Review of Related Literature
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Transcript of Review of Related Literature
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATUREADAPTED FROM
ZENNIFER L. OBERIOPSHSWV
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATUREADAPTED BY:
ARENAS, PATRICIAMACKAY, DONNA LYNROMUALDEZ JR., NEIL
III-SSC
HOME
BACKGROUND ON THE TOPIC
BACKGROUND ON THE METHODOLOGY
RELATED STUDIES/ IDEAS
THINGS ABOUT RRL RECAPREFERENCESWORKSHOPQUIZ
I. IntroductionII. Review of Related LiteratureIII. MethodologyIV. Results and DiscussionV. Summary, Conclusions,
Recommendations
MAJOR PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER
review of related literatureTHING
S ABOUT
RRL
review of related literature
IMPORTANCE OF THE RRL• To demonstrate your knowledge about
the topic of your study• To provide support for the rationale of
the study, the problem and the objectives
• To demonstrate the validity of the methods you are adopting
• To provide context for the interpretation and discussion of your results (in the research paper)
THINGS
ABOUT RRL
1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT THE RESEARCH TOPIC
WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?
a. Information to support the rationale of the study
b. Science principles involved in the study
review of related literatureTHING
S ABOUT
RRL
review of related literature
2. BACKGROUND OF THE METHODOLOGY
a. Principles Involved in the Methods/ Procedures
b. Standard Procedures or Procedures adopted from previous studies
c. Significance of the Parameters/ Data to be gathered
review of related literature
WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?
THINGS
ABOUT RRL
3. RELATED STUDIES*/ RELATED IDEAS(*Reports as a summary which includes the problem, the parameters/data gathered, the procedure, results and recommendations)
review of related literature
WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?
THINGS
ABOUT RRL
BIODEGRADABILITY OF PLASTICS LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE,
POLYPROPYLENE, AND CELLOPHANE WHEN TREATED WITH THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA Bacillus
stearothermophilusAT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES
review of related literature
A SAMPLE STUDYTHING
S ABOUT
RRL
1. Background information about the research topic
To make sure that the researchers have a thorough understanding of the topic
review of related literature
WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?
THINGS
ABOUT RRL
A. Bacteria and DegradationB. Polymers
B.1 PolyethyleneB.2 PolypropyleneB.3 Cellophane
C. Plastic Biodegradation Studies
BIODEGRADATIONTHE OUTLINE OF THE REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE
review of related literatureBACK
GROUNDON THE TOPIC
1. a) Information to support the rationale of the study
To demonstrate the importance of the study.
review of related literature
WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?
BACK GROUNDON THE TOPIC
IN THE INTRODUCTIONDue to their molecular stability, plastics
do not easily break down into simpler components. Plastic are not easy to degrade and some do not degrade at all. The accumulation of plastic wastes has become a problem in many countries. In the Philippines, 108 kilograms of plastic per cubic meter of garbage has been found out to be collected in the garbage landfills.
review of related literature
BIODEGRADATIONBACK
GROUNDON THE TOPIC
Biodegradable plastics are “capable of undergoing decomposition into carbon dioxide, methane, water, inorganic compounds, or biomass in which the predominant mechanism is the enzymatic action of micro organisms that can be measured by standard tests, in a specified period of time, reflecting available disposal conditions”.
The study aimes to determine if the bacteria, bacillus stearothermophilus can degrade the three specific kinds of plastics, plolyethylene, polypropylene, and cellophane
review of related literature
BIODEGRADATIONBACK
GROUNDON THE TOPIC
IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Bacillus stearothermophilus is one of the
decomposition bacteria, mostly found in heated compost piles. Bacillus stearothermophilus secretes the enzyme alpha-amylase which is capable of degrading simple polysaccharides, polymers with monomers of simple sugars, such as starch. During the biodegradation of plastics, the polymer chains in the exposed parts are the ones mostly affected. The bacterium converts the exposed chains into both methane and carbon dioxide.
review of related literature
BIODEGRADATIONBACK
GROUNDON THE TOPIC
1. b) SCIENCE PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE STUDY
To facilitate the identification of variables to be controlled or manipulated
review of related literature
WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?
BACK GROUNDON THE TOPIC
The study determined and compared the biodegradability of the plastics polyethylene, polypropylene, and cellophane (in terms of percentage weight loss) when treated with the bacteria, Bacillus stearothermophilus subjected to various temperatures (30˚C, 55˚C, 70˚C).
review of related literature
BIODEGRADATIONTHE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
BACK GROUNDON THE TOPIC
IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Bacillus stearothermophilus is a thermopile- meaning, it can survive and can be grown at temperatures of 55˚C and higher. It is specifically a facultive thermopile, meaning it can tolerate a wide range of high temperatures. Its optimum temperature (the temperature range where it grows best) is 55-65˚C.
review of related literature
BIODEGRADATIONBACK
GROUNDON THE TOPIC
1. b) SCIENCE PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE STUDY
To show the validity of the objectives, the data to be gathered and the procedure for gathering data.
review of related literature
WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?
BACK GROUNDON THE TOPIC
A. Bacteria and DegradationB. Polymers
B.1 PolyethyleneB.2 PolypropyleneB.3 Cellophane
C. Plastic Biodegradation Studies
THE OUTLINE OF THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
review of related literature
BIODEGRADATIONBACK
GROUNDON THE TOPIC
IN DELIMITING THE STUDY In measuring the biodegradability, only the percentage weight loss was accounted for. Other characteristics of the plastics that has changed due to the action of bacteria, may it be physical or chemical, other than percentage weight loss will not be recorded although observable changes will be recorded. Other parameters including measurement of molecular weight distribution and gravimetric weight will not be measured because of lack of equipment.
review of related literature
BIODEGRADATIONBACK
GROUNDON THE TOPIC
IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREThe researchers recommended that in
evaluating changes in plastics, weight loss, changes in tensile strength, percent elongation and changes in polyethylene distribution should be compared before and after subjecting it to degradation.
Some studies measure the biodegradation by comparing the amount of methane and carbon dioxide during the process.
review of related literature
BIODEGRADATIONBACK
GROUNDON THE TOPIC
The extracted materials were characterized by performing chromatographic and spectral analyses namely thin-layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, infrared spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance.
review of related literature
BIODEGRADATIONBACK
GROUNDON THE TOPIC
IN THE METHODOLOGYThe biodegradability of plastics low-
density polyethylene, polypropylene and cellophane when treated with the bacteria Bacillus stearothermophilus with exposure to various temperatures were determined by using the plastic films as carbon source of the pure culture of the aforementioned organism.
review of related literature
BIODEGRADATIONBACK
GROUNDON THE TOPIC
IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREIn order to make sure that degradation
would be attributable to Bacillus stearothermophilus, the carbon source from the medium, called peptones, should be omitted during the preparation of the medium. This is because B. stearothermophilus is carbon, one of its enery sources, from organic substances, and not from carbon dioxide.
review of related literature
BIODEGRADATIONBACK
GROUNDON THE TOPIC
2. BACKGROUND ON THE METHODOLOGY
a) Principles involved in the methodology
review of related literature
WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?
BACK GROUNDON THE TOPIC
Water Quality Assessment and Taxonomic
Classification of Diatoms in Badbaran River
review of related literature
A SAMPLE STUDYBACK
GROUNDON THE METHO-DOLOGY
THE OUTLI NE OF THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
DIATOMS
A. Description of DiatomsB. Importance of DiatomsC. RiverD. Species Description and TaxonomyE. Description and Determination of Study Sites0F. Principles Underlying the Sampling ProceduresG. Related StudiesH. Environmental Factors Affecting DiatomsI. Water QualityJ. Species Diversities
review of related literatureBACK
GROUNDON THE METHO-DOLOGY
2. BACKGROUND ON THE METHODOLOGY
b) standard procedures or procedures adopted from previous studies
review of related literature
WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?
BACK GROUNDON THE METHO-DOLOGY
IN THE METHODOLOGY
Biodegradation procedures were adopted from a study by Lee et
al (1991) entitled “Biodegradation of Degradable Plastic Streptomyces Species.”
review of related literatureBACK
GROUNDON THE METHO-DOLOGY
IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The study entitled, “Biodegradation of Plastic polyethylene by Phanerochaete and Streptomyce Species” (Lee et al. 1991) investigates the ability of lignin degrading microorganisms to attack degradable plastics… Plastic films were subjected to the procedures mentioned below:
review of related literatureBACK
GROUNDON THE METHO-DOLOGY
IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The study entitled, “Biodegradation of Plastic polyethylene by Phanerochaete and Streptomyce Species” (Lee et al. 1991) investigates the ability of lignin degrading microorganisms to attack degradable plastics… Plastic films were subjected to the procedures mentioned below:
review of related literatureBACK
GROUNDON THE METHO-DOLOGY
2. BACKGROUND ON THE METHODOLOGY
WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?
2. a) Significance of the Parameters/Data
Aids in the interpretation and discussion of results (in the research paper)
review of related literatureBACK
GROUNDON THE METHO-DOLOGY
A SAMPLE STUDY
Water Quality Assessment and Taxonomic
Classification of Diatoms in Badbaran River
review of related literatureBACK
GROUNDON THE METHO-DOLOGY
THE OUTLI NE OF THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
DIATOMS
A. Description of DiatomsB. Importance of DiatomsC. RiverD. Species Description and TaxonomyE. Description and Determination of Study Sites0F. Principles Underlying the Sampling ProceduresG. Related StudiesH. Environmental Factors Affecting DiatomsI. Water QualityJ. Species Diversities
review of related literatureBACK
GROUNDON THE METHO-DOLOGY
IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREDIATOMS
Species diversity means the number of species in a habitat and may be applied to plants, animals, and microorganisms.
A high diversity index (2.4 to 4.6 nats) suggests that the community is ancient and ecologically stable, and so likely to remain the same for centuries. A low index (0 to 2.3 nats) suggests that the community is of recent origin or affected by recent changes. It is probably unstable and likely to change rapidly (Slings by and Cook 1986)
review of related literatureBACK
GROUNDON THE METHO-DOLOGY
IN THE DISCUSSIONDIATOMS
There was a total of 31 diatom genera found in the study site and 41 species of diatoms taxonomized. A high diversity index of 2.78 nats suggests that diatom communities in Badbaran River were ecologically stable and the river is a biologically controlled system (Slingsby and Cook 1986). This means that there were no disturbances such as severe human impacts, extreme weather changes and other harsh environmental conditions that affected the distribution and growth of diatoms in the river.
review of related literatureBACK
GROUNDON THE METHO-DOLOGY
3. RELATED STUDIES/RELATED IDEAS
WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?
To illustrate research gaps
review of related literatureBACK
GROUNDON THE METHO-DOLOGY
IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
BIODEGRADATION
In the study entitled, “Numerical…”, by Watanabe et. Al. (2003), …
In addition to that, another study, entitled, “Efficient Biodegradation … of Pseudomonas stutzeri”, by Obradors et al. (1991), …Another study entitled ‘Biodegradation of Polyethylene by the Thermophilic Bacterium…” by Hadad et al. (2005), …In a study by Cacciari et al. (1993) entitled,”Isotactic Polypropylne Biodegradation by a Microbial Community…”A study by Lamot et al. (1999) entitled, “Microbial Biodegradation of Cellophane”,…
review of related literatureRELATED STUDIES/
IDEAS
BIODEGRADATION
The results of these studies show that even plastics that are commonly considered non-biodegradable still has a possibility to be degraded if the right microbial strain can be isolated and used in the biodegradation process.
review of related literatureRELATED STUDIES/
IDEAS
3. RELATED STUDIES/RELATED IDEAS
WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?
To provide an overview of the existing body of knowledge.
review of related literatureRELATED STUDIES/
IDEAS
A SAMPLE STUDY
Card Swipe Time-Keeping and Attendance System
(CSTAS) for Philippine Science High School Western Visayas
review of related literatureRELATED STUDIES/
IDEAS
THE OUTLI NE OF THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
DIATOMS
A. Time In/ Time out and Identification SystemB. Bar CodingC. Code 39D. Light SensorsE. Robotic Command SystemF. FirmwareG. Infrared TowerH. JavaI. Lejos
J. Java ProgramK. PC to RCX CommunicationL. Graphical Use Interface
review of related literatureRELATED STUDIES/
IDEAS
IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. TIME IN/ TIME OUT AND IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
Today, new advancements are developed. A computerized time clock…
In Sunderland, a new retinal eye scanning technology Fingerprint scanning is also a technology Facial Recognition is a verification system
review of related literature
DIATOMS RELATED STUDIES/
IDEAS
IN THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Hand Geometry is the ancestors of modern Technology Iris Scanning analyzes the features…Another existing time-in/ time-out system is the Acroprint Time O Badge Swipe Time and Payroll Recorded-Standalone Time and Attendance System. Local applications in the Philippines include the biometric fingerprints scanning…
review of related literature
DIATOMSRELATED STUDIES/
IDEAS
review of related literature
1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT THE RESEARCH TOPIC
a. Information to support the rationale of the study
b. Science principles involved in the study
review of related literature
A RECAP: WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?
RECAP
review of related literature
2. BACKGROUND OF THE METHODOLOGY
a. Principles Involved in the Methods/ Procedures
b. Standard Procedures or Procedures adopted from previous studies
c. Significance of the Parameters/ Data to be gathered
review of related literature
A RECAP: WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?
RECAP
review of related literature
3. RELATED STUDIES*/ RELATED IDEAS(*Reports as a summary which includes the problem, the parameters/data gathered, the procedure, results and recommendations)
review of related literature
A RECAP: WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED?
RECAP
review of related literature
REFERENCESAguro MD, XEF, Reyes MCE. 2007. Water
Quality Assessment and Taxonomic Classification of Diatoms in Badbaran River. [unpublished research paper]. Iloilo City: Philippine Science Highschool Western Visayas. 60p.
Bautista NMC, Molina CMY, Quezon, PS. 2006. card Swipe Time-Keeping and Attendance System (CSTAS) for Philippine Science Highschool Western Visayas. [unpublished research paper]. Iloilo City: Philippine Science Highschool Western Visayas. 55 p.
review of related literatureREFERENCES
review of related literature
Dulla YA, Justo NJ, Sacramento JJ. 2006. Biodegradability of plastics low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and cellophane when treated with thermophilic bacteria Bacillus stearothermophilus at various temperatures [unpublished research paper]. Iloilo City: Philippine Science Highschool Western Visayas. 55 p.
review of related literature
REFERENCESREFERENCES
END OF PRESENTATION
review of related literature
Considering the research problem you conceptualized yesterday, prepare an outline for the Review of Related Literature specifying the follow information:
review of related literature
WORKSHOPWORKSHOP
review of related literature
1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT THE RESEARCH TOPIC
a. Information to support the rationale of the study
b. Science principles involved in the study
review of related literature
WORKSHOPWORKSHOP
review of related literature
2. BACKGROUND OF THE METHODOLOGY
a. Principles Involved in the Methods/ Procedures
b. Standard Procedures or Procedures adopted from previous studies
c. Significance of the Parameters/ Data to be gathered
review of related literature
WORKSHOPWORKSHOP
review of related literature
3. RELATED STUDIES*/ RELATED IDEAS
(List the possible studies you need to find)
review of related literature
WORKSHOPWORKSHOP
review of related literature
Title: Water Quality Assessment and Taxonomic Classification of Diatoms in Badbaran River
review of related literature
SAMPLE OUTLINE OF THE RRL WORKSHOP
A. Description of DiatomsB. Importance of DiatomsC. RiverD. Species Description and
TaxonomyE. Description and Determination
of StudyF. Principles Underlying Sampling
Procedures
G. Related StudiesG.1 Identification of DiatomsG.2 Diatoms as Indicator of Water Quality
H. Environmental Factors Affecting Diatoms
I. Water QualityJ. Species Diversity
review of related literaturereview of related literature
QUIZGet ¼ sheet
of paper
spread out
review of related literaturereview of related literature
Silence now!
ready…
QUIZ
review of related literaturereview of related literature
1 - 3Enumerate the 3 major chapters of a research
proposal(on proper order)
QUIZ
review of related literaturereview of related literature
4How many chapters
are there in a research paper?
QUIZ
review of related literaturereview of related literature
5To show what other
researchersin a particular field of study
have already done, this section
is included in the Review ofRelated Literature.
QUIZ
review of related literaturereview of related literature
6TRUE OR FALSE
The Review of Related Literature
should provide support to theinformation proffered in the
introduction.
QUIZ
review of related literaturereview of related literature
7-9Give 3 information that must be included in the Review of
Related Literature.
QUIZ
review of related literaturereview of related literature
10 What is one use of the
information contained in the Review of Related Literature in
Chapter 4 of the Research Paper?.
QUIZ
review of related literaturereview of related literature
10 What is one use of the
information contained in the Review of Related Literature in
Chapter 4 of the Research Paper?.
QUIZ
review of related literaturereview of related literature
Bonus (3 pts.) WHAT IS THIS: One word beginning
with CThe acceptance of failure because one does not have the courage to
face what one is afraid of,and pay for the price in comfort that is sometimes necessary for
success?
QUIZ
review of related literaturereview of related literature
1 - 31. INTRODUCTION2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE3. METHODOLOGY
4 FIVE
5 RELATED STUDIES/ IDEAS
QUIZ
review of related literaturereview of related literature
6 TRUE
7-9• Background information about the
research topic• Information to support the rationals of
the study• Science information involved in the
study• Background on the methodology• Science princples involved in the
instruction/ procedure• Related studies/ related ideas
QUIZ
review of related literaturereview of related literature
10 PROVIDE CONTEXT FOR THE INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
bonus COWARDICE
QUIZ
review of related literaturereview of related literature
QUIZExchange paper
with your neighborwrite your name as
corrector
review of related literature
Identify 2 more topics (C and D)in your chapter 2 outline (as much as possible you should have included by now a scientific principle or process involved in your study).
Then continue doing the same activity as Tuesday’s work.
Use the same ½ paper.
review of related literature
WORKSHOPWORKSHOP
review of related literature
Identify 2 more topics (C and D)in your chapter 2 outline (as much as possible you should have included by now a scientific principle or process involved in your study).
Then continue doing the same activity as Tuesday’s work.
Use the same ½ paper.
review of related literature
WORKSHOPWORKSHOP
review of related literature
I. Background information on the Research Topic
1.Major Topic dealt within your study.
2.Information to support the rationale for your study
3.Science principles involved/ processes involved in your study.
review of related literature
WORKSHOP: Identify the following. WORKSHOP
II. Background Information on the research topic
1.Parameters to be measured/ Data to be gathered
2.Science Principles involved in the methods/procedure
III. Related Studies/ Related IdeasList the topics of studies/ ideas to be included
review of related literaturereview of related literature
WORKSHOP: Identify the following. WORKSHOP
Name/sDate
Outline of the Review of Related LiteratureI. Background Information on the research
topic1. (List must be bulleted)2. (List must be bulleted)3. (List must be bulleted)II. Background on the methodology4. (List must be bulleted)5. (List must be bulleted)III. Related Studies/ Related Ideas (Bulleted)
review of related literaturereview of related literature
WORKSHOP: Identify the following. WORKSHOP
I. Background information on the Research Topic
1.Major Topic dealt within your study.
2.Information to support the rationale for your study
3.Science principles involved/ processes involved in your study.
II. Background Information on the research topic
1.Parameters to be measured/ Data to be gathered
2.Science Principles involved in the methods/procedure
III. Related Studies/ Related IdeasList the topics of studies/ ideas to be included.