Comparison of soil microbial community catabolic diversity - SciELO
Review Questions What is an anabolic reaction? What is a catabolic reaction? List factors that can...
-
Upload
timothy-pitts -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
1
Transcript of Review Questions What is an anabolic reaction? What is a catabolic reaction? List factors that can...
Review QuestionsWhat is an anabolic reaction?What is a catabolic reaction?List factors that can affect the effectiveness of an
enzyme?What does an enzyme do?What is a monomer? Polymer?What is an active site?What is a substrate?Describe the lock and key/induced fit model of
enzymes.1
List factors that can affect the effectiveness of an enzyme?
Agenda for Wednesday Feb 11th 1. Macromolecule notes
Macromolecules
• Large molecules created by joining smaller molecules– Bike chain
• Polymer – many monomers put together
• 4 major categories: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
• Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen– Ratio of 1 C, 2 H, and 1 O
• Supply most of the energy for your body
• Play important health-promoting roles– Digestion, absorption, eliminate toxins/waste
Simple Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides –1 unit– simple sugars– immediate energy– Fruits, cookie, candy, honey
Types of carbohydrates
• Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides linked together (2 units)– "simple sugars"– Includes lactose (milk), sucrose (table sugar), maltose
(starch) – similar to monosaccharides; provide sweet taste to
food and quick energy
Complex Carbohydrates• Polysaccharides – longer carbohydrate chains
– Complex carbohydrates– Digestion takes longer– Extended/sustained source of energy – bread, pasta, oatmeal, rice – broccoli, kidney beans and chick peas
Other uses of Carbs
• Make up cellulose• Cellulose makes up plant cells/cell walls
Lipids• Carbon, hydrogen,
Oxygen– Fats, oils, waxes
• Store energy
• Hydrophobic – does not dissolve in water– Serves as a barrier
• They are a great source of STORED ENERGY
• They INSULATE the body to maintain body temperature
• CUSHION the internal organs for protection
• They produce hormones called STEROIDS (testosterone, estrogen)
• They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes
Lipids• Saturated fats are straight molecules
– solids at room temp.– butter and fats found in meat
• Unsaturated fats – double bond– are liquids at room temperature– olive oil – in oils from grains and seeds, such as flaxseed oil
Lipids and You• Cell membranes contains different kinds of fats
– keeps membrane flexible and moveable– When saturated fats are too high, cell membranes
become inflexible and don't function well
• Body needs unsaturated fats– Cell membrane– Brain– Anti-inflammatory - arthritis
OH NO CHO! Lipids like Carbs?
Both carbohydrates and lipids have Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
“CHO”
Carbohydrates = twice as many hydrogens as the oxygen
EX: C6H12O6
On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.
EX: C27H46O cholesterol
Proteins• Composed of C, H, O, N• Made of amino acids
– same structure with a variable group
– 20 different variable group
• Six functions of proteins:1. Storage: albumin (egg white)2. Transport: hemoglobin3. Regulatory:hormones4. Movement: muscles5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails6. Enzymes: cellular reactions
• They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails, hormones
• They make up antibodies in the immune system
• They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions
Proteins• Need amino acids
– Your body will begin to break down its own muscle– Stunting, poor muscle formation, thin and fragile hair,
skin lesions, a poorly functioning immune system
• You get the majority of your protein from nuts, legumes, eggs, fish, meats and dairy products
Nucleic Acids
• Store and transmit genetic information– Phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base (nucleotide)– Nucleotides form together to create nucleic acid– DNA, RNA
• In everything!
ENERGY Three of the BIG 4 provide us with energy through the food we eat:
BIG 4 MACROMOLECULES
Number of Calories it provides
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
ENERGY Energy that is gained by consuming food is called a
Energy that we gain by the consumption of food is measured in Calories.
If you drink a glass of skim milk, you will get a gain of 90 Calories of energy for your body.
Energy Gained From Carbohydrates
Eating 1 gram of carbohydrate provides your body with 4 Calories.
Energy Gained from LipidsEating 1 gram of fat provides your body with
9 Calories. Notice if you eat 1 gram of fat, you are gaining more than twice the amount of
Calories than from a gram of carbohydrate or protein!
Nucleic acidsThe nucleic acids in food are not considered a substance that the body uses to gain
energy.
ENERGY So…
BIG 4 MACROMOLECULES
Number of Calories it provides
Carbohydrates 4
Proteins 4
Lipids 9
Nucleic Acids 0
TEST: Are you smart? If you eat a sandwhich with 46 grams of carbs and 24 grams of protein and 10 grams of fat, how much energy will you gain?
Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can
be found in foods. The 3 biochemical moleculesfound on a nutrition label
are:1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
(13 grams in this product)
(9 grams in this product)
How to read nutrition labels…
Food #1
BIG MAC!
Food Sample #2
Athletes: Carbs & Lipids
• http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=BEE5366B-B14F-4A08-B933-F8A2E50E6F4C&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
What are the 4 macromolecules?
Agenda for Thursday Feb 12th 1. Calorimetry
How many calories are in a gram of each macromolecule?
Agenda for Friday Feb 13th 1. Write lab report2. Talk about calories