “An Appeal to Reason” 1931

A. StalinizationA. Stalinization

1. Totalitarianism1. Totalitarianism- mind and body- mind and body- v. Trotsky- v. Trotsky

2. Forced industrialization2. Forced industrialization- 5-Year Plans- 5-Year Plans- Collectivization- Collectivization

Liquidation of the Liquidation of the kulakskulaks

3. Comintern3. Comintern

4. Great Purges, 1934-384. Great Purges, 1934-38

““Gulag Archipelago”Gulag Archipelago”

SolzhenitsynSolzhenitsyn

5. Stalin’s foreign policy5. Stalin’s foreign policy- Treaty of Rapallo, 1924- Treaty of Rapallo, 1924

- Mutual Non-Aggression Pact, 1939- Mutual Non-Aggression Pact, 1939

B. Betrayal of SocialismB. Betrayal of Socialism

1.1. Stalin’s “Animal Farm”Stalin’s “Animal Farm”- ideology v. humanity- ideology v. humanity- NKVD “Black Ravens”- NKVD “Black Ravens”- Socialist dictatorship- Socialist dictatorship

2. Left in crisis2. Left in crisis

George OrwellGeorge Orwell

II. Italian FascismII. Italian Fascism

NationalismNationalism

Anti-liberal valuesAnti-liberal values

Politics of the IrrationalPolitics of the Irrational

A. Legacy of UnificationA. Legacy of Unification

1.1. Weak liberal/democratic traditionWeak liberal/democratic tradition

2.2. Failures of WWIFailures of WWI

B. Mussolini’s ItalyB. Mussolini’s Italy

1.1. Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini 1922-431922-43

2.2. FascioFascio- “witch’s brew” of ideologies- “witch’s brew” of ideologies

- politics of the irrational- politics of the irrational

3. Attack on “bourgeois” values3. Attack on “bourgeois” values

4. 4. SquadristiSquadristi “black shirts” “black shirts”

5.5. Alliance with industrialistsAlliance with industrialists- corporative system- corporative system

6. Cult of Personality 6. Cult of Personality Il DuceIl Duce- fasces- fasces

7. Lateran Treaty, 19297. Lateran Treaty, 1929

- Linkage of fascism to anti-modernism- Linkage of fascism to anti-modernism

C. The New Roman EmpireC. The New Roman Empire

1. Militarism1. Militarism- Ethiopia ’35- Ethiopia ’35- Albania ’39- Albania ’39

2. Pact of Steel, 19392. Pact of Steel, 1939

III. The Spanish Civil III. The Spanish Civil War War

Dress rehearsal for WWII, 1936-39Dress rehearsal for WWII, 1936-39

Guernica - Guernica - Pablo PicassoPablo Picasso

A. The Spanish RepublicA. The Spanish Republic

1. 1931, Popular Front1. 1931, Popular Front

2. Republican v. Nationalist2. Republican v. Nationalist

- Francisco Franco- Francisco Franco

B. International EventB. International Event1. Condor Legion1. Condor Legion

2. International Brigade2. International Brigade

- Abraham Lincoln Brigade- Abraham Lincoln Brigade

Hemingway, Hemingway, For Whom the Bell TollsFor Whom the Bell Tolls

IV. Paralyzed IV. Paralyzed democracydemocracy

DepressionDepression

DivisionDivision

IsolationIsolation

Salvador DaliSalvador Dali

A. FranceA. France

1. Political polarization1. Political polarization

2. Depression cancels out reform2. Depression cancels out reform

Leon BlumLeon Blum

B. Great BritainB. Great Britain

1.1. Maintaining EmpireMaintaining Empire

2. Fascist fan club2. Fascist fan club- British Union of Fascists- British Union of Fascists- Edward VIII- Edward VIII

C. The United States and the C. The United States and the New DealNew Deal

1. Leftward expansion1. Leftward expansion

2. Groundwork for prosperity2. Groundwork for prosperity

FDRFDR

Totalitarian EuropeTotalitarian Europe

Rhineland ’36Rhineland ’36

AnschlussAnschluss ’37 ’37

Munich Agreement ‘38Munich Agreement ‘38

Poland, ‘39Poland, ‘39