Review on Modern Volcanology
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Review on Modern Volcanology
Takeshi Nishimura
Department of Geophysics, Tohoku University
Understanding the Magma Activity beneath Volcanoes
Magma or volcanic fluids distributionsMagma locations and behavior from geophysical observation (seismic, GPS, tilt, strain meters, etc.)
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Outline:
• 3D seismic velocity structure beneath volcanoes Survey of magma reservoir/conduit • Dike intrusion A case of failed eruption
• Conduit process in shallow volcanic conduits
Bubbly magma/gas pocket
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P-wave velocity
S-wave velocity
Survey of Magma by Seismic Tomography
From IRIS website
K : Bulk Modulusm : Rigidityr : Density
𝑉 𝑃=√ 𝐾+(4 /3)𝜇𝜌
𝑉 𝑆=√𝜇𝜌
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Seismic Tomography Image beneath North Eastern Japan
Grid Spacing for tomographyH 12.5kmV 5-15 km
Nakajima et al. (2001)
low VP, low VS, low VP/VSPresence of H2O
low VP, low VS, high VP/VSPartial Molten Rocks / Magma Reservoir
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Seismic Tomography beneath Mt. Fuji
low VP, low VS, low VP/VSSupersaturated H2O, CO2
low VP, low VS, high VP/VSPartial Molten Rocks / Magma Reservoir
Deep Low Frequency Earthquakes (DLF), which are often inferred to be related to magma activity, are located at the region of:
Nakamichi et al. (2007)
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Shallow Structure of Bandai Volcano
View of Mount Bandai from the north. Large crater formed by a sector collapse during the1888 Eruption
High-velocity zone is recognized beneath the summit.
No evidence on magma chamber & conduit at shallow depths.
These are common features of active volcanoes.
Yamawaki et al. (2004)
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GPS, Tilt meter, Strain meter
Spatial Distributions of Deformations enable us to estimate:
1. Locations of the pressure source2. Shape of the pressure source (Dike, Spherical, etc.)3. Strength of the pressure source (Volume Change)
Magma Locations are Detected by Geodetic Measurements
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Failed Eruption: 1998 Activity of Iwate Volcano, Japan
Permanent stationsBorehole tilt & strain SP seismometer
>20 SP seismometers6 STS-2 stations3 tilt& strain meters>10 GPS stations
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Magma rises up due to buoyancy:Magma can migrate up when the density of magma is less than that of the surrounding rocks
Why the magma did not migrate upward but horizontally intrude?
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Schematic illustration of Magma Ascent in Shallow Depth
・ Without Degassing → Explosive Eruption ( Plinian-type )・ With Degassing → Non-Explosive Eruption ( Lava Dome )
Opening of Conduit Degassing ,
Out gassing
Gas bubble growth
Nucleation of gas bubbles
Deformation &Pylocrasts
Views from Theoretical considerations & Geological sample analyses
In Situ Observation of Volatile Behavior is Necessary, butPlinian-type rarely occur.
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Suwanose-jima
Vulcanian eruptions Good observation targets to clarify the magma behavior
Short-duration RepeatabilitySmall magnitude
Observations close to active vents
Sakurajima (photo by Dr. Yokoo)
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Repetitive Eruption from Open Conduit
DP DP
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Tilt meter can detect a tiny uplift toward the active crater which are caused by pressurization of shallow conduit
Installation of tilt meter on the summit of Semeru volcano, Indonesia
Tilt meter
Semeru volcano explodes every a few to tens of minutes
Example of observation
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(after HP of Japan Coast Guard)
4 km and 8 km wide in EW and NS directions. 799m height
Active Crater
Seismic and Tilt Stations of Suwanosejima Volcano, Japanr
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Monitor Seismograms
Explosion Earthquake (EX)
EX
EXEX
EXContinuous Tremor
Ash emissions generate continuous
tremor
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Uplift toward the crater
Seismic UD
Tilt 3 NS 350 m
Tilt 2 NS 700 m
Tilt 1 NS 1000m
ExplosionSeismic and Tilt Data Just Before Explosion
Continuous Tremor associated with Ash Emissions
Accumulation of ash/gas constantly supplied from deep conduit is inferred to be the origin of explosion
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Time of Eruption
Uplift toward the crater
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184 m m/s
49 m m/s
Average Amplitude of Explosion Earthquakes
Large Explosions accompany :
Large amplitude and Long Duration of Inflation
Comparison of Tilt Stacked for Seismic Amplitude
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Gas flow is stopped by a plug formed at the top of conduit
Gas/Ash Flux
Possible Mechanism of Explosion at Suwanosejima
Continuous tremor Continuous tremor
Constant Gas/Ash Supply
Plug: Magma rheological changed due to cooling, degassing, crystallizing or stiffening
Pressure Build Up
Probably, low-density
Volcano Inflation
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Summary
Density structure is quite important to understand the magma processes.
1. Three dimensional heterogeneity of the density in volcanic edifices may control the magma ascent.
2. Recent geophysical measurements at active volcanoes suggest gas phase expansions in magma, which must be low-density, at shallow depths. But, not confirmed.
3. Shallow conduit shape is an important factor to understand the volcanic eruptions.