REVIEW OF NORTH AMERICAN PNIGALIO SCHRANK (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)

REVIEW OF NORTH AMERICAN PNZGALZO SCHRANK (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)

CARL M. YOSHIMOTO Canadian Forestry Service, Department of the Environment, Ottawa1

Abstract Can. Ent. 115: 971-1000 (1983)

This study provides information on species of Pnigalio Schrank found in America north of Mexico: Pnigalio longulus (Zetterstedt), a Palearctic species, is recorded from the Nearctic for the first time; the previously unplaced species of Pnigalio of Miller (1970) are discussed. Seventeen species are recognized, of which the following eight are described as new: Pnigalio levis. P. brachysellus, P . elongatus, P. glaber, P. rugatus, P . neolongul~~s. P. holtar~i, and P. albiformis. A key to species, illustrations, distribution data, and host records are included.

Resume La prCsente Ctude fournit des informations sur les espbces de Pnigalio Schrank trouvCes en AmCrique, au nord du Mexique: une espbce palCarctique, Pnigalio longulus (Zet- terstedt), est rapportee du Ntrctique pour la premibre fois et les pr6- cCdentes espbces non classifiCes de Pnigalio de Miller (1970) sont discutCes. Dix-sept espbces sont homologuCes, dont les huit suivantes sont dCcrites cornme Ctant nouvelles, savoir: Pnigalio levis, P . brachysellus, P . elongatus, P . glaber, P . rugatus, P . neolongulus, P . boharti et P. albiformis. L'ttude comporte Cgalement une clC des espbces, des illustrations, des donnCes sur leur distribution et des notes sur leurs h6tes.

The initial purpose of this investigation was to study the species of Pnigalio attacking the birch leaf-mining sawfly Fenusa pusilla Lepeletier. considered to be one of the major pests of forest and ornamental trees in Canada and the United States. The birch leaf-mining sawfly is widely distributed in Canada as far west as Northern Alberta (Annual Repons 1976-1979, Forest Insect and Disease Survey. Canadian Forestry Service). In 1970, a search for parasites on Fenusa pusilla was undertaken in Europe by the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, European Station, DelCmont, Switzerland (Annual Project Statement, 1979) and in Canada.

During the course of this investigation, it became obvious that a complete review of the genus Pnigalio in the Nearctic Region was required. The Nearctic spp. of Pnigalio were reviewed by Miller (1970) who considered 5 species with 9 synonyms and 5 unplaced species. His study provided redefinitions of generic and species concepts, a key to species, illustrations, the description of a new species, and data on host larval habitats. He did not have the opportunity to examine the types of two "unplaced species" and was unable to relate two other type specimens to studied material. A single type was presumed to be lost. Burks (1979) listed 9 species of Pnigulio with 12 synonyms in the latest catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico.

The purpose of this paper is to review the species of Pnigalio in America north of Mexico with particular reference to those attacking the birch leaf-mining sawfly, to clarify the relationship of the unplaced species of Miller's (1970) paper, to list new records of several Palearctic and Nearctic species, and to describe new species that are endemic to the Nearctic Region.

Host Associations Members of the genus Pnigalio are generally primary or secondary ectoparasites of

leaf-mining or gall-making larvae. Some are polyphagous on leaf-mining Lepidoptera (Heliozelidae, Gracillariidae, Incurvariidae, Tischeriidae, Nepticulidae, Coleophoridae,

'Seconded to the Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa K I A OC6

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972 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST August 1983

Lyonetiidae and Yponomeutidae), on Diptera (Agromyzidae), and on Coleoptera (Cur- culionidae and Chrysomelidae). The gall-making hosta are confined to two families of Hymenoptera, the Tenthredinidae and Pamphiliidae.

Miller (1970), in his revision of Pnigalio, made extensive use of life history data. He concluded that the parasitoids are specific to a single species of host. I have summarized the host data given by Miller (1970) and Burks (1979) with additional unpublished data:

PARASITE-HOST LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF Pnigalio Host species

P . nemati (Westwood) Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae: Pontania s-desmodioides (Walsh); Pamphiliidae: Pamphilius

SP. P. elongatus n. sp.

Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae: Pontania s-desmodioides (Walsh), P. hyalina Norton.

P . glaber n. sp. Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Anthonomus morulus Say in gall of Pontania pac.$ca Marl.

(Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) .

P. rugatus n. sp. Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae: sawfly.

P. longulus (Zetterstedt) Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae: Pontania sp.

P. pallipes (Provancher) Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Rhynchaenus pallicornis (Say). Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae: Antis-

pila nyssaefoliella Clem. Gracillariidae: Cameraria hamadryadella (Clem.), C. caryaefoliella (Clem.), C. aceriella (Clem.), C. picturatella (Braun), Parornix geminatella (Pack.). Coleophor- idae: Coleophora sp. Lyonetidae: Lyonetia saliciella Busck. Tischeriidae: Tischeria sp. Hymenop- tera, Tenthredinidae: Fenusa ulmi Sund., Nematus sp., Pontania sp., P. s- demodioides (Walsh).

P. brachysellus n. sp. Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Brachys tessellatus (Fabr.) in leaf-mine of Quercus laevis Walter.

P. uroplatae (Howard) Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae: Baliosus ruber (Web.), Microrhopala vittata (F.), Odontota

suturalis Thunb., Xenochalepus dorsalis (Thunb.). Curculionidae: Rhynchaenus pallicornis (Say). Lepidoptera, Tortricidae: Ancylis comptana fragariae (W. and R.). Heliozelidae: Antispila sp. Gracillariidae: Cameraria cincinnatiella (Chamb.), C. hamadryadella (Clem.), C. macrocarpae (Free.), Gracillaria belfrageella Chamb., Leucanthiza dircella Braun, Lithocolletis sp., Neuro- bathra strigijinitella (Clem.), Phllonorycter celtisella (Chamb.). Coleophoridae: Coleophora sp. Tischeriidae: Tischeria malifoliella Clem. Nepticulidae: Nepticula sp. Hymenoptera, Tenthredini- dae: Messa nana (Klug).

P . jlavipes (Ashmead) Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae: Mantura Joridana Cr. Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae: Antispila isa-

bella Clem. Yponomeutidae: Argyresthia aureoargentella Brower, A. thuiella (Pack.). Coleophor- idae: Coleophora pruniella Clem., C. fiscedinella (Zell.), Gracillariidae: Gracillaria sp., Phyllon- orycter celtisella (Chamb.), P. malimalifoliella (Braun.), P. populiella (Chamb.), P. salicifoliella (Chamb.), Cameraria gaultheriella (Wlshm.). Nepticulidae: Nepticula sp. Tischeriidae: Tischeria sp., T. castanaeella (Chamb.). Diptera, Agromyzidae: Agromyza sp., Liriomyza sp. Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae: Caliroa cerasi (L.), Fenusa pusilla (Lep.), Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fallen), Metallus rohweri MacG.

P. albt~onnis n. sp. Lepidoptera: leafminer.

volume 1 15 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 973

P. boharti n . sp. (?)Hornoptera, Lecaniidae: Physokermes sp. Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae: Cameraria gaulth-

eriella (Walsm.)

P. minio (Walker) Coleoptera, Buprestidae: Brachys sp., Enema sp. Chrysomelidae: ManturaJlaridana Cr., Oc-

tatoma plicatulum ( F . ) . Curculionidae: Rhynchaenus pallicornis (Say). Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae: Antispila sp., Coptodisca sp., C. splendoriferella (Clem.). Yponomeutidae: Argyresthia thuiella (Pack.). Gelechiidae: Chrysopora sp. Gracillariidae: Leucanthiza amphicarpeaefoliella Clem., Phyllonorycter sp., P. celtisella (Chamb.), P. crataegella (Clem.), Parornix geminatella (Pack.), P. kalmiella (Dietz), Protolithocolletis lathyri Braun. Nepticulidae: Nepticula sp., Ornix sp. Tis- cheriidae: Tischeria sp., T. malifoliella Clem. Diptera, Agromyzidae: Agromyza melampyga Loew, A. parvicornis Loew, Liriomyza sp., Phytagromyzapopulicola (Walk.), Phytomyza sp., P. ilicicola Loew, P. ilicis Curtis. Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae: Heterarthrus nemoratus (FallCn).

P . maculipes (Crawford) Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae: Octotoma plicatulum (F.). Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae:

Argyresthia aureoargentella Brower, A. thuiella (Pack.). Lyonetiidae: Bucculatrix ainsliella Murtf., B. packardella Chamb. Gracillariidae: Cameraria hamadryadella (Clem.), C. hamarneliella (Busck.), Gracillaria syringella F., Phyllocnistis populiella Chamb., Leucanthiza dircella Braun. Gelechiidae: Chrysopora (sp.). Heliozelidae: Coptodisca splendoriferella Clem., Chrysaster osten- sackenella (Fitch), Cameraria cincinnatiella (Chamb.), Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clem.), P. malimalifoliella (Braun), P. ostryaefoliella (Clem.), P. tremuloidiella Braun. Nepticulidae: Nep- ticula sp., N. lindquisti Freeman. Incurvariidae: Paraclemensia acerifoliella (Fitch). Tischeriidae: Tischeria sp., T. ambrosiaeela Chamb., T. malifoliella Clem. Diptera, Agromyzidae: Agromyza sp., A. aristata Mall., Liriomyza malanpyga (Loew), Phytagromyza sp., P. populicola (Walk.). Sphaeroceridae: Sphaerocera sp. Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae: Fenusa ulmi Sund., Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fallen), Metallus rohweri MacG., Caliroa cerasi (L.).

P. coloni (Girault) Diptera, Agromyzidae: Phytomyza aquilegiana Frost.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The author examined the types of North American Pnigalio of Provancher at Lava1 University, Qukbec; those of Ashmead, Gahan, Girault, and Crawford at the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.; and the European species of Pnigalio of Walker at the British Museum (Natural History), London. Also, five identified, reared species of European Pnigalio from the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, European Station, DelCmont, Switzerland were sent to me for study. These were compared with those of the North American forms.

Types of new species are deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa (CNC); American Entomological Institute, Ann Arbor, Mich. (AEI); University of California, Berkeley (UCB); University of California, Davis (UCD); University of Cal- ifornia, Riverside (UCR); University of Georgia, Athens (UG); and Oregon State Uni- versity, Corvallis (OSU) .

The abbreviations used in this text for other institutions are: California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS) Canadian Forestry Service, Edmonton, Alta. (DFE) Canadian Forestry Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. (SSM) Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana (INHS) Natural History Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. (NHLA) Texas A. & M., College Station (AMT) U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. (USNM) University of Arizona, Tucson (UAT) University of Kansas, Lawrence (UKL).


Measurements of the submarginal vein were taken from the base to the distal end where the submarginal vein meets the wing margin. The marginal vein extends from the junction of the submarginal vein to the base of the stigmal vein.

Genus Pnigalio Schrank Pnigalio Schrank, 1802, Fauna Boica 2(2): 3 15.

Type-species: Ichneumon pectinicornis Linnaeus. Notanisomorphomyia Girault, 1913, Mem. Qd. Mus. 2: 289.

Type-species: Notanisornorphornyia albicoxa Girault.

A detailed generic analysis of Pnigalio was given by Miller (1970). Here I give only the most important characters of the genus.

Body color usually metallic blue-green to blue-black, few species black with or without metallic reflections; head rounded, subtriangular or subrectangular, wider than high; antenna 10-segmented, with 2 annelli, 3-4 funicle segments and 2-3 club segments; man- dibles subquadrate, usually with strongly developed acute upper teeth and 4 rounded lower teeth; pronotum campanulate to subrectangular; scutellum with 2 or 3 pairs of suberect, elongate setae; propodeum with strongly developed median carina, anterior 113 with tongue-like projection or without projection, plicae and costulae present or absent, sometimes with additional costulae either complete or incomplete; propodeal spiracle rounded to subovate; fore wing usually hyaline, submarginal, marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins developed; gaster elongate-ovate to narrow and long.

KEY TO SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN Pnigalio 1. Females .................................................................................................. 2 - Males .................................................................................................. .I8 2. Costulae of propodeum absent or indistinct (Figs. 1, 2) ........................... levis n. sp. - Costulae of propodeum present (Figs. 3, 9, 15, 18) ............................................. 3 3. Funicle 3-segmented (Figs. 50, 5 1, 52); median carina of propodeum elevated into a tooth

............................................................................. or projection (Figs. 3, 9) 4 - Funicle 4-segmented (Figs. 53-55) median carina of propodeum not elevated into a tooth

(Figs. 28, 30, 32) ...................................................................................... 7 4. Upper 113 of median carina forming an acute triangle (Figs. 4, 12); gaster 2.5-3.2 times as

long as wide (Fig. 13) ................................................................................. 5 - Upper 113 of carina forming an elongate tongue-like projection (Fig. 9); gaster 2.0 times as

long as wide (Fig. 8) ................................................................ elongatus n. sp. 5. Costal cell with fine, short hairs along anterior margin (Fig. 75); gaster 3.0-3.2 times as long

as wide (Fig. 13); prepectus not coarsely reticulate .............................. rugatus n. sp. - Costal cell with fine, short hairs scattered throughout (Figs. 72, 74); gaster 2.5-2.8 times as

long as wide (Fig. 1 I); prepectus coarsely reticulate ........................................... . 6 6 . Scape black; mesoscutum with dense, short, yellow hairs; dorsellum subtriangular, alutaceous

to smooth; callus with 13-14 long white setae .................................... ..glaber n. sp. - Scape yellow, dorsal margin with black streak; mesoscutum with sparsely scattered black

hairs; dorsellum subcrescentic, smooth; callus with 5-8 long white setae ..................... ..................................................................................... nemati (Westwood)

7. Costulae of propodeum meeting median carina on anterior 114 of carina (Figs. 22,28); anterior half of median carina usually thicker than posterior half (Fig. 28) basal tergite of gaster discally free of hairs ................................................................................... 8

- One or both costulae of propodeum meeting median carina on posterior 213 of carina (Figs. 30, 32, 34); anterior part of median carina usually not thickened (Figs. 32, 34) basal tergite of gaster discally with hairs ......................................................................... I I

8. Anterior median carina thickened, acute, and elongately subtriangular (Figs. 27, 28) ................................................................................... pallipes (Provancher)

- Anterior median carina somewhat thickened but not subtriangular (Figs. 30, 32) ......... . 9

lme 115 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 975 Volu

9. Plicae of propodeum indistinct; surface with irregular carinulae (Fig. 22) ..................... . -

............................................................................ ........ .\. brachysellus n. sp. Plicae of propodeum distinct; surface partially sculptured (Figs. 30, 32, 34) ............. . I0 Propodeal costulae touching anterior margin of propodeum (Fig. 16) or anterior part of median carina; propodeum smooth; mesoscutum microreticulate (Fig. 15) ... longulus (Zetterstedt) Propodeal costulae meeting median carina at 314 length of propodeum (Fig. 18); propodeum partially sculptured; mesoscutum reticulate (Fig. 17) ....................... neolongulus n. sp. Antennal club and terminal funicle segment pale (Fig. 58); fore wing usually with two fuscous markings (Fig. 83) .................................................................. albiformis n. sp. Antenna] club and funicle segments dark brown to black; fore wing hyaline ............... 12 Propodeum usually with 2 costulae, second costula either complete or incomplete or area above costulae with short paramedial carinae (Figs. 31, 33) .................................. 13 Propodeum with a single costula (Figs. 35, 37, 39) and predominantly smooth .......... .14 Coxae black or concolorous with thorax; gaster black with metallic reflection ................ ..................................................................................... uroplatae (Howard)

Coxae yellow to yellowish brown or fore coxa partially brownish yellow to entirely black; basal tergite or sternite or sternites 1-3 usually partially yellow to yellowish brown ........ ..................................................................................... jlavipes (Ashmead)

Mesoscutum smooth to alutaceous; scutellum alutaceous (Fig. 49) ......... .coloni (Girault) Mesoscutum and scutellum finely to coarsely reticulate (Figs. 35, 37, 40, 41) ........... .15 Scutellum broader than long (15.13), flattened dorsally (Fig. 33), gaster predominantly yellow except narrow central area and apical two tergites dark brown ................. boharti n. sp. Scutellum longer than broad, concave dorsally (Figs. 37, 39, 40, 41), basal gastral tergite and sternite brownish yellow to orange or entire gaster black with metallic luster ....... .16 Mesoscutum and scutellum usually finely sculptured, partially alutaceous to microreticulate (Fig. 41); legs beyond coxae yellow to yellowish brown or dark brown; antenna1 scape yellow to yellowish brown except apical 114 dark ........................................ minio (Walker) Mesoscutum and scutellum reticulate to coarsely sculptured (Figs. 37, 39, 45); femora with

....................... dark bands; antenna] scape usually dark, sometimes basal 114 yellow 17 Tibiae and tarsi yellow to yellowish brown, apical tarsal segment brown; hind coxae coarsely reticulate ........................................................................ maculipes (Crawford)

............ Tibiae and tarsi dark brown to black; hind coxae broadly and coarsely reticulate .................................................................................. kukakensis (Ashmead)

Propodeum without costulae (Fig. 2) ................................................... levis n. sp. Propodeum with costulae (Fig. 3) ................................................................. .19 Anterior 113 of median carina forming a large, acute triangular structure (Figs. 27, 28)

pallipes (Provancher) .................................................................................... ...... Anterior 113 of median canna without an acute, triangular structure (Figs. 30, 32) .20

Propodeal costulae meeting median carina distance from anterior margin to 114 of propodeum ......... (Figs. 22, 28); anterior half of median carina usually thicker than posterior half .21

Propodeal costulae meeting median carina on posterior 213 of carina (Figs. 30,32,34); median canna usually thin and long ........................................................................ .25

Plicae of propodeum indistinct; surface with irregular carinulae (Fig. 22) ...................... .................................................................................. brachysellus n. sp.

Plicae of propodeum distinct; surface smooth or partially sculptured (Figs. 30, 32, 34) .... ,.A

Propodeal costulae not touching anterior margin of propodeum or anterior base of median carina (Figs. 6, 18); scutellum smooth to alutaceous or finely reticulate (Figs. 32, 34, 49) ........................................................................................................... .23

Propodeal costulae touching anterior margin of propodeum or anterior base of median carina (Fig. 16); scutellum microreticulate (Fig. 15) ............................ longulus (Zetterstedt) Area below costulae partially sculptured (Fig. 18); entire scutk~lum not finely reticulate; speculum of fore wing small (Fig. 77) ..................................... 24. neolongulus n. sp. Area below costulae smooth, scutellum finely reticulate; speculum of fore wing moderate to large (Fig. 72) ................................................................... .nemati (Westwood)


24. Gastral tergites 1-2 yellowish orange; scutellum smooth to alutaceous; funicle branches in ratio 17:17: 15 ............................................................... neolongulus n. sp.

- Gastral tergites 1-2 black with metallic reflection; posterior 213 of scutellum reticulate to broadly reticulate; funicle branches in ratio 20: 18: 16 ........................... rugatus n. sp.

25. Propodeurn mgulose or with scattered irregular carinulae (Figs. 30. 32); dorsellum coarsely sculptured ............................................................................................. -26

- Propodeum with most of its surface smooth and polished (Figs. 34. 38. 40, 42): dorsellum partially alutaceous to smooth .................................................................... -27

26. Propodeum with 2 costulae, second partially complete (Fig. 30k vertex and face finely reticulate; scape yellow OT partially yellow ................................... ilroplotne (Howard)

- Propodeum with a single complcte costula with scattered short carinulae (Fig. 32); vertex and ...................................................... face smooth; scape black a p e (Ashmead)

Mesoscutum smooth to alutaceous and scutellum alutaceous (Fig. 49) ..... .coloni (Girault) Mesoscutum and scutellum fine to coarsely reticulate (Figs. 33. 37. 41) ................... 28 Scutellum broader than long. somewhat flattened dorsally (Fig. 33): prepectus broadly and finely reticulate .......................................................................... haharri n, sp. Scutellum longer than broad or as long as broad. concave dorsally (Figs. 37. 41): prepctus partially, finely reticulate to smooth .............................................................. .29 Femora and tibiae with dark bands; mcsoscutum coarsely reticulate ......................... 30 Femora and tibiae yellow to yellowish brown; mesoscutum and scutellum finely reticulate to alutaceous (Fig. 41) .................................................................. minio (Walker) Axillae alutaceous to smooth (Fig. 45); prepectus partially, finely reticulate and smooth (Fig. 46); tibiae and tarsi dark brown except hind tibia and tarsus yellowish brown ................ ............................................................................ kukakensis (Ashmead)

Axillae finely reticulate (Figs. 37, 39); prepectus smooth, fore and mid tibiae and tarsi yellow to yellowish brown ........................................................... maculipes (Crawford)

Pnigalio levis n. sp Figs. 1 , 2, 61, 71

Female. Length 2.0 mm long. Body black with metallic tinge, head and antenna fuscous with slight metallic tinge, femora with fuscous bands, apices yellow, tibiae brown to yellowish brown; tarsi dark brown. Gaster black. Wings hyaline; venation dark brown.

Head as wide as thorax; vertex finely microreticulate; frons smooth; face coriaceous; scape oblong, dorsal surface of scape and pedicel micropunctate; flagellum with dense, short, white setae; gena 113 length of eye; length of scapelpedicel 2: 1.

Pronotum short, 1.5 times as broad as long, anterior part sloping forward diagonally in lateral view, dorsally finely sculptured; mesoscutum reticulate; scutellum reticulate, posterior half less intensely sculptured; dorsellum subcrescentic, smooth, lateral margin finely microreticulate; width of propodeum between plicae and median length of propodeum 1.5:l .O; median carina prominent; costulae absent; posterior half of propodeum reduced, surface smooth except along median carina with a fine, longitudinal sculpture; propodeal spiracle small, rounded, touching anterior margin; callus with 15-16 long white setae; axillae finely microreticulate; prepectus subtriangular, finely reticulate; hind coxa smooth to finely reticulate.

Gaster elongate-ovate, about twice as long as wide; length of tergites in ratio 15:3:5:5:5:5:3.

Fore wing with large speculum (Fig. 71); length ratio of submarginal and marginal veins 20:17; apex of hind wing narrowly rounded.

Male. Length 1.5 mm long. Similar to female except as follows: Antenna ramiform (Fig. 61); length of antenna1 segments excluding annelli as follows: X:2: (branches 19: 17: 15): 3:4:7:5:3; mesoscutum finely reticulate; scutellum broadly. finely reticulate (Fig. I ) ; dorsellum smooth; gaster 2.5 times as long as wide; length of tergites in ratio 10:3:5:3:3:2:1; pale spot in middle of tergite 1.

Types. Holotype, female, Seaside, Oregon, 7.VIII.40, H. and M. Townes (AEI). Al- lotype, male, Sagehen Cr., Nevada Co., Calif., l .VI.70, D.S. Chandler (UCD).

Volume 1 15 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 977

FIGS. 1-7. Pnigalio spp. 1-2: P . levis n, sp., male: 1 , dorsal view of thorax; 2, propodeum. 3-7: P. nemari (Westwood), female: 3 , dorsal view of habitus; 4, lateral view of habitus; 5 , thorax; 6, propodeum; 7, frontal

view of head.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST August 1983

FIGS. 8-14. Pnigalio spp. 8-9, 11: P. elognarus n. sp., female: 8, dorsal view of habitus; 9 , dorsal view of scutellum and propodeum; 11, propodeum. 10, 12: P. glaber n. sp., female: 10, dorsal view of habitus; 12,

lateral view of habitus. 13-14: P. rugarus n. sp., female: 13, dorsal view of habitus; 14, propodeum.

volume 1 15 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 979

Host. Unknown.

Distribution. Western United States: California and Oregon.

Remarks. This species is closely similar to the European Pnigalio epilobii BouEek. A paratype female P. epilobii in the CNC was compared with P. levis n. sp. and shows:

Pnigalio levis n. sp. Pnigalio epilobii BouEek

Length of scapel pedicel ratio: 2: 1 3: 1

General body color: Metallic black or blue-green Blue-black with purplish reflection Speculum of fore wing: Large, 0.23 X 0.35 mm Small, 0.02 X 0.05 mm No. of setae on callus: 15-16 9-10 Propodeal spiracle: Touching anterior margin of Nearly touching anterior margin of

propodeum propodeum

Pnigalio nemati (Westwood) Figs. 3-7, 62, 72

Eulophus nemati Westwood, 1838, 2: 183. Eulophus tischbeinii Ratzeburg , 1848, 2: 154. Pnigalio nemati: Boui-ek and Askew, 1968, 355. Pnigalio nemati: Burks, 1979, in Krombein et al. 1:968.

Specimens examined. Ontario: 2 males, 5 females, Ottawa, 2.VII.51,O. Peck, ex Pon- tania ?desmodioides (Walsh) (CNC); 3 females, 152 XO, 8.X.86, (locality and collector unknown); 2 females, 152 XO, 5.X.84 (locality and collecter unknown); female, 152 XO, from gall of Pontania (= Nematus) desmodioides (1266a Webster); female, Toronto, 111.97 (USNM). New Brunswick: female, York Co., 14.VII.66, Pamphilius on hazel nut (CNC) .

Distribution. Western Canada: Ontario, New Brunswick; Europe.

Remarks. Carleton (1939) reported the life cycle of Pontania proxima Lep. in Europe. Pnigalio nemati is a gregarious ectoparasite of sawfly larvae in galls on Salix (BouEek and Askew 1968).

This species resembles Pnigalio rugatus n. sp. and P. glaber n. sp. but differs from rugatus in having the length of scapelpedicel 2:1, the anterior 113 of the median carina acutely subtriangular (Figs. 3-6), apex pointed with fovea, the propodeum smooth, the prepectus coarsely reticulate and the submarginal vein longer than marginal. From glaber it differs in having the length of scapelpedicel 2: 1, the frons finely microreticulate (Fig. 7), the vertex predominantly smooth and the mesoscutum finely reticulate.

Pnigalio elongatus n. sp. Figs. 8, 9, 11, 50, 73

Female. Length 2.5 mm. Mesoscutum and metanotum golden-green; head, pronotum, and propodeum blue-green; gaster blue-black; scape yellow; flagellum fuscous; legs pale to yellow; coxae concolorous with thorax except apices yellow, fore tarsus and mid and hind tarsomeres dark brown.

Head as wide as thorax, vertex finely microreticulate; frons and face smooth; antenna inserted slightly above ventral margin of eye; scape smooth; pedicel microreticulate; flagellum densely haired with short, white setae; gena 112 length of eye; length of scapel pedicel 3: 1 (Fig. 50).

Pronotum very short, 2.5 times as broad as long, anterior area steep nearly in vertical plane as seen in lateral view, coarsely and broadly reticulate, lateral and anterior areas scaly reticulate (Fig. 8); posterior margin with narrow, smooth band; anterior half of mid


FIGS. 15-23. Pnigalio spp. 15-16: P . longulus (Zetterstedt), female: 15 , dorsal view of thorax; 16, propodeurn. 17-18: P. neolongulus n. sp., female: 17, dorsal view of habitus; 18, propodeurn. 1%23: P. brachysellus

n. sp., female: 19, dorsal view of habitus; 20, frontal view of head; 21, thorax; 22, propodeurn; 23, gaster.

Volume 115 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 981

FIGS. 24-30. Pnigalio spp. 24-28: P. pallipes (Provancher), female: 24, dorsal view of habitus; 25, frontodorsal view of head; 26, lateral view of habitus; 27, thorax; 28, propodeum. 2%30: P. uroplatae (Howard), female:

29, dorsal view of thorax; 30, propodeum.

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volume 1 15 TFE CANADIAN E ~ M O L O G I S T 983

FIGS. 3 9 4 4 . Pnigalio spp. 3 W : P . maculipes (Crawford), female: 39, dorsal view of thorax; 40, propodeum. 4 1 4 4 : P. minio (Walker), female: 41, dorsal view of thorax; 42, propodeum; male: 43, frontal view of head;

44, propodeum.

width of propodeum between plicae and median length of propodeum 1.3: 1 .O; propodeal spiracle small, subovate, nearly touching anterior margin of propodeum; callus with 14-15 long white setae; prepectus subtriangular, finely reticulate; hind coxa coarsely and broadly reticulate.

Gaster elongate ovate, about twice as long as wide; length of tergites in ratio 15:3:6:7:6:7:3.

Fore wing with large speculum (Fig. 73); length ratio of submarginal and marginal veins 27:27; apex of hind wing broadly rounded.

Male. Length 1.9 mm. Similar to female except: body generally blue-green; scape and pedicel fuscous; antenna ramiform; length of antenna excluding annelli as follows: 10:3: (branches 20:20: 17): 4:5:5: 19:4:5; gaster elongate-ovate, shorter than thorax, 1.5


times as long as wide; small yellowish brown spot near posterior margin of basal tergite; length of tergites in ratio 13:3:4:3:3:3:3.

Types. Holotype: female, Thurso, QuCbec, 20.VIII.58, L. A. Kelton. Allotypes: male, Ottawa, Ontario, 9.V11.51, 0. Peck, ex Pontania s-desmodioides (CNC No. 17001).

Paratype: female, Lethbridge, Alta., rec. P-43-135, FIS, 1943, em. 26.VII.43, ex willow leaf gall (Pontania sp.). Remarks. This species resembles Pnigalio pallipes (Provancher) but differs from it in having the length of antenna1 scapetpedicel 3:1, the anterior part of the median carina forming an elongate, tongue-like projection and the female gaster elongate-ovate. Miller (1970) misidentified this species as Pnigalio metacomet (Crawford) (see fig. 123 of Miller).

Pnigalio glaber n. sp. Figs. 10, 12, 51, 74

Female. Length 3.0 mm long. Body blue-green, head and gaster bluish green; scrobe black, face below toruli bluish green; scape including pedicel and flagellum black; legs beyond coxae pale to yellow; terminal tarsomeres brown. Wings hyaline.

Head as wide as thorax, vertex finely microreticulate; lateral margin along eye margin finely reticulate; scrobe smooth; area below toruli finely microreticulate; antenna inserted slightly above ventral margin of eye; scape smooth, pedicel micropunctate, flagellum microreticulate, with dense, short white setae; gena 112 length of eye; length of scapet pedicel 3: 1 (Fig. 51).

Pronotum very short, 3.6 times as broad as long, anterior area abruptly sloping forward in nearly vertical manner as seen from lateral view, reticulate-rugulose (Fig. 10); posterior margin with narrow smooth band; mesoscutum with anterior half of mid and lateral lobes microreticulate, posterior half coarsely reticulate; axillae alutaceous, scutellum with anterior 114 microreticulate, posterior 314 reticulate to broadly reticulate, concave; as long as wide; dorsellum subtriangular, alutaceous to smooth; costulae meeting median carina at base of an acute subtriangular carinae with fovea (Fig. 12); propodeal area smooth with few irregular wrinkles; width of propodeum between plicae and median length of propodeum 2.0: 1 .O; propodeal spiracle large, subovate, touching anterior margin of propodeum; callus with 13-14 long white setae; prepectus triangular, coarsely reticulate; hind coxa reticulate.

Gaster elongate, 2.5 times as long as wide; length of tergites in ratio 13:6:8: 10:10:8:2. Fore wing with large speculum (Fig. 74); length ratio of submarginal and marginal

veins 30:25; apex of hind wing broadly rounded.

Male. Unknown.

Types. Holotype: female, Blanger Canyon Rd., Contra Costa Co., Calif., 11 .VIII.64, L. E. Caltagirone, ex Anthonomus morulus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in gall of Pontania paciJica Marlatt (UCB).

Paratype: female, same data as holotype (UCB).

Remarks. This species is closely similar to Pnigalio elongatus n. sp. and P. rugatus n. sp. but differs from the former in having the pronotum reticulate-rugulose, the median carina forming an acute, small, triangular projection with a fovea (Fig. 12), the width of' propodeum between plicae and median length of propodeum twice as broad as long (2.0: 1.0); the propodeal spiracle large, subovate, touching anterior margin of propodeum, the gaster elongate, 2.5 times as long as wide. From rugatus, it differs in having submarginal vein slightly longer than the marginal, the dorsellum subtriangular, the callus with 13-14 long white setae, the submarginal vein longer than marginal, and the scutellum as long as wide.


FIGS. 4549 . Pnigalio spp. 4548: P . kukakensis (Ashmead), female: 45, dorsal view of habitus; 46, lateral view of habitus; 47, propodeum; 48, frontal view of head. 49: P. coloni (Girault), female, dorsal view of habitus.

Pnigalio rugatus n.sp. Figs. 13, 14, 63, 75

Female. Length 2.8 mm long. Body blue-green; scape yellow, dorsal margin with dark streak; pedicel and flagellum fuscous except underside of pedicel and funicle segments


with narrow yellow strip; legs beyond coxae pale to yellow; terminal tarsomers brown; gastral tergites with dark bands along posterior margin. Wings hyaline.

Head as wide as thorax; vertex finely microreticulate; margin along eye finely reticulate; scrobe smooth; area below toruli finely microreticulate; antenna inserted slightly above ventral margin of eye; scape smooth, pedicel micropunctate, flagellum microreticulate, densely haired with short white setae; gena 113 length of eye; length of scapel pedicel 3: 1 (Fig. 63).

Pronotum very short, 3.0 times as broad as long, anterior area abruptly sloping forward in nearly vertical plane as seen from lateral view, coarsely reticulate (Fig. 13), posterior margin with narrow smooth band; mesoscutum with anterior half of mid and lateral lobes microreticulate; posterior half coarsely reticulate; scutellum with anterior 113 microreticulate, posterior 213 reticulate to broadly reticulate, lateral area finely, microreticulate to alutaceous, concave, 1.5 times as long as wide; dorsellum subcrescentic, finely microreticulate to alutaceous; costulae meeting median carina at base of acute subtriangular projection with fovea (Fig. 14); propodeal area smooth with irregular carinulae; width of propodeum between plicae and median length of propodeum 1.8:l .O; propodeal spiracle large, subovate, nearly touching anterior margin; callus with 8 short, white setae; prepectus acutely triangular, entire surface reticulate; hind coxa reticulate.

Gaster elongate, 3.0-3.2 times as long as wide; length of tergites in ratio 12:6:8:9:10:5:2.

Fore wing with large speculum (Fig. 75); length ratio of submargial and marginal veins 25:25; apex of hind wing broadly rounded.

Male. Length 1.5 mm long. Similar to female except: legs beyond coxae yellow, femora and tibia with dark bands or streaks in the middle, fore tarsus light brown, mid and hind apical two tarsomeres light brown. Scape and flagellum black; length of antenna excluding annelli in ratio 8:3: (branches 20:18:16): 3.5:4:5:5:5:2; median carina not elevated into tooth; dorsellum smooth; gaster suboblongate, 1.5 times as long as wide; length ratio of tergites as follows: 10:6:5:3:3:3:1; gaster black with some metallic reflection.

Types. Holotype, female, Padre Dam, San Diego Co., California, 13.VI.80, D. Perkins; emerged from Pontania resinicola Marlatt gall on Salix lasiolepis. Allotype, male, San Diego Co., California, 15 .IV.80, D. Perkins; emerged from Pontania resinicola Marlatt gall on Salk lasiolepis (CNC No. 17459).

Paratypes, female, same data as holotype; male, Padre Dam, San Diego Co., Cali- fornia, 6.VII.80, D. Perkins; emerged from Pontania resinicola Marlatt gall on Salix lasiolepis (CNC) . Remarks. This species resembles Pnigalio glaber n. sp. but differs from it in having the length of submarginal vein subequal to the marginal, the dorsellum subcrescentic, the callus with 8 short setae, the submarginal and marginal veins subequal in length, and the scutellum 1.5 times as long as wide. D. Perkins (in litt.) indicated that galls were harvested from Salix lasiolepis and a possible hybrid of S. lasiolepis and S. laevigata in the San Diego riverbed between Santee and San Diego.

Pnigalio longulus (Zetterstedt) Figs. 15, 16, 64, 76

Entedon longulus Zetterstedt, 1838, pp. 1-868. Eulophus pisidice Walker, 1839, I: p. 70 Teleogmus arcticus Thomson, 1878, 5: 214. Pnigalio longulus: BouEek and Askew, 1968, 3: 55.

Specimens examined. Saskatchewan: female, Amish Lake, FIS 1613(01), 16.111.69, ex Pontania sp. on willow; male, female, Nesslin Lake, FIS 5 122(01), 10.111.69, ex Pontania

volume 1 15 THE CAN- ENIDMOWST 987

FIGS. 5060. Antennae, female spp. o f Pni~alio. 50. P. elongamn. sp.; 51, P. glaber n. sp.; 52. P. rseoIonguIus n. v.; 53 , P. brachyselhs n, sp.; 54, P. pallipes (Provancher); 55, P . rrroplatae (Howard); 56. P. jmjipes (Ashmead); 57. P. hohai-ti n. sp.; 58. P . albifonnis n. sp.: 59, P. maculips (Crawford); 60. P. minio (Walker).

sp. on willow. Alberta: female, Vinca Bridge, FIS 268(02), 19.11.70, ex Pontania sp. on willow (CNC). New York: female, Buffalo, 10.111.09, M. C. Van Duzee (CAS). Indiana: female, La Fayette, 19.IX. 15, Satterthwait , reared from wild grape material, cage no. C1352 (USNM). Distribution. Canada: Saskatchewan, Alberta; United states: New York, Indiana; Europe.

988 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLQGIST August 1983

FIGS. 61-70. Antennae, male spp. of Pnigalio. 61, P . levis n. sp.; 62, P . nemati (Westwood); 63, P. rugatus n. sp.; 64, P . longulus (Zetterstedt); 65, P. brachysellus n. sp.; 66, P. uroplatae (Howard); 67, P. jlavipes

(Ashmead); 68, P . boharti n. sp.; 69, P . maculipes (Crawford); 70, P. minio (Walker).

Volume 1 15 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

FIGS. 71-79. Fore and hind wings, spp. of Pnigalio. 71, P. levis n. sp., male; 72, P. nemati (Westwood), male; 73, P . elongatus n. sp., female; 74, P. glaber n. sp., female; 75, P . rugatus n. sp., male; 76, P . longulus (Zetterstedt), female; 77, P. neolongulus n. sp., female; 78, P. brachysellus n. sp., female; 79, P. pallipes

(Provancher), female.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST August 1983

FIGS. 80-86. Fore and hind wings, female spp. of Pnigalio. 80, P. uroplarae (Howard); 81 , P . f iv ipes (Ash- mead); 82, P. boharti n. sp.; 83, P. albiformis n. sp.; 84, P . mculipes (Crawford); 85, P. minio (Walker); 86,

P. kukakensis (Ashmead).

Remarks. This species is similar to Pnigalio neolongulus n. sp. but differs from it in having the mesoscutum and scutellum coarsely reticulate (Figs. 15, 16) and legs beyond coxae pale to yellow except apical tarsomere brown.

The European host records of Pnigalio longulus are listed in Bouzek and Askew

Volume 1 15 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Pnigalio neolongulus n. sp. Figs. 17, 18, 52, 77

Female. Length 1.8 mm. Body dark blue-green; head dark brown with slight metallic reflection; antenna dark brown except pedicel brownish yellow; axillae and scutellum dark brown; femora with brown to dark brown bands; tibiae and tarsi yellow to yellowish brown; coxae concolorous with body; gaster dark brown; wings hyaline.

Head compressed anteroposteriorly, vertex alutaceous; lower frons and face finely reticulate; scape finely reticulate, dorsal edge coarsely sculptured with dense, short white hairs; pedicel microreticulate; flagellum with whitish sensoria and dense white setae; gena 112 length of eye; length ratio of scapelpedicel 3:l (Fig. 52).

Pronotum very short, twice as broad as long, anterior area sloping forward diagonally as seen from lateral view, hind margin with narrow, smooth band, mid area finely microreticulate, laterally scaly reticulate (Fig. 17); mesoscutum fnely reticulate; axillae alutaceous; scutellum firiely micoreticulate to alutaceous, slightly concave, broader than long; dorsellum subcrescentic, finely microreticulate; costulae of propodeum meeting median carina at base of anterior margin; surface above costula predominantly smooth with scattered short carinulae, below costula predominantly reticulate-rugulose (Fig. 18); width of propodeum between plicae and median length of propodeum subequal (1 .O: 1.0); propodeal spiracle large, rounded, distance to anterior margin, as long as its diameter; callus with 13-14 long white setae; prepectus subtriangular, broadly reticulate; hind coxa coarsely reticulate.

Gaster elongate ovate, 1.3 times as long as wide; depressed dorsally; length of tergites in ratio 10:5:4:3:5:3:2.

Fore wing with a small speculum (Fig. 77); length of ratio of submarginal and marginal veins 20: 17; apical margin of hind wing broadly rounded.

Male. 1.5 mm. Similar to female except: legs brown except apices of femora and tibiae yellowish brown; antenna ramiform, length of antenna excluding annelli as follows: 8:2.5: (branches 17:17:15): 3:3:4:8:5:3; scutellum smooth to alutaceous; costulae meeting median carina at anterior 116 of propodeum; distance of propodeal spiracle and anterior margin 112 its diameter; dorsellum smooth; gaster 1.5 times as long as wide; length ratio of tergites 10:3:2:4:3:3:2; tergites 1-2, yellowish orange except margins brown; rest of gaster dark brown.

Types. Holotype, female, Warkworth Cr., nr. Churchill, Manitoba, 29. VI.52, J.G. Chillcott . Allotype, male, Churchill, Manitoba, 6 .VII1.62, J .G. Chillcott (CNC No. 17002).

Paratypes, 2 females, Herschel I., Y .T., 7-16.Vn.71, W .R.M. Mason.

Remarks. This species is related to Pnigalio longulus (Zetterstedt) but differs from it in having the mesoscuturn finely rather than coarsely reticulate, the scutellum and dorsellurn finely microreticulate, the width of propodeum between plicae and median length of propodeum subequal, the propodeal spiracle large, rounded, distance to anterior margin, as long as its diameter and the legs of femora with brown to dark brown bands.

Pnigalio brachysellus n . sp. Figs. 1P-23, 53, 65, 78

Female. Length 2.3 mm long. Body dark blue-green; head black with slight metallic reflection; antenna dark brown, inner side of scape yellow, pedicel light brown; femora yellow, tibiae and tarsi except apical tarsomere pale or whitish; fore and hind coxae concolorous with body except apex yellow to yellowish brown, mid coxa yellow except for metallic blue-green s p t baso-anteriorly; gaster dark brown, basal tergite shiny blue-green, lateral margins of tergites 2 4 blue-green reflection.

992 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGlST August 1983

Head compressed anterposteriorly; vertex microreticulate (Fig. 20); frons and face finely microreticulate; antenna1 scrobe smooth; dorsal surface of scape and pedicel finely microreticulate; inner side of scape smooth; flagellum with dense short setae; gena 112 length of eye; length scapelpedicel 3:l (Fig. 53).

Pronotum short, twice as wide as long, anterior area sloping forward in diagonal manner as seen in lateral view, hind margin with indistinct smooth band, mid area microreticulate, laterally coarsely reticulate (Figs. 19, 21); mesoscutum anterior 112 of mid lobe and lateral lobes coarsely reticulate, 112 of mid lobe coarsely and broadly reticulate; scutellum more or less flattened mid dorsally, surface coarsely reticulate; axillae alutaceous to finely microreticulate, dorsellum subcrescentic, coarsely microreticulate; costulae of propodeum meeting median carina at base of anterior margin to anterior 112 of propodeum (Fig. 22); posterior 213 of propodeal surface coarsely microreticulate; median carina with longitudinal trough-like depression, basal forming a subtriangular carina; width of propodeum between plicae and median length of propodeum broader than long (10:8); propodeal spiracle small, subrounded, distance to anterior margin as long as its diameter; callus coarsely reticulate, 16-17 long white setae; prepectus large, subtriangular, surface broadly reticulate; hind coxa coarsely reticulate.

Gaster elongate-ovate about 1.7 times as long as wide, depressed dorsally; length of tergites in ratio 12:8:5:6:6:8:5 (Fig. 23).

Fore wing with small speculum (Fig. 78); length of ratio of submarginal and marginal veins 25:25; apical margin of hind wing narrowly rounded.

Male. Length 1.4 mm long. Similar to female but differs as follows: body black with metallic reflection; head dark brown with bronze tinge; scutellum with bronze tinge; axillae, dorsellum, and propodeum dark blue-green; basal 213 of femora brown to light brown; gaster dark brown, mid area of tergite 1 with white spot. Antenna ramiform (Fig. 6.51, length of antenna excluding annellus as follows: 7:2: (branches 13:12:10): 3:4:5:7:4:2.5; mesoscutum finely reticulate; scutellum alutaceous; axillae smooth to alutaceous; dorsellum smooth to finely reticulate; propodeum finely reticulate; gaster elongate, length ratio of tergites 9:2:3:3:4:4:3.

Types. Holotype, female, Johnson Co., Georgia, 18. VIII. 76, R.T. Franklin, reared from larvae of Brachys tessellatus (Fabr.), in mine leaf of Quercus laevis Walter. Allotype, male, same data as holotype (UG).

Paratypes, 2 females, same data as holotype: male, 2 females, Johnson Co., Georgia, 20.VII.76, 4.VIII.76, R.T. Franklin, reared from larva of Brachys tessellatus (Fabr.), in mine in leaf of Quercus laevis Walter (UG, CNC).

Remarks. This species is similar to Pnigalio longulus (Zetterstedt) and P. neolongulus n. sp. but differs from them in having the length of submarginal and marginal vein subequal, the propodeum coarsely microreticulate to reticulate, the apical margin of hind wing narrowly rounded and the width of propodeum between plicae and the median length of propodeum broader than long.

Pnigalio pallipes (Provancher) Figs. 24-28, 54, 79

Coccophagus pallipes Provancher, 1 887, p. 206. Coccophagus pallidipes Dalla Torre, 1898, 5: 226. Invalid emendation. Sympiesis metacomet Craw ford, 1913, 45: 257. n. syn. Eulophus lineaticoxa Girault, 19 16, 3 1: 37. Pnigalio pallipes: Burks, 1963, 95: 1257; Burks, 1979 in Krombein et al. 1: 969. Specimens examined. Types, Laval University, Qut.: Pnigalio pallipes (Provancher), nos. 783 blue tag, 1389 yellow tag; USNM: Pnigalio metacomet (Crawford), no. 15095, Auburndale, Mass., ex Cameraria hamadryadella (Clemens) (= Lithocolletis hamadryadella) on swamp white oak

Volume 115 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 993

leaves; Pnigalio lineaticoxa (Girault), no. 19998. Nova Scotia: female, Tusket, 22.VIII.60, Free- man & Lewis, ex Lithocolletis, Sweet Gale (Myrica gale), em. no. 60-188. Ontario: female, To- ronto, 5.V.94 (no collector); female, Gering, FIS 1952, 7.VII.52, No. 52-1 110, ex Fenusa ulmi Sund.; female, Ottawa, 14.VI.52, G.E. Shewell (CNC). New Brunswick: male, Kouchibouguac N .P. , 5 .VI1.77, G. A. Caldenvood; female, Kouchibouguac N.P., 7. VII. 77, S . J. Miller (CNC). Manitoba: female, Winnipeg, 11.26, R.D. Bird, bred from Salix petiolaris and its hybrids (CNC). Saskatchewan: female, Indian Head, em. 14.111.50, ex Nernatus sp. willow gall (CNC). Northwest Territories : female, Norman Wells, 10.VII.49, W.R.M. Mason (CNC). British Columbia: female, Summerland, 17. VIII. 34, A.N. Gartrell (CNC). Alaska: 2 females, King Salmon, Naknek R., 3.VII.52, 5.VII.52, W.R.M. Mason (CNC); female, Gauokoshi, Naknek L., Nat. Geog. Soc., 1919 Katmai Exped., A.C. Basinger (CAS). Wisconsin: male, Door Co., 15.VI.32, M.H. Doner, ex Coleophora (= Haploptilia) pruniella Clem. (CNC). Michigan: female, Oakland Co., Milford, 27.VI.23, T.H. Hubbell; female, Clinton Co., 18.VI.39, R.R. Dreisbach; male, Isabella Co., 8.V.57, R. & K. Dreisbach (USNM). Washington, D.C.: 2 females, VI1.50, A.A. Girault, Quaint- ance No. 1612; 2 females, 152 XO, 5.VII. 1884 (no collector) (USNM). Illinois: male, Turnbull1 Wds., Glencoe, 30.VII.49, Wm. Tietz, Jr. ; female, Muncie, 4.V .36, H.H. Ross & B .D. Burks; female, Rosecran S., 14. VI.38, H.H. Ross and B.D. Burks; 2 females, Nos. 1788 1,40099 (INHS). Utah: female, Salt Lake, C.N. Ainslie (USNM). California: female, Davis, 11 .III.63, F.D. Parker (UCD).

Distribution. Canada: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Sas- katchewan. Northwest Temtories. British Columbia; United States: Pennsylvania, Wash- ington, D.C., Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Utah, California, Alaska.

Remarks: The type of Pnigalio pallipes (Provancher) is pinned through the middle of the thorax and is without the head and fore legs. The lectotype of Pnigalio metacomet (Craw- ford), designated by C.D.F. Miller, is without the head. P , pallipes differs from all other North American species of Pnigalio by having an unique sculpture on the propodeurn (Figs. 24, 27, 28).

Pnigalio uroplatae @loward Figs. 29, 30, 55, 66, 80

Syrnpiezus uroplatae Howard. 1885, I : 1 17. Sympiesis unicarinatus Ashmead, 1894. 21 : 343. Sympiesis dandolini Girault, 19 1 2 . p. 1. Pnigalio uroplatae: Miller 1970, 68: 12, 19; Burks, 1979 in Krombein et a l . 1: 969. Specimens examined. Lectotypes, USNM: Pnigalio uroplatae (Howard), no. 1452. Washington, D.C.. host Odnnrota suturalis Thunb., Pnigalio dandolini (Girault), no. 21 136, Milford, Virginia, I 1-1 5. VII . , ex Cameraria ( = Lithocolletis) hamadryadella (Clemens) on Quercus hicolor Willd. ; type, USNM: Pnigalio unicarinatus (Ashmead), no. 41329. New Bmnswick: 13 females. KO- uchibouguac N.P., 3.VI-9.VII.77. G.A. Calderwood, G.A.P. Gibson, S.J. Miller, J.R. Vockeroth (CNC). Quebec: female, Cap Rouge, 8.VII.53,O. Peck; female, Hull. 20.VLf.61. M3133, C.D. Miller; female. Beech Grove, 15.V.61, 45' 39' -76"8'. J.R. Vockeroth; female, Kingsmere. 28.1.72, ex Nepticula, 7 1-13; female, Kazabazua, 10.V11.53, E.C. Becker; female, Wakefield, 9.VII.46, G.E. Shewell;4females, male. Ste. Anne de Bellewe, 3O.VI.69, R.P. Potringer. female. Ste. Anne de Bellevue. A. Robert. 450905, parasite of Baliosus mber (Web.) (CNC). Ontario: male. 2 females, St. Lawrence Is. Nat. Park. MacDonald Is., Aubery Is.. 1.X.76,2.X.76. W. Reid: female, St. Lawrence Is. Nat. Park. Grenadier I . , W., E. Sigler; female, St. Lawrence Is., Nar. Park, Cedar I . , 31.VII1.76; female, Ameliasburg, 1 .VI1138. ex hickory leafminer, no. 18083H38, 64-fL; female, Marmora, 22.VIII.52, C. Boyle; 4 females, 12-14.VIn.56, Freeman & Lewis; 2 females, Ft. Frances, 2.VI11.62, S.M. Clark; female, Jarvis L., 20.VIII.52. J.F. McAlpine; 2 females, Ottawa, 26.VII.55, W .R.M. Mason; male, Ottawa, 13.Vn.78, L. Masner; female. Ortawa, 25.V.59, J.R. Vockeroth; 2 females, Constance Bay, FIS 046-1627, 28.m.47, ex Lithocolletis sp.; female, Pt. Pelee N.P., 9.VI.68, Malaise trap; female. Rondeau Park, 13-30.IV.73, W.R.M. Ma- son; female, Thessalon, 28.Vm.64. F I S S64-4055-01-7; female, Broadely, 1 l.VU.68, FIS S85- 1530-01-1, ex Messa nuna (Klug) (CNC). Manitoba: 4 females, Gypsumville, 210(01) 21 JI.72,


ex Camera.aria macrocarpae (Free.) on burr oak; female, Camp Morton, 87(01), 17.71.72, ex Ca- meraria macrocarpae (Free.) on burr oak (FIS Sault Ste. Marie). New York: female, Lancasier, 9.V.09, M.C. Van Duzee (CAS); 2 females, Oneonata, 30.VI.35,20.VTI.35, H.K. Townes; female, Milford Center, 13.VII.35, H.K. Tomes; female, Ithaca, 29.V.34; female Hancock, 3L.VIl.35, H.K. Townes (AEI). Pennsylvania: female, male, Wilawana, 21 .V11.38, 6.V.39. R.H. Crandall (UAT); male, Berrens, Centre Co., 5.V.46, Stannard (INHS). Massachusetts: female, So. Haley, 8-V.36, M. Chapman (AEI). Washington, D.C.: female, 14.MJ.05, Quaiotance, No. 1868, (USNM). Virginia: female, Winchester. 19.V1.64, 0. Peck (CNC). Maryland: female, Takoma Park, 25.1V.42, H. & M. T o m e s (AEI). SouthCarolina: female, Greenville, 27.X.51, G. Townes: female, Grsenville, 30.III.52. G. & L. Townes (AEI). North Carolina: female. Wayah Bald, Macon Co., 1093 m, 13.Vn.57, W.R. Richards (CNC). Georgia: female, Forsyth, 22.1V.70, F.T. N a u m m , Malaise trap; female, Rabun Bald, Rabun Co.. 937 m, 13.VII.57, J.G. Chillcott ICNC). Florida: female, Newman's Lake, Gainesville, 26.IV.62,O. Peck (CNC). Michigan: female, Ben- zie Co.. 4.V11.57, R. & K. Dreisbach; female. Saginaw Co., 19.IX.56. R.R. Dreisbach; female. Lake Co., 6.V.45, R.R. Dreisbach; 2 females, Midland Co., 13.V.45, 17.IX.56. R.R. Dreisbach; female, Missnukee Co., 23.V.54, R.R. Dreisbach; 6 females, Isabella Co., 8.V.57, R. & K. Dreis- bach; female, Tuscola Co., 30.V.52. R.R. Dreisbach; female. C h e b o y p Co., 3.VI.57, R.R. Dreisbach (USNM). Illinois: female. Texas City, 21 .V.36. Mohr & Burks; female, U. of Ill. woods shtub, Urbana I2.VI.38, Sarah Jones; female, Grays Lake, 10.VI.36, Ross & Burks; female, Oak- wood, 15.V.36, T.H.F.; male, Elgin, 17.V.40, G.T. Reigel; female, DeLong, 2.VII.37. Mohr & Burks; female, Seymour, 21 .W.37 , Mohr & Burks; female, Edgetown, Kankakee Co., 3.V1.42, B.D. Burks; female, Mahornet, 7.1V.46, J.L.C. Rapp & W.R. Rapp Jr. (INHS). Wyoming: female, Union Pass. Teton Co., 16.V11.61, B.H. Poole; female, Union Pass, Fremont Co., 17.VIL.61, J.G. Chillcott (CNC). Tennessee: female, Knoxville, No. 17348, G.G. Ainslie, Webster No. 20155. reared from Lepidoptera (USNM). Texas: male, College Station, Brazos Co., 26.11.69, Veryat W. Board (AMT). Arizona: male. Parker Cr.. Sierra Ancha. 19.N.47, H. &M. Townes (AH); female. 4 mi. NW, SWRS, Chiricahua Mts.. Cochise Co.. 13.XI.60. M.A. Cazier, ex coleophorid larva mining Ceanothus itegerrimus (USNM). California: 2 females, Lakes of the Clouds. 1562 rn, 9.V111.54, D. Munroe (CNC); male, female, Point Mugu, l.VI1.62, 6.VII.62, R.R. Sanders (NHLA); male, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, 1924, E. Walther, ex Physokermes material (UCR); male, Hallelujah Jct., Lassen Co., 29.VI.76, R.F. Otondo (UCD).

Distribution. Canada: New Brunswick, Qukbec, Ontario; United States: Maine south to Florida, west to Oregon and California.

Remarks. The type of Pnigalio unicarinatus (Ashmead) is in fair condition, except the head and a pair of fore and hind wings are missing. The type series of Pnigalio uroplatae (Howard) included a male and a female but the description of the species is based on the male only. For this reason, Miller (1970) designated the male specimen as lectotype.

This species is similar to Pnigalioflavipes (Ashmead) but differs in having the dorsellum coarsely sculptured (Figs. 29. 30). the coxae black and the gaster black with metallic tinge.

Pnigalio Jlavipes (Ashmead) Figs. 31, 32, 56, 67, 81

Sympiesis flavipes Ashmead, 1886, 13: 133. Sympiesis quercicola Ashmead, 1888, 3: 7. Specimens examined. Types, USNM: Pnigalioflovipes (Ashmead), no. 41330, Jacksonville, Flor- ida; Pnigalio quercicola (Ashmead) type lost. Quebec: female. Gatineau Park, 2 .IX.56 "collector"; female, Hull, 14.VIII.94 "collector" (CNC). Ontario: female, Blackbum, 27.V1.65, C.D.F. Miller; female. Chatterton, 15.VI.55, J.C. Martin; 2 females, Normandale, 26.IX.61. Freeman & Lewis, ex Lithocolletis sp.; female, Ottawa, 13.V1.78, L, Masner; female. Bells Corners, 26.1X.7 1, ex Antispila, 71-21; female, Spencerville, 1 l.VIII.78, L. Masner. wet woods; female, Port Col- borne, 23.VlII.34, D. Gray (CNC). Manitoba: 2 females, Ninette, 13.W.58, 17.V.58, J.F. McAlpine; female, Ninette, 7.V1.58, C.D.F. Miller (CNC). New York female, Rome, 24.V1.34, H.K. Townes; 3 females. Oneonta, 30.VI.35. 17. VII. 35, 2.IX.35, H.K. Townes; 4 females, Ca- najoharie, 4.VIII.34, 13.VlTI.34, H.K. Townes; female, Troy. 2.LX.34. H.K. Townes; female,

VO~UIII~ 115 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 995

Otsego L., 3.1X.35, H.K. Townes; male, Westchester, 19.VI.36, H.K. Townes; female, Ringwood, Tompkins Co., 17.V.36; 2 females, Ithaca, 11 .IX.35,9.V.36, H.K. Townes (AEI). Washington, D.C.: 3 females, VI.05, VII.05, A.A. Girault, Quaintance No. 1612 (USNM); female, Wesport, 17.VII.40, H.K. Townes (AEI). Maryland: female, Takoma Park, 7.VI.42, H. & M. Townes (AEI); female, Jefferson Co., Harpers Ferry, 27.1V.57, P.H. Arnaud (CAS). South Carolina: female, Greenville, 24.VI.55, L. & G. Townes (AEI). Michigan: female, Midland Co., 15,VII.52, R.R. Dreisbach (USNM). Illinois: male, U. of Ill. sweep herbs, 6.IX.37, S. Jones; female, Utica, Split Rock, 1 1 .VII.41, Ross & Ries; female, Justice, 23.VII.37, Mohr & Burks; male, White Heath, 26.VI11.40, Ross & Riegel; female, Peoria, 31 .VII.40, Ross & Riegel (INHS). Louisiana: 2 females, Kisatchie N.F., Summerfield, 13-14.111.72, H.J. Teskey; 2 females, Coney Lake, Kisatchie N. For., 13.111.72, G.E. Shewell; female, Oak Grove, 3 mil., S., 31 .III.60, J.G. Chillcott (CNC); male, Baton Rouge, Chittenden Co., 30.V.21, C.E. Smith, parasite of Mantura Joridana Cr. 7019-2 (USNM). Texas: male, female, Big Bend N.P., 21 .VII.77, L. Masner, lowland desert (CNC). Arizona: female, Glenbar, 3 .XI.55, G.D. Butler, SwepWalfalfa; male, Kans. Stlm., 2. V.56, F. Werner & G. Butler, SwepWalfalfa; female, Mesa, 26.V.55, G.D. Butler, SwepWalfalfa; female, Tucson, 7.VI.60, Butler 60-27, SucWalfalfa (UAT). California: female, Can. del Medio, Sta. Cruz Is., S. Barb. Co., 8.X.76, R.O. Schuster & E.C. Toftnor; female, Davis, 7.X1.73, E.I. Schlinger; male, Cuyler Hbr. , San Miguel Is., 11 .VII.70, A.A. Gigarich & R.O. Schuster (UCD); female, Santa Clara Co., Harkins Collection, Stanford University Access'd L. A.C.M. 1965 (NHAL); female, 4 mi. E. Carnpo., San Diego Co., 26.111.61, J . Powell, ex Ceanothus (UCB); female, Crescent City, 3.VIII.40, H. & M. Townes (AEI). Alaska: female, Mt. McKinley, 781 m., 15.VIII.54, David Townes (AEI).

Distribution. Canada: New Brunswick west to British Columbia; United States: Maine, south to South Carolina and Louisiana, west to California and Alaska.

Remarks: The type of SympiesisJIavipes Ashmead is in poor condition. The thorax, fore wings, and fore legs are present. The type of Sympiesis quercicola Ashmead is probably lost.

This species resembles Pnigalio uroplatae (Howard) but differs from it in having the dorsellum coarsely sculptured (Fig. 30), the length-width ratio of propodeal area between plicae and length of propodeum, broader than long and the antenna1 scape fuscous.

Pnigalio boharti n. sp. Figs. 33, 34, 57, 68, 82

Female. Length 2.5 mm. Body generally golden green; head dark brown, vertex with metallic blue-green reflection; frons and face with purple reflection; scape yellowish brown to pale; inner 213 and apical 114 brownish yellow, pedicel and flagellum brown; legs yellow, dorsal apical 114-115 of hind femur with brown spot; basal 112 of hind tibia brown, apex of tarsomers brown; gaster yellow with dorsal area and apical 113 dark brown or entire gaster dark brown with basal 112 yellow to yellowish brown.

~ e a d as wide as thorax, smooth, ocellar area ahtaceous; scape smooth, linear and long, reaching anterior ocellus; pedicel microreticulate; flagellum with dense short brownsh hairs; gena 113 length of eye; length of scapelpedicel 3:l (Fig. 57).

Pronotum short, campanulate, anterior area abruptly sloping diagonally forward as seen from lateral view, coarsely reticulate, lateral areas broadly reticulate (Fig. 33); mesoscutum with anterior mid and lateral lobes coarsely reticulate, posterior 112 of mid lobe reticulate; axillae alutaceously microreticulate; scutellum with mid anterior similarly sculptured to that of anterior mid lobe of mesoscutum, lateral area of scutellum broadly reticulate, dorsally flattened, as long as wide; dorsellum alutaceous, subcrescentic, median carina thin and tall; costulae meeting median carina about middle of propodeum, surface smooth and polished (Fig. 34); width of propodeum between plicae and median length of propodeum, 1.2 times as wide as long (1.2: 1.0); propodeal spiracle small, rounded, nearly touching anterior margin of propodeum (Fig. 34); callus with 32-35 long white setae; prepectus triangular, dorsal 213 smooth, ventral 113 broadly reticulate; hind coxa coarsely reticulate.

W6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST August 1983

Gaster elongate ovate, 1.4 times as long as wide, depressed dorsally, length of tergites in ratio 15:3:3:4:5:4:3.

Fore wing with large speculum (Fig. 82); length ratio of submarginal and marginal veins 30:25; apex of hind wing broadly rounded.

Male. Length 2.0 mm. Similar to female except: body black, with blue-green luster; antenna ramiform (Fig. 68); length of antenna excluding annelli as follows: 10:4: (branches 30:39:20): 3:4:5:7:5; mesoscutum coarsely reticulate, scutellum moderately sculptured, slightly concave dorsally; dorsellum finely microreticulate; costulae meeting median carina 213 length of propodeum; gaster elongate ovate, its sides subparallel, shorter than thorax, brown with large, white patch extending from base of gaster to second tergite.

Types. Holotype, female, Westwood Hills, L(os) A(nge1es) Co., Calif(ornia), 111.41, R.M. Bohart, ex Acc. 295 (UCD). Allotype: male, Waldport, Oregon, 6.VII.53, R.G. Rosenstiel, on Salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh), ex Cameraria gaultheriella (Walsm.) (OSU).

Paratypes, 2 females, same data as holotype; female, male, data as for allotype (OSU); female, San Francisco, Golden Gate Park, California, 1924, E. Walther, ex Phy- sokermes material (UCR); 2 females, Lily Pond, Alpine Lake, California, 468 m, V11.70, D.D. Munroe, Mal. trap; female, Sebastopol, California, 12.XI.52, A.D. Borden, ex Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clem.) (CNC) . Remarks. This species is similar to Pnigalio albiformis n. sp. but differs in having the scutellum flattened dorsally, the propodeal spiracle small, nearly touching anterior margin, (Fig. 34), the dorsellum alutaceous and the fore wing with a large speculum (Fig. 82).

Physokermes sp. (Homoptera: Lecaniidae) is a doubtful host record for this species.

Pnigalio albiformis n. sp. Figs. 35, 36, 58, 83

Female. Length 1.8 mm long. Body generally bluish black; head brown; scape yellow, pedicel, funicle segments 1-3 brown; funicle segment 4 and club pale; meso-meta- pleuron fuscous with metallic reflection; legs except apices of tibiae and basal 3-segmented tarsomeres pale; area below basal margin &d stigmd veins with fuscous markings; gaster brown.

Head strongly compressed anteroposteriorly; vertex finely sculptured, frons with fine longitudinal striation; scape smooth, dorsal edge coarsely reticulate; pedicel microreticulate; flagellum with sparse short white setae; gena 113 length of eye; length ratio of scapelpedicel 3: 1 (Fig. 58).

Pronotum very short, twice as broad as long, anterior area abruptly sloping forward in a diagonal manher as seen in lateral view, coarsely reticulate (Fig. 35); mesoscutum coarsely reticulate, posterior lateral area reticulate, slightly broader; scutellum scaly reticulate, concave as wide as long; dorsellum subcrescentic, smooth, partially covered with fine reticulation; costula meeting median carina midway of porpodeal length (Fig. 58); surface smooth and polished; width of propodeum between plicae and median length of propodeum 1.3: 1 .O; propodeal spiracle subovate, moderately large, touching anterior margin; callus with 26-28 long white setae; prepectus subtriangular, finely and broadly reticulate; hind coxa coarsely reticulate.

Gaster ovate, 1.3 times as long as wide; length of tergites in ratio 9:5:5:5:5:1:2. Fore wing without speculum (Fig. 83); length ratio of submarginal and marginal veins

22:18; apical margin of hind wing narrowly rounded.

Male. Unknown.

Types. Holotype, female, Lake Arrow, California, 11 .I.30, S .E. Flanders (UCR). Paratypes, 3 females, same data as holotypes (UCR), female, Widman Ranch, Gold-

water Cny., San Bernardino Co., California, 10 mi. W. Camp Baldy, 9.IX.65, 1234 m, N.E. Irwin, ex Lepidoptera leafminer, on Ceanothus leucodermis leaves (UCR).


Remarks. This species differs from all other species of North American Pnigalio in having the club and distal funicle segments pale and the fore wing usually with two fuscous markings.

Pnigalio maculipes (Crawford) Figs. 37-40, 59, 69, 84

Sympiesis maculipes Crawford, 19 13, 45: 258. Sympiesis tischeriae Ashmead, 1888, 3: 6. Pnigalio maculipes: Miller, 1970, 68: 12, 20; Burks, 1979 in Krombein et al . 1: 968 Specimens examined. Type, USNM: Pnigalio maculipes (Crawford), 11-15.VI1, ex Cameraria hamadryadella (Clemens) on Swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor) leaves; Lectotype, USNM: P. tischeriae (Ashmead), no. 27284, Riley Co., Kansas, 3.VIII. 1918, ex leafminer on button bush. Nova Scotia: 2 females, V. Gould, Grand Pre, 15.VII.46, H.T. Stultz, ex Tentiform leaf miner (CNC). New Brunswick: female, Tracadie, Glouc. Co., 25.VII.50, FIS, 60-0809-01, ex Gracil- laria syringella F.; male, female, Kouchibouguac N.P. 20.V.77, 24.V.77, G.A.P. Gibson, G. Thomson (CNC). Quebec: female, Lac Crescence, Kam. Co., 10.VIII.57, W.R.M. Mason; male, Ste-Foy, FIS 3-56-0369, 20.VIII.56, ex Caliroa cerasi (L.); male, Old Chelsea, 30.VIII.68 J.R. Vockeroth; male, Nominingue, 2.VI.41, 0. Peck; female, Duchesnay, 5.VII.53, R. Larnbert; female, Forestville, 8.VIII.56, Freeman & Lewis,ex Leucanthiza dircella Braum (CNC). Ontario: 8 females, 6 males, Port Elgin, L. Huron, 24.1.58 (FIS) S57-8802-01-1, ex Nepticula lindquisti Freeman; female, Trout Creek, Div. 83, 10.1X.57, FIS S57-8420-01-1, ex Lithocolletis sp. ; female, Surprise Rapids, 25.VI.57, FIS 57-586-01-111, ex Leucanthiza dircella Braum; male, Hilton Beach, #36, 8.VI.57, FIS S57-2286-01-36, ex Argyresthia aureoargentella Brown; 2 females, Carleton, FIS 05 1-358, 20.VII.51, 51-203, 26.VI.51, ex Argyresthia sp., A. thuiella (Pack.); female, Ottawa, 28.VI.59, S.M. Clark; male, female, Normandale, 13.VII.35, Freeman & Lewis; male, Ottawa, 22.V.56, Freeman & Lewis; male, St. Williams, FIS 1941, 3591, 15.VI.41; 2 females, Ottawa, ex willow gall (no date); 3 males, St. Lawrence Is. N.P., Thwartway Is., W. Reed, A. Carter; female St. Lawrence Is. N.P., Grenadier I. Centre, 11 .VI.75, C.M. Yoshimoto; male, Grand Bend, L. Huron, FIS S55-3659-01-2, 26,VII.55, ex Cameraria hamadryadella (Clem.) (CNC). Manitoba: female, Hargrave River, 14.11.72, ex Lyonetia sp. on willow (FIS) (CNC). Saskatchewan: male, White Fox, 1 I .VII.41, 0 . Peck (CNC). New York: female, Fredonia, 21 .VIlI.35, H.K. Townes; female, Ithaca, 10.V.36, H.K. Townes (AEI). Pennsylvania: 2 males, Wilawana, 24.VII.38, I .WI.38, R.H. Crandall (UCD). Maryland: male, Takoma park, 14.1V.42, H. & M. Townes (AEI); 4 females Plummers Id., E.A. Schwarz, on Tecoma radicana ex Octotoma pIicatulum (F.), USNM Ins. No. 8 (USNM). Virginia: male, Alexandria, 29.1V.34, J.C. Bridwell, on pme; female, Arlington (no date) (USNM). W. Virginia: male, Cooper's Rock State Forest, 22.V1.64, 0. Peck (CNC). Michigan: 4 females, Midland Co., 14.1X.56, 17.1X.56, 7.V.57, 28.VI.58, R. & K. Dreisbach; female, Osceola Co., 23.V.53, R. & K. Dreisbach; 2 females Sa- ginaw Co., 19.1X.56, 6 .V .57, R .R. Dreisbach; female, Alpena Co., 2 .VI. 5 1, R. & K. Dreisbach; male, Lake Co., 6.V.41, R. & K. Dreisbach; male, Agr. College, 11 .VII. 18, Ac.Cat. 743c; 4 females, 3 males, Isabella Co., 8.V.57, R. & K. Dreisbach (USNM). Illinois: female, Edgetown, Kankakee Co., 3. VI.42, B .D. Burks; female, Riverside Woods, Cook Co., 13 .IX.49, Wm. Tietz, Jr. (INHS). Indiana: male, LaFayette, 19.IX. 15, Satterthwait, reared from wild grape (USNM). Missouri: male, Columbia, 18 .V.70, F.D. Parker, Malaise Trap (UCD). Wyoming: male, female, Teton Pass, E. side 2368-2688 m, 16. W.61, 17.VII.61, B.H. Poole, J.G. Chillcott (CNC). Ar- izona: 2 females, Dripping Spring, Grah. Co., Whitlock Mts., 5.VIII.76, D. Chandler; female, Hyder, IV.55. A. Stomer, reared Sphuerocera sp. ; female, Crystal Spring, Cn., E. side Mt. Lem- mon, 17.V1.79, swept shrub, F.G. Werner; male, female, Tucson, 13.VI.38, 14.1V.40, R.H. Cran- dall (UAT); female, Phantom Rch., Grand Cny. N.P., 2.VI.68, J.E. Slansky (UCD); female, Chir- icahua Mts. (Rustlers' Park), 5.VI1.40. D.E. Hardy (UKL). California: female, P.L. Boyd, Des. Res. Center, 3 mi. S. Palm Desert, Riv. Co., Marker No. 57, 16-17. 69, Malaise, Saul Fromrner & R. Worley (UCR); female, Riverside Co., Aguacaliente Ind. Res., Palm Canyon, 25.11.70, P.H. Arnaud, Jr. (CAS); 2 females, Thousand Palms, 3.1V.55, 16.1V.55, W.R. Richards; female, Thou- sand Palms, 27.lII. 55, W.R.M. Mason (CNC); female, Arcata, Humboldt Co., 18.XI.73, R. W. Brooks (UCD); female, Little Lake, Inyo Co., 14.VI.61 C.A. Toschi (UCB).

Distribution. Canada: Nova Scotia to British Columbia; United States: Maine, south to West Virginia, west to Arizona, California and Alaska.

998 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOUX~IST August 1983

Remarks. The lectotype of Pnigalio maculipes (Crawford) was designated by Miller (1970). Thorax and gaster of the type is in good condition; head of type missing. This species is similar to PnigalioJlavipes (Ashmead) and P. minio (Walker) but differs from P. javipes in having the antenna1 scape 3 times as long as pedicel (Fig. 59), the scutellum longer than broad, the propodeum smooth between plicae (Figs. 38, 40), the dorsellum alutaceous, the callus with 1 6 1 7 long white setae, submarginal vein longer than the marginal and the femora of the legs with dark bands; maculipes differs from minio in having the mesoscutum, scutellum and dorsellum coarsely reticulate (Figs. 37, 39), the prepectus reticulate to coarsely reticulate and the entire gaster black with metallic reflections.

Pnigalio minio (Walker) Figs. 41-44, 60, 70, 85

Eulophus Minio Walker 1847, 20: 26. Elachistus proximus Ashmead, 1894, 21 : 340. Eulophus guttiventris Girault, 1906, 17: 305 Sympiesis felti Crawford, 19 1 1, 40: 448. Sympiesis agromyzae Gahan, 191 3, 46: 440. Sympiesis agromyzae var. pennsylvanicus Girault, 1917a, p. 7. Sympiesis wordsworthi Girault, 1917b, p. 10. Pnigalio proximus: Miller, 1970, 68: 12. Pnigalio minio: Burks, 1975, 32(4): 175; Burks, 1979, in Krombein et al. 1: 978. Specimens examined. Lectotypes, USNM: Pnigalio guttivenhis (Girault), no. 9640, Newark, Delaware, Quaintance no. 1663; P. agromyzae Gahan, no. 16359, Lakehead, Florida, Webster 7599 AF, G.G. Ainslie; types USNM: P. proximus (Ashmead), Mogantown, W. Va., April 29, 1891; P. felti (Crawford), no. 13651, Hudson Falls, N.Y., May 27, 1910, ex Agromyza melanopyga Loew, in fern leaves; P. wordsworthi (Girault), no. 92034; P. agromyzae Gahan pennsylvanicus (Girault), no. 20008, North East, Pa., July 20, 1915 (A.L. Quaintance), ex Parormix geminatella (Pack). New Brunswick: 10 males, 18 females, Kouchibouguac N.P., 22-24.V-21 .VIII.77, G.A.P. Gibson, G. Thompson, S. Miller, G.A. Caldenvood (CNC). Quebec: female, Old Chelsea, 9.VII.59, J.G. Chillcott. Ontario: 10 males, female, 19.VII-1 .X.76, St. Lawrence Is. Nat. Park. A. Carter, G.P. Gibson, L. Masner, W. Reid, E. Sigler, C.M. Yoshimoto; male, Ottawa, 5.VIII.59, W. Haliburton; female, Finland, 3 .VIII.60, S.J. Clark (CNC). New Hampshire: female, Conway, 28.V.31, ex Heteranthrus nemoratus Fall., Gip. Moth Lab. 1246455 (USNM). New York: female, Canajoharie, 4.VIII.34, H.K. Townes; 2 females, Hancock, 10.VIII.35, H.K. Townes; male, Ith- aca, 10.V.36, H.K. Townes (AEI); female, Buffalo, 3.X.09, M.C. Van Duzee (CAC). New Jersey: female Ocean Co., Mam (no date) (USNM). Pennsylvania: 2 males, Northeast, 14.IX. 15, D. Isely , parasite of A. isabella (USNM); 2 females, Wilawana, 23,VII.38, R.H. Crandall (UAT). Maryland: female, Plummers Isd., E.A. Schwarz ex Octatoma plicatulum on Tecoma radicans, USNM Ins. No. 8 (USNM). Virginia: female, Norfolk, 11 .VIII.34, R.H. Beamer (UKL). Florida: female, Sawanee Sprs., 3.VII.48, L.D. Beamer; female, Sanford, 26.VII.34, R.H. Beamer (UKL). Indi- ana: 3 females, 2 males, LaFayette, 19.IX. 15, Satterthwait, reared from wild grape material, Cage No. C1352,924G; 3 females, LaFayette, 5.IX. 10, J.J. Davis, Cage No. 924a, 863; female, Athens, Satterthwait, Cage No. C9974, 4.VIII. 15, leaf miner chalcid, AFS (USNM); female, White Heath NR Sangamon R., 24.1X.39, Rose & Riegel (INHS). Michigan female, Saginaw Co., 15.V.51, R.R. Dreisbach; 2 females, Delta Co., 2.VI1.55, R.R. Dreisbach; 2 females, Isabella Co., 8.V.57, R.R. Dreisbach; male, Lake Co., 6.V.45, R.R. Dreisbach; female, MacKinaw Co., 24.VIII.52, R.R. Dreisbach; female, Marquette Co., 26.VIII.52, R.R. Dreisbach; female, Shiawassee Co., 18.V.52, R.R. Dreisbach; female, Midland Co. 12.V.40, R.R. Dreisbach; male, Washtenaw Co., Ann Arbor, Saginaw Forest, 23 JV.49, U.N. Lanhan (USNM). Kansas: female, Wilson Co., 11 .VIII.34, R.H. Beamer (UKL). Colorado: female, Sodalia, 5.VIII.52, R.R. Dreisbach (USNM). Wyoming: female, Hoback, Teton Co., 24.VII.53, R.R. Dreisbach (USNM). Idaho: female, Twin Falls, Pole 27, Trap 1, 8.VII.32, wind vane trap (USNM). Louisiana: female, Baton Rouge, 3 1 'V.21, C.E. Smith, parasite of Mantura joridana, Chittenden No. 7021-3 (USNM). Arizona: female, male, Utting, 3 .IV.5, Werner & Butler, sweptlalfalfa (UAT); female, Sunnyside Canyon,


Huachuca Mts., 9.VII.40, D.E. Hardy (UKL). California: female, Can. del Puerto, Sta. Cruz Is., S. Barb. Co., 12.X.76, R.O. Schuster & E.C. Teftner (UCD).

Remarks. Miller (1970) designated the lectotypes of Pnigalio agromyzae (Gahan) and P. guttiventris (Girault). The thorax and gaster are in good condition except the head is missing. The types of Pnigalio wordsworthi (Girault), P. proximus (Ashmead), and P. felti (Crawford) are missing the heads except a crushed head of P. felti is mounted on a slide. I have not seen the type of P. minio (Walker) at the British Museum (Natural History), London, but Burks (1975) has confirmed the identity of that species.

This species resembles Pnigalio maculipes (Crawford) but differs from it in having the mesoscutum finely reticulate (Fig. 41), the scutellum finely reticulate to alutaceous, the dorsellum alutaceous to smooth, the prepectus smooth, and the basal tergite and sternite yellowish brown to orange.

Pnigalio kukakensis (Ashmead) Figs. 45-48, 86

Eulophus kukakensis Ashmead, 1902, 4: 147-148. Pnigalio kukakensis: Burks, 1979, in Krombein et al. 1: 968.

Specimens examined. Type, USNM: Pnigalio kukakensis (Ashmead), no. 5531, Kukak Bay, Alaska. Alberta: female, Manybemes, 4.VI.56, O.Peck. British Columbia: female, Chilkat Pass, 3250 m, Mi. 66, 14.VII.48, Mason & Hughes. Northwest Territories: 2 females, Axel Heiberg I., 79"25'N, 90°45'W, Gypsum Hill, 21 .VII.63, H.K. Rutz. Alaska: female, Cape Thompson, 29.VII.61, B.S. Heming (CNC).

Distribution: Western Canada: Alberta, Northwest Territories, British Columbia; United States: Alaska.

Remarks. The type is based on a single male specimen mounted on a minuten pin. The gaster, wings, and fore and hind legs are missing. I was able to associate the females of this species from Alaska, British Columbia, and Alberta. The sculpture of the mesoscutum and scutellum of the male is much finer than that of the female. This species is similar to Pnigalio uroplatae (Ashmead) in having the sculpture of the propodeum and dorsellum of the female (Figs. 45, 47) but differs from it in lacking the second costula.

Pnigalio coloni (Girault) Fig. 49

Sympiesis coloni Girault, 1917b, p. 2. Pnigalio coloni: Burks, 1979, in Krombein et al. 1 : 968. Specimens examined. Type, USNM: Pnigalio coloni (Girault), Walnut Creek, California. Cali- fornia: female, Carnino, Eldorado co., 21 .VII.48, K.E. Frick, ex Phytomyza aguilegiana Frost, 49-15-180 (USNM).

Distribution. Western United States: California.

Remarks. The type of P. coloni (Girault) is without the head. This species is similar to Pnigalio minio (Walker) but differs from it in having the pronotum and mesoscutum smooth and shiny, densely covered with long white hairs (Fig. 49), the scutellum alutaceous, and the callus with 20-21 long white setae.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My sincere thanks to Drs. J . D. Lafontaine, W. R. M. Mason, 0. Peck, and Mr. G.

Shewell of Biosystematics Research Institute for their critical review of the manuscript, and to Gary A. P. Gibson of the University of Alberta and Gene Bisdee of the Biosys- tematics Research Institute in taking the scanning electron microscope pictures. David Tierney prepared the illustrations and plates.

lo00 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST August 1983

This study was undertaken in cooperation with the Forest Insect and Disease Survey, Canadian Forestry Service; the Research Program Service (Biological Control Introduc- tion), Ottawa; the Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, and the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, European Station, DelCmont, Switzerland.

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(Received 2 February 1982; accepted 29 September 1982)

REVIEW OF NORTH AMERICAN PNIGALIO SCHRANK (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)

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