Review paper on three phase fault analysis with auto reset technology on temporary fault

or remain tripped otherwise

Pritesh Kumar1

Vijayendra Kumar2

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology

(Key words: Tripping, Timer, Transformer, Temporary Fault 555 Timer, Voltage regulator

(LM7805), Relays, Comparator, Transformer (230 V– 12V AC))

Abstract

Since power demand is increasing rapidly in India there is need to ensure high reliability & stability

of power supply. So automated analysis approach is much needed which can automatically

characterize fault & subsequently perform the relay operation by tripping the system is required in

order to safeguard the transmission system. There are various method for calculating fault &

locating fault position but the researcher used conventional symmetrical component method. The

researcher has used SIMULINK software( MATHLAB) to simulate different operating & fault

condition on high voltage transmission line namely single phase to ground fault, line to line fault,

double line to ground & three phase short circuit.

Introduction

Fault in power system is deviation of voltage

or current from its nominal value and state

which happens more often leading to the

failure of many equipment or may even be

life threatening to the operating personal, so

to overcome this engineers have developed a

system to analysis the fault in power system.

The fault analysis of power system is

required in order to provide information to

selection of safety gear.

Faults usually occur in a power system due to

either insulation failure, flashover, physical

damage or human error. These faults, may

either be three phase in nature involving all

three phases in a symmetrical manner, or may

be asymmetrical where usually only one or

two phases may be involved. Fault analysis

usually carried out in per-unit quantities

(similar to percentage quantities) as they give

solutions which are somewhat consistent

over different voltage and power ratings, and

operate on values of the order of unity.

Relating to one single phase gives

information related to two or three phase as

well so it is more obvious & sufficient to do

calculation in one phase. This project system

will be designed to develop an automatic

griping mechanism for three phase supply

system. The output will reset automatically

when there is brief interruption (temporary

fault) or remain tripped otherwise in case of

permeant fault.

Fault in transmission line

Types of Fault on a Three Phase System

Faults occurred on a three phase A.C. system

shown in fig 1 are as follows:

A) Phase-to-earth fault

B) Phase-to-phase fault

C) Phase-to-phase-to-earth fault

D) Three phase fault

E) Three phase-to-earth fault

Figure 1: fault type

Review on existing fault distance

calculation method

Fault current calculation is traditionally done

using impedance methods. The essence of the

concept is the use of the system Zbus matrix to

find the fault current at system buses.

Researchers have examined the flow of fault

current including the impact of circuit

breaker placement topologies on this flow.

Most of the classical work in fault current

calculation was done in the 1940 - 1960 time

frame.

Then fault detection & classification

technique were based on changes on voltage

current impedance with respect to some

preset value to identify fault. In last two

decade different method was proposed such

as:

ANN ( artificial neural network)

Fuzzy based method

Setting- free-two-end method

Synchronized sampling, etc.

Setting two end method

Classical fault current calculation has not

included the effects of merchant plants.

Although all above mentioned method are

not cent percent accurate there are many

drawbacks for each of above proposed

system ANN based method require a

considerable amount of tanning effort for

good performance.

Literature review on fault detection &

classification method: Studies & research

A good literature review will help you justify

researcher’s research and develop your thesis

position. The literature review deals with

critical analysis of any published piece of

knowledge through study of the literature and

comparison of those prior research findings

to draw a conclusion which supports the

proposed research project.

1. Transmission line fault detection &

classification this paper presents a

technique to detect and classify shunt

fault which will be achieved with the

help of programming tool called

“PSCADA” the method through

which this is achieved is by discreet

wavelet transform.

(Manohar Singh 2011)

DWT wavelet transform is applied for

decomposition of transient fault

because of its ability to extract signal

from transient signal simultaneously

both from time & frequency domain.

After extracting the useful features

from measured signal a decision of

fault or no fault is carried out using

SVM classifier. (B.K. Panigiri, 2011)

2. Analysis of the unbalanced fault in

three phase transmission line using

Flux coupling type SFCL” using

symmetrical co-ordinate method in

this paper researcher discusses the

sizes of fault currents limited by flux

coupling type SFCL using the

symmetrical coordinate method in the

case of unbalanced faults such as a

single and double line-to ground

faults in the power system. An

unbalanced current of three phase was

indicated by three balanced

symmetrical components using the

symmetrical coordinate method

comparing the component sizes.

Controls unbalanced fault by

changing primary secondary coil turn,

it can even reduce the current value of

symmetrical component. (Byung-Ik-

jung, Hyo-Sang-choi, Doung- chul

chung 2012)

3. Transmission line fault analysis using

synchronized sampling in this

research paper the author discusses an

automated analysis approach which

can automatically characterized fault

and subsequently relay operation is

performed this is achieved by

changing the instantaneous power on

all three phase connected at two end

of transmission line using

synchronized voltage & currnet

sample. ( Mladen Kezunovic, 2014)

4. Fault analysis is transmission line

using K-nearest neighbor algorithm

in this paper researcher discusses that

that fault detection and classification

is done in time domain using K-

nearest neighbor algorithm using

PSCADA software this is achieved by

for fault detection a k-NN module is

designed. Input to the k-NN module

is fundamental component of currents

of three phases. Half cycle of post

fault samples are given as input to

train the network. Output of the fault

detection module is ‘0’ for no fault

and ‘1’ for fault.( Anamika Yadav,

2014)

5. Fault classification & location of

power transmission line using

artificial neural network in this paper

researcher discusses fault location

strategy based on ANN and this

method is not dependent on fault

inception angle and the process of

ANN is achieved by

MATLAB/Neural network tool box. (

M. Tarafdar, K. Razi, 2007)

6. Improved fault location algorithm for

multiple fault location in compressed

transmission line in this paper

researcher proposes a method which

is combined discrete WT & A-NN

based fault location algorithm in this

method unlike other fault location

scheme this method does not require

fault classification i.e. fault type and

faulty phase information. The main

significant contribution is it not only

pin point the location of shunt fault

occurring at single location but also

find the location of multi-location

and transforming fault that to using

single terminal data (Anamika Yadav,

2015)

7. Advance distance protection scheme

for long transmission line in electrical

power system using multiple

classifier ANFIS network in this

paper researcher discusses the

advance application of artificial

intelligence approach which is

achieved through ANFIS classifier.

This ANFIS classifier has

8. Improved fault location algorithm for

multi-location fault , transforming

fault & shunt fault in Thyristor

controlled series capacitor

compensated transmission line”

discusses “combining two method

discreet WT & ANN fault method

reduces the fault classification( fault

type & faulty phase(s) information for

fault location estimation most

important significance is that it not

only locate shunt fault but also find

location of multi-location fault &

transforming fault that too using

single terminal data.” (Yadav,

Swerpadama,2015)”

9. Recent techniques used in

transmission line protection: a review

“discusses “The ANN, fuzzy logic,

genetic algorithm, SVM and wavelet

based techniques have been quite

successful but are not adequate for the

present time varying network

configurations, power system

operating conditions and events.

Therefore, it seems that there is a

significant scope of research in AI

techniques which can simplify the

complex nonlinear systems, realize

the cost effective hardware with

proper modification in the learning

methodology and preprocessing of

input data and which are

computationally much simpler. Also

development of reliable software and

communication system will pave the

way”

(Singh,Tripathi,Vekataramana,2013)

”

10. A Combined Wavelet-ANN based

fault classifier has been investigated

for electrical distribution systems

“discusses some fault condition wore

taken to identify by this the proposed

approach. It is shown that the

technique correctly recognizes and

discriminates the fault type and

faulted phases with a high degree of

accuracy. (0. Dag & Ucak, 2003) “

11. Multiple failure analysis for complex

electrical power system in this paper

researcher combines the two method

to form a new algorithm they are

Virtual node method

The compensation

method

And its benefits are when compared

to traditional algorithm new

algorithm has a complete fault

calculation system but has lower

reliability than tradition method. The

proposed algorithm is to read the

network model and fault condition

after this is done analyze the status

quo of the fault to choose an

appropriate algorithm once this is

done get the admittance matrix for n

port three sequence impedance matrix

with this done n port matrix can be

formed with the help of formula and

later at later stage impedance matrix

for virtual note can be can be

calculated. (Xiao hen Liu, 2012)

Below is the flow chart of the

proposed method

Conclusion Fault on the transmission

line needs to be restored as quickly as

possible. The sooner it is restored, the

less the risk of power outage, damage

of equipment of grid, loss of revenue,

customer complaints and repair crew

expenses. Rapid restoration of service

can be achieved if precise fault

location algorithm is implemented.

Many algorithms have been

developed to calculate the fault

distance on the transmission line.

This paper gives the general overview

of fault location calculation on

transmission line

References

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Benmouyal, “New Multi-Ended Fault

Location Design for Two- or Three-

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. Gross, charles , 2011. Power system

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edition.

IEEE Power Engineering Society

(PES), IEEE Guide for Determining

Fault Location on AC Transmission

and Distribution Lines, IEEE Std.

C37.114TM-2004.

K. Zimmerman, D. Costello,

“Impedance-Based Fault Location

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