11

CHAPTER - II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review of literature is an early step for conducting research. It

enables to avoid the duplication of research work and broadens the

understanding of the research problem. Various research studies

related to the present research problem “A Study of the Use of

Libraries of Colleges of Education in Punjab” has been conducted in

India and other countries of the world. These studies relate to the

different aspects of libraries particularly college libraries, including

library administration, finance, document collection, library staff,

services, physical facilities, use of libraries by students, research

scholars and teachers, their information seeking behavior, use pattern

and user’s satisfaction with the resources and services of libraries,

etc. In this chapter, a review of the selective and useful studies related

to the research problem has been attempted.

RESOURCES AND SERVICES

Mukherjee (1965) carried out a study titled, “Library Facilities in

Training Colleges of India” to assess the prevalent position of 50

teacher training college libraries. Questionnaire was used as data

collection tool. Study revealed that majority of libraries did not have

sufficient space for proper functioning. Some of teacher training

colleges did not have their own libraries. Staff and students depended

on the university libraries to which education section was attached.

12

All libraries were lacking abstracting, indexing and inter-library loan

services.

Another study was conducted by Hingwe (1969) under title

“Organizational Patterns of Academic Libraries.” A survey of 50

libraries, covering 44 constituent and affiliated college libraries and 06

recognized research institutions libraries falling under jurisdictions of

the University of Poona was conducted. Objective was to find the

adequacy of library facilities to supplement the teaching and research

programmes of concerned institutions. It was found that newly

established institutions were spending more funds on libraries to

build up their basic collection, whereas long-standing institutions had

not increased their expenditure in proportion to increase in students,

teachers and rising price of books. Study brought forward that

importance given to libraries on theoretical plane was not experienced

in practice.

To disclose the overall picture of degree college libraries in

Kashmir, Raina (1980) took up a study named “Degree College

Libraries in Kashmir: A Survey.” Analysis of the responses received

from 10 libraries revealed that the collection was outdated and mainly

comprised of textbooks. Library services, except circulation service

were found missing and majority of libraries were following close

access system. Funds were inadequate and the acquisition rate was

very slow.

13

Naidu (1981) in his research paper, “College Libraries in Andhra

Pradesh: With Special Reference to Andhra University” attempted to

find the causes leading to unhappy situation of libraries. Author

disclosed the gloomy picture of college libraries and suggested to lay

down some norms and standards for college libraries by inspection

commission of each university. He further suggested that atleast 6% of

the college budget should be spent on library. Author emphasized the

need to give initiation to users in the beginning of each academic year.

In an article titled “A Survey of College Libraries in West

Godavari District” Raju (1984) explored the prevailing position of

libraries of 18 colleges affiliated to Andhra University, Waltair. Various

facets of libraries i.e. library staff, building, collection, book banks,

budget and technical services, etc have been examined. Financial

sources were found inadequate. DDC and AACR-I were popular among

libraries. Survey revealed the immediate need to improve the services

to meet information needs of students, teachers and research

scholars.

Kumbar (1986) took up a study named “College Libraries under

Gulbarga University Area: A Survey.” He assessed the existing

situation and status of 54 colleges libraries. Besides using

questionnaires, interviews were also conducted to collect data. Only

one librarian possessed master’s degree in Library Science. Survey

represented a disappointing picture of libraries as only 12 libraries

had their own buildings. Libraries were spending more funds on books

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and comparatively less on periodicals. Library services were not found

satisfactory. It was found that more than 50% libraries brought out

annual reports.

Jasmer Singh (1990) carried out research for doctorate degree

on the topic “College Libraries in Punjab: A Statistical Analysis of the

Problems” He conducted a survey to find the problems being faced by

college libraries of Punjab and Chandigarh and also attempted to

study the use of libraries. He covered 210 colleges under study,

including five colleges of education also. Questionnaire-I was used to

know about the prevalent position of libraries and problems being

faced by librarians in managing these. Two separate questionnaires

were used to know the opinions of students and teachers about their

respective libraries.

Bajpai (1995) in research paper “Evaluation of College Library

Services in Delhi” assessed the services of college libraries in Delhi

and identified their problems. He brought forward that librarians often

found it difficult to deal with teaching and non-teaching staff members

regarding return of books. For this, library rules existed only on paper

and were not being implemented properly.

Chopra (1995) revealed the problems being faced by college

libraries of Punjab in his article titled “College Libraries in Punjab:

Some Problems Re-Considered”. Article is based on the personal

observations of the author. He grouped these problems into three

parts i. e. problems related to the management of colleges, problems

15

concerned with principals of colleges and finally those related to

library staff. Shortage of staff, inadequate funds, physical facilities,

circulation of books, stock verifications and library hours etc. were the

facets discussed in paper.

Awolola (1998) undertook a survey to examine the prevailing

position of libraries of two colleges of education in Nigeria under title

“College of Education Libraries in Kwara State (Nigeria): A

Comparative Study”. Author discussed the various problems of

libraries related to finance, space, staff, collection and services. Survey

revealed that libraries have failed to perform their role mainly because

of inadequate finance, whereas adequate funding can solve a major

part of the problems. Author suggested the formulation of standards

and guidelines particularly for college of education libraries.

Singh (1999) took up a comparative study of reader services

provided by IIT libraries of India under name “Reader’s Services in IIT

Libraries (India): A Comparative Study”. It has been found that reader

services namely circulation, inter-library loan, reference, current

awareness service, photocopy, translation, document reservation and

bibliographical services were existing in all the IIT libraries. The CD-

ROM search was most popular service. Three of the total 05 libraries

under study started the process of transforming themselves into

digital libraries.

Al-Ansari and Al-Enezi (2001) conducted a study to assess the

current status of health sciences libraries in Kuwait. Study was titled

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“Health Sciences Libraries in Kuwait: A Survey of Their Resources,

Facilities, and Services”. Library facilities, use of IT, information

services and co-operation were the various facets explored. Survey

revealed that majority of the library staff was non-professional.

Libraries were offering only basic information services and a

significant number of libraries were not automated.

Joshi (2001) “Veterinary College Libraries in Maharashtra.”

Information was gathered about libraries through questionnaire. Book

collection was found inadequate to meet information needs of the

users and its growth was very slow. Journal subscription was not

satisfactory, libraries were understaffed. Author recommended that

Indian Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Universities

should regularly organize orientation programmes for librarians.

Similarly, Veer (2004) carried out a study titled “College of Education

Libraries in Maharashtra: A Survey.” It is an unpublished Ph.D.

thesis.

Gautam and Srivastava (2006) examined the prevailing position

of documentation and information services of libraries of 30

agricultural universities in India under title “State-of-the-Art of

Documentation and Information Services in SAU Libraries in India”. It

had been found that all libraries were providing CAS and

bibliographical services.

A survey was conducted by Oyesiku et al. (2006) for the study

titled “Resources, Services and Management of Academic Law

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Libraries and Law Firm Libraries”. The study included 06 academic

law libraries, 02 law court libraries and 07 law firm libraries of

Nigeria. Out of the 15 libraries surveyed, library staff of 10 libraries

responded to the questionnaire. It had been found that all types of

libraries had same information sources in law. Except one, none of the

librarians of law firm libraries was professionally qualified. Only five

libraries had written acquisition policy and 60% had serial sections.

Strength of library staff varied among different types of libraries.

Adebayo (2007) conducted a study to examine the

implementation of library service standards in the colleges of

education in Nigeria under name “Library Services Standards

Implemented in Colleges of Education in Nigeria”. Data was collected

through structured questionnaire. Results of the study revealed that

libraries were rendering basic services as recommended by National

Commissions for Colleges of Education. These were not providing

indexing and abstracting services.

Partap (2007) conducted a survey of the libraries of 18 colleges

of education in 3 districts of Punjab. He found that collection size of

the libraries varied considerably and comparatively older colleges had

large collections. Majority of the libraries were being kept open for 6 to

7 hours a day. He suggested for the introduction of user education

programme and stressed on the need to increase the range and depth

of collection and services.

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Sujatha and Mudhol (2009) in the paper titled “Evaluation of

Electronic Information Services in the Fisheries College Libraries in

South India: A Study” described the electronic information services in

four fisheries college libraries. Authors also discussed the challenges

the libraries and information centers were facing.

LIBRARY COMMITTEE

Anand (1981) carried out a study named “Library Committees in

Delhi University Colleges: A Survey Report” to examine the

composition and functioning of library committees of colleges affiliated

to Delhi University. He found that only one college had the functions

of library committee in written. In most of the colleges, committee’s

main function was the allocation of funds to various departments.

Lack of properly laid down functions and change of members of

committee every year were the problems in their proper working. In

majority of the colleges the committees played advisory role. Because

of lack of specific guidelines some library committees were assigned

arbitrary functions like supervision of library staff, purchase of

stationary, furniture and equipment for library and sale of ‘raddi’ etc.

COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT

Biggs and Biggs (1987) conducted a survey of the heads of

academic library reference services to examine the collection

development for the study titled “Reference Collection Development in

Academic Libraries: Report of a Survey”. It was found that selection

and weeding were not guided by any written policy and studies of use

19

of collection were missing. Authors concluded that online sources

were important factors in selection. Harloe and Budd (1994) in

“Collection Development and Scholary Communication in the Era of

Electronic Access” examined the relationship between collection

development and system of scholarly communication in academic

library. They discussed on ownership verses access to information and

presented strategies for collection development in electronic networked

system.

Sridhar (1995) wrote an article named “Problems of Collection

Development in Special Libraries”. He explored the various factors

affecting collection development in special libraries and highlighted

the significance of collection development policy manual. Author

pointed out the various problems related to document selection and

procurement. Andrade and Vergueiro (1996) also wrote an article

under title “Collection Development in Academic Libraries: A Brazilian

Library's Experience”. The article is based on the collection

development practices of a Brazilian academic library. Authors

outlined the different models of collection development given by

professionals.

Haider (1996) in his paper “Acquisition and Collection

Development in Pakistan” analyzed the constraints faced by Pakistani

libraries in the procurement of books from abroad. Lack of proper

management, absence of competent personnel, non-existence of

acquisition policy statements, non-existence of selection aids, ever

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shrinking library budgets, fluctuating rate of the rupee, inflation,

import policy, trade embargoes against some countries, fiscal policy

etc. were the major hurdles found.

Snow (1996) in article “Wasted Words: The Written Collection

Development Policy and the Academic Library” put forward that in

academic libraries written collection development policies are

unnecessary. The bibliographers need to concentrate on selection and

evaluation of the collection rather than writing policies that become

outdated and irrelevant quickly. Gessesse (2000) in paper titled

“Collection Development and Management in the Twenty-First

Century with Special Reference to Academic Libraries: An Overview”

examined the concepts and problems which needed consideration for

collection development in academic libraries for aligning the collection

development activities with the changing environment of digital

librarianship in twenty first century.

Kovacs and Elkordy (2000) threw light on the guidelines and

strategies to find, evaluate and select the web-based information

resources in article named “Collection Development in Cyberspace:

Building an Electronic Library Collection”. The focus of the paper was

on the web-based information resources rather than the electronic

information resources.

Thornton (2000) “Impact of Electronic Resources on Collection

Development, the Roles of Librarians, and Library Consortia”. Study

was conducted to find the impact of electronic resources and the

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Internet on collection development and discuss the changing role of

librarians, library co-operation and collection development. It had

been concluded that consortia will become more important sources in

electronic information world.

Pandita (2004) in her paper “Collection Development in the

Digital Era” examined the impact of electronic format on the collection

development. She pointed out that the policy of content development

needs to be worked out and re-designed. Mandal and Panda (2005) in

their research paper titled “Collection Development in the Internet Age

and the Need for a Consortium in the Engineering College Libraries in

West Bengal: A Study” discussed the different dimensions of collection

development. The existing state of library collection and

infrastructural facilities of 17 engineering college libraries in West

Bengal were examined. Author suggested the staff training, provision

of adequate staff and funds, appropriate infrastructure in IT and a

need based collection.

Mulla and Chandrashekara (2006) “E-Resources and Services in

Engineering College Libraries – A Case Study”. Study was conducted

to examine the efforts made by the engineering college libraries in

Karnataka to build electronic resources. Results of the study revealed

that collection and service infrastructure of the libraries in sampled

regions were not up to the mark and libraries were struggling to build

digital collection and in disseminating digital information due to lack

of ICT infrastructure, IT trained manpower and paucity of finances, etc.

22

Adekanmbi and Boadi (2008) in study titled, “Problems of

Developing Library Collections: A Study of Colleges of Education

Libraries in Botswana” ascertained the availability and use of

collection development policies in the college of education libraries, in

Botswana. In addition to using questionnaires, interviews were

conducted to gather information from senior librarians, deputy

principals of colleges and board of the affiliated institutions of the

University of Botswana. Study brought to notice that majority of the

libraries did not have collection development policies. Lack of constant

training for librarians, inadequate staff, lack of support from

administration and unavailability of collection development policies

were some of the major problems found. It was further found that

majority of the libraries did not involve their users in formulation of

policies and did not implement these for collection development. Study

revealed the need to train librarians on collection development.

Mary and Sankar (2008) “Collection Evaluation of PSN College of

Engineering and Technology Library and PET Engineering College

Library in Tirunelveli District”. Authors described the various

techniques of evaluating the document collection in academic libraries

and evaluated the collection development practices of two engineering

colleges. Sharma et al. (2008) evaluated the collection development in

libraries of 38 engineering colleges of Orissa under title “Collection

Management of Engineering College Libraries of Orissa: An Evaluative

Study”. Information was collected from libraries using questionnaires.

23

Study concluded that growing dissatisfaction of the users arising from

non-availability of needed documents and lack of provision of services

could be boiled down to some extent, by rendering at least CAS or

current contents or information about latest addition to users.

Mallaiah and Gowda (2009) in paper “Collection Development in

Mangalore University Library: A User Study” discussed the usefulness

of collection development in a university library and attempted to find

whether the UGC-INFONET E-journals were meeting the users

information needs.

USER STUDIES

Martin (1976) in his article “User Studies and Library Planning”

discussed the user studies and appraised their role in library

planning. Author provided various guidelines for conducting user

studies and concluded that user data strengthens the planning and

decision-making processes at several levels, so the responses of users

should be an integral part of the ongoing practice of librarians,

providing constant feedback. Coker (1993) has written a useful article

titled “Libraries Verses Users? How and How Not to Deter Library

Users”. Author examined the various factors influencing the attitude

of users towards libraries and also took into consideration the socio-

economic, technological, physical/technical and psychological/

emotional conditions shaping up the perceptions of non users, inhibit

users and potential users.

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Wildemuth (2003) in article titled “Why Conduct User Studies?

The Role of Empirical Evidence in Improving the Practice of

Librarianship” emphasized that by gathering evidences about library

users, their interactions with library services and materials and

context in which those materials and services are used, librarians can

make sound decisions for the future. Author discussed on the

methodology for conducting user studies and utilization of results as

basis for decision making. Carr (2006) “What Users Want: An

Academic ‘Hybrid’ Library Perspective”. Author described the

development of user centered approach in academic libraries over the

recent decades. He wrote that largely unquestioned ‘user get what we

give them’ attitude was being transformed into ‘what do users want?’

approach. The failure to take what users want into account would

leave academic library high and dry in the desert of lost opportunities.

Varghese (2008) “User Studies in the Electronic Environment:

Review and Brief Analysis”. The article summarized the results of 101

user studies conducted in the electronic environment.

USE OF LIBRARIES

Sharma (1974) conducted a survey of users to know their views

about library collection, timings, rules and regulations and services of

a public library under title “User’s Survey of Delhi Public Library Karol

Bagh Branch”. Questionnaire was used as a data gathering

instrument. She concluded that majority of users were satisfied with

opening hours, rules, staff, facilities and services of library, and to

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some extent with its collection also. It was found that maximum use of

library was made by students, therefore special emphasis were needed

to meet their information needs.

Panwar and Vyas (1976) carried out a study of libraries of the

two women colleges affiliated to the University of Delhi under name

“User’s Survey of the Women College Libraries”. Data was collected

from undergraduate, postgraduate students and teachers of social

sciences, using questionnaire. It was supplemented by select

interviews. Survey revealed that in laterally established college more

books were added every year as compared to other one, because it had

more budget for books. Library services and physical facilities did not

have a satisfactory picture. Properly planned orientation was needed.

Linton (1980) conducted a survey of the students and faculty of

the college of Charleston’s Robert Scott small library to find the use of

library material and services, reasons for using and satisfaction with

these. The study was titled “A Users Survey of the College of

Charleston’s Robert Scott Small Library”. Separate questionnaires

were used to know the opinion of students and faculty. Hendrix and

Rudolph (1981) “MSU libraries: A User Survey”. The study was carried

out to find how effectively Msu libraries were meeting the needs of

their users. Data was collected from faculty, graduate and

undergraduate students and special privileged users. Results revealed

that respondents used libraries to find and read books and periodicals

for academic purpose.

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Mathews (1981) executed a general evaluation survey of the

academic community to ascertain whether resources, services and

facilities of the Iowa State University Library meet the needs of its

users. It was titled as “Survey of User Services: General Evaluation

Survey”. Author examined the users’ frequency of visit, reasons for

visit, use of material, use of catalogue, computerized literature

searching, satisfaction with collection, etc. Prather and Clemons

(1981) “Results of a Survey of Pullen Library Users”. Authors

conducted a survey of the users of the Georgia State University

Library to examine their usage of library and perceptions about its

adequacy. Results of the study revealed that users were using library

for non-book related purposes. Undergraduates were using it heavily

for studying, whereas faculty, staff and alumni were using for

personal research.

Bavakutty (1985) carried out a study to examine the use of

libraries of colleges affiliated to University College of Calicut, Kerala

under name “Incentives for Use of College Libraries”. Opinions of 404

students were collected. The students of govt. colleges were using

libraries mainly for outside their study needs whereas those of private

colleges were using libraries for curricular purpose. Onardian and

Onardian (1986) invited the opinion of undergraduate students to

assess the use of Ahmedu Bello University Library, Nigeria for study

“Nigerian University Library Services: Students Opinion”. Authors

concluded that large number of users visited library frequently.

27

Majority of them were visiting to study, using library books. Only 10%

users were found not satisfied with library. Lack of needed books in

library was one of the main causes for user’s dissatisfaction.

In order to examine the basic services of 20 college libraries in

Delhi, Walia and Gautam (1988) conducted a study under title

“Library Services in Colleges of Delhi: A Survey.” Data was collected

from users through questionnaire, assisted by interviews and personal

observations. About 65% users considered library collection as

adequate to meet their information needs. Library rules were not

effective on teachers.

Kanakachary (1989) “User’s Survey of Engineering College

Library, Osmania University, Hyderabad: A Case Study.” Author

assessed the performance of engineering college library, Osmania

University, Hyderabad. For study, total 50 questionnaires were

distributed and 27 (54%) were received back. It was followed by

personal interviews with users and library staff. 66.7% users were

satisfied, while 33.3% were dissatisfied with regard to quality and

standard of periodicals on subscription. About 85% users were

unaware of catalogue. Majority of users wanted change in library

timings. More than 90% users were not satisfied with physical

facilities of library.

A survey of students at the University of Maiduguri library

(media division) was conducted by Oyeleltan (1992) to disclose the

available audiovisual facilities and their extent of use. The study was

28

titled as “Undergraduates’ Utilization of Services in Nigerian University

Libraries: The Case of University of Maiduguri Library”. Study brought

to light that all the respondents were aware of the existence of

audiovisual facilities in media division. About 69.03% users were not

satisfied with the loan policy.

Allen (1993) conducted a study under name “International

Students in Academic Libraries: A User Survey” to investigate the

international students library use. Students’ prior uses of

microcomputers, current perceived difficulties in using libraries were

traced and implications were drawn for libraries. Clee and Maguire

(1993) investigated the importance of library environment in

influencing the use of library and its facilities under title “Library

Environment and Library Usage”. Authors concluded that although

individual factors in library environment do effect users’ perceptions,

it is the total library environment that makes greatest effect.

Ebenezer (1993) “A User Survey Conducted at the Medical

Library of the University of Limburg at Maastricht”. Author found that

failure of library to provide needed environment was the main reason

for user’s finding library uncongenial. Users found study landscape

too open, noisy and constraining. Issue of access to stacks material

needed urgent attention. Presentation of reading material was found

poor. Publicity and public relation needed attention. Marshall et al.

(1993) undertook a study named “A Study of Library Use in Problem-

Based and Traditional Medical Curricula” to find the difference in use of

29

libraries in problem based learning programmes and traditional

programmes. It was revealed that more students used libraries in

problem based learning than in traditional programmes.

Sanjeev Kumar and Mishra (1993) “Use of National Institute of

Fashion Technology Library: A Survey”. Authors conducted a survey to

ascertain the suitability of opening hours, frequency of library use,

most frequently used services and helpfulness of library staff. Library

hours were found convenient to users. Borrowing books was the main

reason to visit library followed by use of reference material and

periodicals. Lending service was most frequently used followed by

photocopy service. Majority of the users were satisfied with library.

Veeranjaneyulu (1994) evaluated the resources and services of a

medical college library under name “A Study with Reference to

Information Sources and Services in Shri Venkateshwara Medical

College Library, Tirupati”. A survey of post graduate students and

teaching staff was conducted through questionnaire. In addition,

interviews were conducted and records were examined to collect data.

The basic resources were found inadequate. Respondents were not

satisfied with services of library. Raina and Dayal (1998) carried out a

study of the Indian Institute of Management Library, Lukhnow under

title “An Analysis of Student’s Feedback on the Library Utilization and

Resource Evaluation at IIML”. The purpose of survey was to assess the

level of utilization of IIML and the effectiveness of its facilities and

service. Author found that library collection was used satisfactorily.

30

Microfilms were in very less use in comparison to other documents.

Collection on some subjects needed attention for strengthening.

Majority of the users were satisfied with helpfulness of library staff.

Apeji (1999) assessed the resources and services of the library of

Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council under title

“Information Availability and Use in the Nigerian Educational

Research and Development Council (NERDC) Library”. Study brought

to light that library resources mainly consist of books and back

volumes of journals. Available resources were found relevant and

accessible but inadequate. Author suggested the provision of sufficient

funds and use of computer in providing services.

Maughan (1999) conducted a survey of 07 departments at the

University of California, Berkley under name “Library Resources and

Services: A Cross-Disciplinary Survey of Faculty and Graduate

Student Use and Satisfaction”. Response rate of faculty and students

was 44% and 32% respectively. 99% faculty was using library for own

research. About 59% students rated circulation as good or excellent.

Respondents consulted narrow range of material than was expected.

Users were consulting older published material regularly.

A study was undertaken by Satyanarayana (1999) to ascertain

the use of text book section of Andhra University library by students

under title “Use of Text Book Section in Andhra University Library: A

Case Study”. Survey revealed that most of the active users were

visiting the section daily. Majority of users visited library to use

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textbooks and very few to spend leisure time. Large number of

students suggested to increase the number of textbooks and update

collection regularly. Feldman (2000) conducted a study under name

“Library Use Survey of Random Sample of University of Texas Health

Science Center at San Antonio Faculty: Final Report”. Objective was to

ascertain the use of university library in the year 2000. Majority of the

users considered library resources and services as essential to their

professional productivity. A change was observed between the usage

patterns of library as 56% users were connecting to library by

computers against the 32% users in 1996. About 40% users favoured

the need to increase fee/ additional fee to get more revenue for library.

Gurdev Singh (2002) “Use of College Libraries by Faculty

Members of University of Delhi.” Study brought forward that textbooks

were most frequently used resources, followed by reference books and

general books. Main purpose of visiting library was to prepare notes

for students. Journals and textbooks were not considered very

adequate. Almost all the faculty members favoured need for

computerization of their libraries.

Kemoni (2002) conducted a study titled “The Utilisation of

Archival Information by Researchers in Kenya: A Case Study of the

University of Nairobi”. Objective was to ascertain the utilization of

archival information by researchers and the extent to which the Kenya

National Archival and Documentation Services was meeting their

information needs. Opinions of users were collected by interviews.

32

Study revealed that researchers were using variety of information

sources to meet their information needs and relied more on archival

personnel to access information.

Kumbar and Lohar (2002) conducted a survey of 91 teachers of

Sahyadri Arts and Commerce College and Sahyadri Science College in

Shimoga (Karnataka) under title “Use of Library Facilities and

Information Resources in Sahyadri College” to study the use of

resources and services of their respective college’s libraries. Various

aspects of libraries regarding use of resources, services and physical

facilities were examined during study.

Okiy (2002) executed a survey of students and faculty members

to assess the use of Delta State University library under name

“Assessing Students and Faculty Use of Academic Libraries in Nigeria:

The Case of Delta State University, Abraka”. The library had its origin

from Advanced Teachers College Library, Abraka. A difference was

found between the frequency of use of library by the faculty and

students. Both the categories of users utilized books more often than

any other material, because of dearth of relevant current journals,

abstracts and indexes. Majority of users considered library services

and facilities as fair. Only a small part of users responded that they

always found the needed material in library. Padmamma et al. (2002)

carried out a study to reveal the utilization of newspapers and

magazines in an undergraduate college under title “Utilisation of news

papers and magazines by the U.G. College teachers in Shimoga City: A

33

case study”. Authors assessed the impact of personal attributes of

teachers on the use of periodicals by them.

In another study, to ascertain the use of resources and services

of library of JJM Medical College, Davangere, Karnataka, Padmamma

et al. (2002) took up a study under title “Evaluation of Medical College

Library Sources and Services: A Study”. Survey disclosed that

majority of users were visiting library to consult books or journals,

and textbooks were the most used resources. Majority of the users

were satisfied with physical facilities of library.

Another survey was carried out by Siddique (2002) under name

“Use of Library Collection in the Jawaharlal Nehru University Library,

New Delhi”. Purpose was to study the use of library collection of JNU

library. User group was divided into five categories i. e. staff members,

researchers, postgraduate students, graduate students, and others.

Study concealed that majority of users were regular visitors to library.

Most of them visited library to consult course material, research

material and to borrow books. Majority of the users were aware about

the services provided by the library.

Marcum and George (2003) conducted a survey of 3,234 faculty

members, graduate students, and undergraduates in 392 doctoral

research universities, public and private, and private liberal arts

colleges of USA under title “Who Uses What?” Responses revealed in

aggregate that electronic information use was substantial and growing

in the nation's major universities and liberal arts colleges.

34

Respondents were making their use for research, teaching, and

coursework, and have equipped themselves well to do so. Responses

confirmed that print was not dead, nor was the campus library.

Ogombo and Adomi (2003) conducted a survey to reveal the

utilization of library resources under name “Student’s Utilization of

Library Resources at Baptist School of Nursing, Eku, Delta State,

Nigeria”. Data was collected using questionnaire. It was found that

majority of the users visited library daily. About 59.6% students went

to library to prepare for examination, while 54% users used library to

prepare assignments. As the students were not given orientation,

majority of them went directly to the shelves to locate needed material.

Short duration of loan period, less number of books issued at a time

and inadequate opening hours of library were the problems found

during study. Salaam (2003) “Library Utilization by the

Undergraduates of a University of Agriculture”. Author attempted to

ascertain the level of utilization of services of Nimbe Adepe Library of

the University of Agriculture. Study brought forward that students

used library mainly to prepare for examination and to write class

assignments. Long distance between the campus and town, where

most of students reside was found as main obstacle in the use of

library.

Waldman (2003) surveyed the freshmen at Baruch College in

study “Freshmen's Use of Library Electronic Resources and Self-

Efficacy”. Purpose was to examine the role self-efficacy plays in their

35

search for information and use of the library's electronic resources.

Agaba et al. (2004) examined the utilization of electronic information

resources by the academic staff of Makerera University in Uganda

under title “Utilization of Electronic Information Resources by

Academic Staff at Makerere University”. Author examined the users’

awareness, type of resources provided and utilization of resources. It

was found that majority of the staff was aware about the availability of

electronic information resources but did not utilize them.

In a study titled “Utilization of Information Resources and

Services of the Kogi State Public Library, Lokoja, Nigeria”, Haruna

(2004) assessed the extent of utilization of resources and services by

users of a public library. Survey revealed that majority of users used

library to study using library books followed by use for assignment

and examination purposes using own books. About 40.9% users were

partially satisfied with library material and were using it because they

did not have any other alternative.

Mabawonku (2004) “Library Use in Distance Learning: A Survey

of Undergraduates in three Nigerian Universities”. Author assessed

the use of library and information resources by the students of

distance learning in three universities of Nigeria. Study revealed that

less than 50% respondents were using main libraries of their

respective universities regularly, whereas some users were using

departmental libraries and other libraries out of the campus to read

36

personal books. The reference and electronic collection was not used

properly.

Sangam and Hadimani (2004) examined the use of Online

Public Access Catalogue by research scholars under title “Use of

Online Public Access Catalogue by the Research Scholars in Karnatak

University Library, Dharwad”. Authors examined the users frequency

of use and purpose of consulting OPAC, difficulties in locating books,

OPAC for periodicals and other reading material, time spent in using

it, approaches followed to locate material, assistance from library staff

in using OPAC, etc. Some users suggested for up to date library

guides explaining how to use catalogue.

Swarna (2004) took up a study under name “Information

Resources, Services and User Survey of B.Ed. College Libraries in

Andhra Pradesh” to know the opinion of students and teachers on

library collection, services, opening hours, facilities, rules and

regulations, reading facility and organization of documents etc. It is

unpublished Ph.D. thesis.

Uzezi (2004) attempted to find the effect of staff/ user

relationship on the use of library under name “The Effect of Staff/

Users Relationship (PR) on the Utilization of Library Services and

Resources: Case Study of Delta State University, Nigeria”. Helen

(2005) conducted an online user survey to evaluate the University of

Hong Kong libraries under title “The 2004 User Survey at the

University of Hong Kong Libraries”. Study revealed that majority of the

37

respondents preferred to use online journals than print versions, but

on the contrary about 72% users preferred to use printed books over

the electronic.

Musoke (2005) investigated the availability and use of

information by primary health care providers under title “Access and

Use of Information by the Primary Health Care Providers in Rural

Uganda: An Interaction-Value Model”. An interaction-value model

emerged from study which is driven by the value and impact of

information unlike other previous models driven by information needs.

Adikata and Anwar (2006) “Student Library Use: A Study of Faculty

Perceptions in a Malaysian University”. Authors ascertained the

perceptions of faculty members on the students library use and their

role in motivating students to use libraries. Findings of study revealed

that teachers played an important role in promoting the use of

libraries by students. Authors were not satisfied with students’ library

use skills, available information resources and expected from

librarians to provide a comfortable academic environment in library.

To study the use of periodicals by scholars at National Library of

Veterinary Sciences, Ahmad and Haridasan (2006) undertook a study

named “Use of Periodicals by the Scholars at National Library of

Veterinary Sciences: A User’s Survey”. Out of 125 questionnaires

distributed 110 were received back. It was found that majority of the

users were visiting library daily and used back volumes of periodicals

for research purpose. Majority of the users were satisfied with

38

arrangement of current issues of periodicals and arrangement of back

volumes.

Atilgan and Bayram (2006) took up a study titled “An

Evaluation of Faculty Use of the Digital Library at Ankara University,

Turkey” to ascertain the faculty’s awareness and use of electronic

material at Ankara University. Findings of the study brought forward

that majority of the faculty members were aware about the existence

of digital library and many were using electronic databases. The

impact of newly subscribed databases on the increased publications

was found.

Lawoe (2006) conducted a study to examine the use of serial

collection by students and faculty under name “A Study of Serials Use

at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Library,

Kumasi”. Authors examined the adequacy of collection to meet subject

needs of users. One-tenth of the registered members were chosen as a

sample for survey. Interestingly, undergraduates were using journals

significantly, as lecturers were recommending them. This study

revealed gaps in collection development.

Kumbar et al. (2007) “Use of Periodical Literature in the

University of Agricultural Sciences Daharwad: A Case Study”. Authors

assessed the extent of use of periodical literature by agriculture

scientists. Data was collected from random sample through

questionnaire. Survey revealed that 74.35% respondents scanned the

current issues of the journals to keep themselves updated with latest

39

developments. Majority of the users considered print journals as

better version than electronic journals, as 74.36% chosen print

journals and 25.64% opted for electronic version. Authors concluded

that proper display of periodicals, informing users about recent

arrivals and effective reprographic service are the best ways to serve

the users and suggested to encourage users to make use of e-

resources.

Lohar and Kumbar (2007) evaluated the use of libraries by

teachers under name, “Teachers Attitude towards Library Facilities

and Information Resources in First Grade Colleges in Shimoga

Districts: A Survey”. Results of the study revealed that 52.25% users

spent less than an hour and more than half an hour only in libraries

per week. Only a small fraction of users was familiar with inter library

loan service. Accessibility of the reading material, its adequacy, users’

opinion about library services such as lending service, pattern of

search for latest literature, inter-library-loan, photocopy service,

orientation, computerization of libraries, the Internet, etc. were also

examined.

Sami and Shahida (2007) conducted a survey to study the effect

of gender on the use of IT facilities in libraries and information

centres. It was titled “Use of IT in Information Centres: Gender Based

Analysis”. Data was collected from 375 users using library facilities.

The Internet was found as the most preferred facility by respondents

of both the male and female gender. Authors concluded that need to

40

use information technology facilities was high for users irrespective of

their gender. Techno-stress was found low among users of both sexes.

Users’ preference to use computers and related technologies depended

up on the cultural, family and the educational background of the

users.

Achonna (2008) in research article “Awareness, Access and

Usage of E-Journal Resources of the Library, by the Students of Yaba

College of Technology, Yaba –Lagos Nigeria”, examined the students’

awareness, access, usage and problems faced in use of e-journal

resources at the Yaba College of Technology library. Use of e-journal

resources was found low. Lack of skills, inadequate provision of

computers, power outrage etc. were the problems faced in use of

resources. Study concluded the need for the training skills, provision

of adequate computers, need to popularize the information technology

and its usage and to motivate the students to use e-journal resources.

Atakan et al. (2008) “An Evaluation of the Second Survey on

Electronic Databases Usage at Ankara University Digital Library”. A

survey was conducted to measure the effectiveness of digital library.

Investigators compared the results of two surveys carried out in 2002

and 2005. Results revealed that many faculty members were using

electronic databases. Web of Science, Science Direct and Ebsco were

the most preferred databases. Lakan (2008) carried out a study

named “Availability and Utilization of Electronic Information

Databases by Staff of the Agricultural Complex, Ahmadu Bello

41

University, Zaria”. Objective was to find the availability and use of

electronic databases by staff of university. Results revealed that power

outrages, slow Internet service and insufficient computers were the

factors affecting the provision and use of electronic information

resources.

Moghaddam and Talawar (2008) “The Use of Scholarly

Electronic Journals at the Indian Institute of Science: A Case Study in

India”. A growing interest in using electronic journals was found as

users had free access to electronic journals at all hours. The users

were using electronic journals mainly for research work and PDF

format was the most preferred.

Popoola (2008) examined the faculty’s awareness and use of

library information products and services in study titled “Faculty

Awareness and Use of Library Information Products and Services in

Nigerian Universities”. A sample of about one tenth of the faculty

members was chosen randomly for survey. Questionnaire was used as

a data collection tool. A considerable difference was found in the

faculty awareness about library and information products and

services. It further disclosed that the users did not have the required

knowledge of library products and services relevant to their teaching

and research work. Author concluded that level of knowledge of

faculty have relationship with the frequency of library use,

consultation of librarian etc.

42

Rao and Babu (2008) executed a survey of the faculty members

of autonomous colleges in Chennai to examine the provision and use

of library services, resources and facilities under title “Autonomous

College Libraries in Chennai: A Survey of Faculty Perceptions”.

Sample was chosen randomly. About 78.66% of the total 375 users

surveyed responded to the questionnaire. Only govt. and govt. aided

colleges were covered in study. More than three fourth respondents

were visiting libraries for research studies and to write research

papers. A few users were using e-resources. Authors suggested for

right choice between print and electronic sources of information for

collection development.

Harinarayana et al. (2008) conducted a survey named

“Measuring the Effectiveness of Library Services of Selected College

Libraries in Mysore City from Users Perspective” to ascertain the

effectiveness of college library services in Mysore. It was found that

majority of the users were visiting libraries to study in library and for

borrowing books. Text book service was the most highly sought after

service. Libraries were lacking behind to provide specific information.

Sujatha and Mudhol (2008) carried out a survey to study the

use of different types of electronic information sources by teachers/

scientists, research scholars and post graduate students under title

“Use of Electronic Information Sources at the College of Fisheries,

Mangalore, India”. About 88.9% users used electronic information

sources for thesis/ project work and 87.6% used for ongoing research

43

work. Majority of the respondents comprising 79.0%, browsed the

Internet for subject specific information websites and 75.3% for

international/ regional institution websites. E-mail was the most

frequently used electronic information source followed by web

resources.

Kumari H. and Talawar (2009) conducted a study to assess the

extent of use of reference sources in university libraries under title

“Use of Reference Sources in University Libraries of Karnataka: A

Study”. Data was collected using questionnaire and the response rate

was 73.28% for the total 1740 questionnaires distributed. Survey

revealed a growing interest in reference sources among users in

university libraries. A small percentage of users made use of

bibliographies and directories as compared to the use of dictionaries,

encyclopedia and yearbooks.

Biradar et al. (2009) conducted a survey of the students of

Agriculture science college, Shimoga to ascertain the use of

information sources and services of the college library. Study was

titled “Use of Information Sources and Services in Library of

Agriculture Science College, Shimoga: A Case Study”. About 72.27%

users were using lending service and among them 54.79% were

satisfied. The services like SDI, ILL, CD Rom search etc. were fairly

used, while non documentary sources were less used. Authors

concluded with the urgent need to establish e-consortia model among

agriculture libraries in India.

44

Gowda and Shivalingaiah (2009) “Awareness and Use of Library

Facilities and Services by the Research Scholars in the Universities in

Karnataka: An Analytical Study”. Study brought forward significant

differences in the satisfaction level of research scholars of different

disciplines with facilities and services of libraries. Majority of the

respondents of humanities and social science found the facilities and

services of university libraries poor, whereas the respondents of

science group considered the facilities and services as moderately

good.

Another study was conducted by Kumbar and Hadagali (2009)

under title “Use of UGC-Infonet E-Journals Consortium by Faculty

Members and Research Scholars of Karnatak University, Dharwad: A

Study” to ascertain the use of UGC-Infonet E-Journals Consortium by

the faculty members and research scholars of university. Sami and

Iffat (2009) in paper “Use of Electronic Information Services in

Research Libraries” discussed the use of electronic information

services in research libraries and attempted to reveal the impact of

users’ background and awareness about services on the use of

electronic information services

Patil and Parameshwar (2009) in paper titled “Use of Electronic

Resources by the Faculty Members and Research Scholars in

Gulbarga University, Gulbarga: A Survey” disclosed the use of

electronic resources by the faculty members and research scholars in

Gulbarga University. Questionnaire was used as a data collection tool.

45

Study revealed the need to train users in using the electronic

resources.

Pushpalatha and Mallaiah (2009) executed a study named “Use

of Information Resources in Chemistry: A Study of Mangalore

University Library” to know the users opinions about adequacy of

library resources. It was found that majority of the users were visiting

libraries to borrow books followed by consulting the periodicals.

Online Public Access Catalogue and assistance of library staff were

the primary means to locate needed documents. About 58.92% post

graduate students rated library collection as adequate to meet their

information needs, whereas 40% research scholars and 83.33% of the

teachers considered at partially adequate.

Shivalingappa and Tadasad (2009) carried out a study to

evaluate the use of gram panchayat libraries in Gulbarga district. It

was titled “Use of Gram Panchayat Libraries in Gulbarga District: A

Study”. In addition to building up the functional and sound libraries,

the findings also emphasized on the user education programs for their

optimum utilization. Trivedi and Joshi (2009) conducted a study

under title “Usage of Electronic Journals (E-Journals) Versus Print

Journals by Healthcare Professionals in H M Patel Centre for Medical

Care and Education (HMPCME)” to examine the use of e-journals by

the health care professionals. Study revealed that there was more use

of print journals (54.63%) as compare to e-journals. Authors

concluded that there is a growing use of e-journals over print journals

46

but which is preferable over the other is a debatable issue, as study

did not show a significant decrease in use of print journals as

compared to e-journal for research.

INFORMATION SEEKING BEHAVIOUR

Shanmugam (1999) examined the information seeking

behaviour of trainee teachers of the two teacher training colleges of

Malaysia under title “Information Seeking Behaviour of the Trainee

Teachers in Selected Teacher Training Colleges in Malaysia”. Study

brought to light that trainee teachers’ information needs were

influenced greatly by the course requirements centred around their

course. Survey revealed the general lack of interest in reading books

and newspapers. Computers were used largely for typing rather than

for handling information.

Shokeen and Kaushik (2003) “Information Seeking Behaviour of

Psychologists and Sociologists: A Case Study of Delhi and Haryana

Universities”. Authors investigated the information seeking behaviour

of psychologists and sociologists working in six universities of Delhi

and Haryana. The study brought forward that 23, out of a total 91

respondents were visiting libraries daily and 35 visited twice a week.

Browsing was the preferred method to locate the needed material.

Another survey was conducted by George (2007) to reveal the

information needs and information seeking behaviour of Ayurveda

information users. It was titled “Information Needs and Information

Seeking Behaviour of Ayurveda Information Users”. Author concluded

47

that scientists, teachers and students made use of literature available

in their parent institutions but majority of them were not satisfied

with collection and services of these. On the other hand most of the

practitioners do not use libraries regularly and depended mainly on

their personal collection of books and periodicals. Library and

information field and primary publications were not found so

attractive in ayurveda.

Liao et al. (2007) conducted a comparative study of the

information needs and information seeking behaviour of international

graduate students and American graduate students under title

“Information-Seeking Behaviour of International Graduate Students

vs. American Graduate Students: A User Study at Virginia Tech

2005”. Study is based on the opinions collected through online survey.

Fatima and Ahmad (2008) carried out a study to examine the

information seeking behaviour of college students under name

“Information Seeking Behaviour of the Students at Ajmal Khan

Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University: A Survey.” Data was

collected from 60 students using questionnaire. 51.67% users were

visiting libraries daily. Newspapers were the most used documents

followed by use of books and journals. Carrier development was the

most preferred response for seeking information. Ninety percent

students agreed that students needed instruction on how to use

information source in their subject area for the effective and efficient

use of the information sources and services.

48

Singh and Satija, (2008) executed a survey to find the

information seeking behaviour of teachers and research scientists

working in ICAR institutions of Delhi and Punjab Agriculture

University, Ludhiana. Study was titled “Information Seeking Strategies

of Agricultural Scientists Working in the ICAR Institutions in India”.

Results revealed that library and information centres were the most

preferred sources to meet information requirements of agriculture

scientists. Users depended heavily on the computerized information

search facility. The working culture of those who need information,

facilities available for seeking information and knowledge about them,

chances of getting the required information etc. affect the information

seeking behaviour of the users.

Umbur (2008) carried out a study titled “The Information

Generation and Seeking Behaviour of Some Academics in Two

Universities.” Being sources of current and authentic information to

researchers, journals were the most used sources of information.

Current awareness service was the most used information service to

support the research activities. Author concluded that information

sources and services utilization will improve the research output if the

services are properly utilized.

SATISFACTION WITH RESOURCES AND SERVICES

Singh et al. (1989) “An Evaluative Study of Services Provided by

Delhi University Library System”. Author measured the satisfaction of

research scholars with services provided by the Delhi University

49

library system. No particular collection was found to be excellent.

Majority of users were satisfied with circulation and reference service.

Chavez et al. (2005) carried out a survey of the students, faculty

and staff to measure their satisfaction with the Paradise Valley

Community College Library under title “Library User Survey:

Resources, Facilities and Circulation Service”. Findings revealed that

generally users were satisfied with the resources, facilities and

circulation service. It was recommended to repeat survey in two years

to compare satisfaction level of students.

In a study titled “Satisfaction of the Carrier Seekers in the

Resources and Services of Libraries in Kerala” Koovakki and Jalaja

(2005) ascertained the level of satisfaction of career seekers in the

resources and services of university, college and public libraries.

Survey revealed that users using university libraries were most

satisfied and using public libraries were least satisfied. A difference

was also observed between the level of satisfaction of male and female

users.

To ascertain the level of effectiveness of F.S. Idabacha Library,

Uganneya and Idachaba (2005) conducted a survey of the students

and teachers under name “Information System Effectiveness: A User’s

Satisfaction Approach Study of Francis Sulemanu (F. S.) Idachaba

Library, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria”.

Circulation and Information Technology services were deficient.

Frequency of use of library was low, which indicates that library did

50

not meet information needs of users properly. Respondents suggested

the introduction of new journals and the Internet service to improve

the library system.

Liu and Allmang (2008) conducted a survey through online tool

‘Survey Monkey’ to reveal the user’s satisfaction under title “Assessing

Customer Satisfaction at the NIST Research Library: Essential Tool for

Future Planning”. Questionnaire addressed library resources, services,

customer preferences and impact of libraries on customer’s work. It

revealed that journals continued to be the most valuable resource for

NIST scientists, with overwhelming preferences for e-journals.

INFORMATION NEEDS AND USE PATTERN

Gupta (1973) “Users Survey of the Laxmibai Nagar Branch of

the Delhi Public Library”. Author examined the characteristics of

users, use pattern, and users’ views about collection, services and

facilities. Half of the respondents considered library collection

inadequate while all most all the users were satisfied with services of

library. Biswas et al. (1986) executed a survey titled “Central

Secretariat Library: Users and the Pattern of Use-A Survey” to identify

real users, their information needs, pattern of use and scope for new

services. Survey led to conclusion that shortage of space has effected

library collection and services.

Krisiddappa et al. (1989) “Information Use Pattern of Indian

Historians”. Questionnaires were distributed to 150 persons and 121

responded. It had been found that majority of the users were using

51

books/ monographs frequently followed by use of journal articles.

Almost three fourth of the users were facing problems in getting up to

date information.

Ikoja-Odongo (2001) ascertained the information needs of

informal economic sector in Uganda under title “A Study of the

Information Needs and Uses of the Informal Sector in Uganda:

Preliminary Findings”. Author examined the use of information and

role and impact of information in the growth and development of

concerned sector. Opinions of population under study were collected

through focus group discussion, interviews of informants and

organizations and observations. Study revealed the need for

simplification of information packaging and improvements in its

delivery.

Another survey was conducted by Choukhande and Kumar

(2004) named “Analytical Study of Information Needs and Use Pattern

of Faculty Members and Research Scholars of Amravati University.”

Author concluded that the purpose of user’s visit to library largely

depends up on the free time available to them. Teachers preferred

book trade catalogue, bibliographies, indexes, abstracts, addition lists

issued by library and periodicals to know current literature in

concerned fields. Purnima (2005) “Information Needs in Higher

Education: A Study of College Faculties in Manipur.” Author

ascertained the information needs of college and university faculties.

Survey revealed that majority of the college faculty members needed

52

information for academic work, whereas university faculty members

needed information to update knowledge and for research work. Most

of the faculties of colleges and university were unaware of the use of

IT, because of lack of infrastructure in libraries.

Gopalakrishnan et al. (2008) “Information Use Pattern by the

Academicians: A Case Study of NIFT Centres in India”. A survey was

conducted to examine the information needs and information use

pattern of the academicians of seven institutes of fashion technology

in India. Authors suggested having functional and effective collection

development programme to meet information needs of users and need

to popularize the less used services to ensure their optimum

utilization, conduct regular user education programmes, acquire both

print and non-print material, move towards digitalization, etc.

READING HABITS

To examine the reading habits of women teachers and reveal the

role of library in promotion of reading habits Shivalli (2000) conducted

a survey named “Reading Habits of Working Women Teachers in Goa:

A Survey”. Data was collected through questionnaire, interview and

observation method from primary, secondary, higher secondary,

college and university teachers. Study brought forward that reading

habits of the users get affected by the non availability of the required

information in libraries. Sharma and Singh (2005) explored the

reading habits of faculty members in natural sciences under title

“Reading Habits of Faculty Members in Natural Sciences: A Case

53

Study of University of Delhi”. Teaching assignments, research work,

distance of library and non-availability of required material were main

reasons for user’s not visiting the library frequently. Journals were the

main sources of scientific and technical information. Majority of

faculty members read to meet their teaching and research needs.

Sudha and Harinarayana (2009) conducted a study under title

“Role of Teachers in Promoting Reading Habits of Professional and

Non Professional College Students: A Study” to examine the issues

related to role of teachers in developing reading habits of professional

and non professional college students. Questionnaires were

distributed among 1757 students of 52 colleges. Non-professional

students and female students expressed more involvement in knowing

current affairs by their teachers than other respondents.

THE INTERNET USE

Lazinger et al. (1998) in study titled “Internet Use by Faculty

Members in Various Disciplines: A Comparative Case Study”

investigated the use of the Internet among various sectors of faculty

members. Questionnaires were distributed to faculty members of all

departments and professional schools of the Hebrew University of

Jerusalem. The use of the Internet was found comparatively higher

among faculty of sciences and agriculture than in humanities and

social sciences. Shaw (1998) examined the use of the Internet and the

electronic environment by English academics in the study titled “The

Use of the Internet by English Academics”. Author proposed to know

54

the opinions of users from colleges of University of Wales and also

revealed the pattern of using aforesaid sources, purpose of use,

problems faced by users in using these sources.

In a study named “Internet Access and Usage by Students of the

University of Botswana”, Ojedokun (2002) investigated the Internet

access, usage and problems faced in its use by the students of the

university. Findings of the study revealed that though a considerable

number of users were aware about the benefit of the Internet, but

lacked necessary searching skills for effective use of the Internet.

Because of this factor users accessed the Internet for entertainment,

sports and news etc.

Another study was conducted by Rajiv Kumar and Amritpal

Kaur (2005) under title “Internet and its Use in the Engineering

Colleges of Punjab, India: A Case Study”. It aimed to examine the

pattern of use of the Internet by the teachers and students of

engineering colleges of Punjab. Authors examined the users’

experience and frequency of the Internet use, time spent, location of

use, purpose, resources and services being used, problems faced by

users, benefits of the Internet over conventional documents and its

impact on the academic efficiency of respondents, etc. Slow access

speed of the Internet, difficulty in finding relevant information and

privacy were the main problems faced by the users.

Anasi (2006) examined the pattern of the Internet use by

undergraduate students of university in study titled, “Internet Use

55

Pattern of Undergraduate Students at the University of Lagos,

Nigeria”. The level of the Internet use was found low among students

under study as they were lacking the search strategies to locate

information. Along with the recommendations for provision of

adequate computer laboratory and proper power back up system

author also recommended the integration of the Internet and

computer literacy into compulsory general studies programme of the

university.

In a research article “Internet Use by Teachers and Students in

Engineering Colleges of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh

States of India: An Analysis” Rajeev Kumar and Amritpal Kaur (2006)

examined the Internet use by teachers and students and attempted to

find whether the Internet can replace libraries? Survey revealed that

77.5% users felt that the Internet can not replace library services,

whereas 22.5% responded otherwise, because they find it easy to

locate information on the Internet than in library.

Bansode and Pujar (2008) conducted a study to ascertain the

use of the Internet by research scholar in science, social sciences and

humanities under title “Use of Internet by Research Scholars at

Shivaji University, Kohlapur.” Users were using the Internet mainly for

communication purpose that is e-mail as compared to information

retrieval. There was need to give training on the use of the Internet so

that researchers use appropriate tools and techniques to obtain

information. Joteen Singh et al. (2009) executed a study under title

56

“Use of Internet Based E-Resources at Manipur University: A Survey”

to examine the use of electronic information focusing on the Internet

services by post graduate students, research scholars, teachers and

non-teaching staff members. Users were using the Internet mainly to

download the information from web based resources and web sites.

Lack of power supply and the low speed Internet access were general

problems faced by users in accessing information from web based

resources

USERS ATTITUDE TOWARDS LIBRARIES

Babafemi (1999) executed a survey named “Resources and

Services of a Special Library: A Case of a Medical Library in Nigeria” to

evaluate the resources and services of university of Illorin Medical

library. Questionnaires were administered to librarian, faculty

members and students. Survey led to the findings that more than 90%

users rated library material as inadequate. Journals in stock were

outdated and 14% users advocated the need to subscribe more

journal titles.

In a survey of students, Salma and Yelwa (2004) examined their

attitude towards resources and services of public library under title “A

Survey of Students Attitude towards Public Library Services: A Case

Study of Central Library in Borno State of Nigeria”. In addition to

questionnaire, interviews and observations were also used to collect

data. Survey brought to light that majority of students visiting library

were not its registered members. Resources and services were

57

inadequate to meet information needs of users. Inadequate funds and

accommodation were the problems being faced. Turtle (2005) “A

Survey of Users and Non-Users of a UK Teaching Hospital Library and

Information Service”. Survey was conducted using questionnaire as an

instrument to collect the opinion of users about the services from a

100% sample of registered users in all staff categories. The study was

conducted to be used as bases for developmental strategy. The same

questionnaire was sent to a sample of 10% of non-users. Survey

revealed that library staff and facilities were well regarded. The library

stock needed improvements in many areas such as allied health and

biomedical sciences. Study concluded with need for fresh research

concerning the information needs of allied health and scientific staff.

Khaiser and Madhu (2006) “Expectations and Perceptions of the

Users of the National Law School of India University Library (NLSIU):

A Study”. Investigators ascertained the expectations and perceptions

of users about the facilities and services offered by National Law

School of India University Library. Total 150 questionnaires were

distributed and 124 were received back. It was found that 88% users

visited library daily, but faculty members were not the regular visitors

to library. All the users rated library as an excellent, very good or

good. Users wanted easy access to library and new books on emerging

subjects.

Naushad Ali and Hasan (2006) undertook a survey of teachers

to assess the library and information services of Aligarh Muslim

58

University library under title “Library and Information Services in

Central Library of Aligarh Muslim University from the Teacher’s Point

of View: A Survey”. Approximately 86% users responded to

questionnaire. Survey brought to light that most of the users were

visiting library to collect teaching material and borrow books, while

approximately 14% teachers visited for research purpose. Majority of

the teachers were not satisfied with overall functioning of library.

In research article “Expectations and Perceptions of the Users of

Public Libraries in Mysore City: A Survey” Nikam and Chandershekra

(2007) examined the expectations and perceptions of users including

children, young adults, women and old towards public libraries.

Opinions of 200 users were collected through a structured

questionnaire. About 90.50% users considered public libraries either

as more important or extremely important. Users were not satisfied

with the helpfulness of library staff. Respondents did not find it easy

to locate the needed reading material from libraries.

Gowda and Shivalingaiah (2009) conducted a study under title

“Attitude of Research Scholars towards Electronic Information

Resources: A Survey of University Libraries in Karnataka” to examine

the preference of research scholars towards print and electronic

resources and effectiveness of usage of e-resources among users.

Nearly 58.12% respondents indicated their preference towards print

resources over electronic resources. The preferences of users

depended upon the nature of resources available in libraries, while

59

usage of electronic resources depended upon the type of IT

infrastructure available in libraries. Chowdappa et al. (2009) in study

“Impact of Electronic Information sources on the academic users in

Mysore: An analytical study” disclosed the extent to which the users of

educational and research institutions of Mysore city depended upon

the electronic/ digital media.

USER EDUCATION

Chang and Ting (1995) ascertained the viewpoint of faculty

members towards library user education in study titled, “A Survey of

Library User Education toward the Faculty of College in Taiwan”.

Quality and quantity of library user education needed improvement to

satisfy faculty members and gain their support on library user

education.

To conclude, in this chapter the review of literature has been

organized into 12 facets. A brief account of major findings of the

studies in each facet is given below:

A. RESOURCES AND SERVICES: In this facet, 19 studies have

been discussed. Main results of these studies are that Mukherjee

(1965) found that out of the 50 teachers training colleges, most of the

libraries did not have sufficient space for proper functioning. Some of

the colleges did not have their own libraries. Staff and students

depended on university libraries to which education section was

attached. Hingwe (1969) concluded that newly established institutions

were spending more funds on libraries for building up the basic

60

collection, whereas long-standing institutions had not increased their

expenditure in proportion to increase in students, teachers and rising

price of books. In a study of degree college libraries, Raina (1980)

revealed that Library services except circulation service were found

missing. Naidu (1981) suggested to lay down the norms and standards

for college libraries by inspection commission of each university and

further added that at least 6% of the college budget should be spent

on library. Kumbar (1986) disclosed that of the 54 college libraries,

only 12 libraries had their own buildings. The libraries were spending

more funds on books than periodicals.

Jasmer Singh (1990) conducted survey using questionnaire-I to

know about the prevalent position of libraries and problems being

faced by librarians in managing these. Two separate questionnaires

were used to ascertain the opinions of students and teachers. Bajpai

(1995) revealed that librarians often found it difficult to deal with

teaching and non-teaching staff members regarding return of books.

Chopra (1995) discussed the problems being faced by college libraries

in Punjab. These were grouped as problems related to management,

principals of colleges and library staff.

Awolola (1998) explored the position of libraries of two colleges

of education in Nigeria and revealed that libraries have failed to

perform their role mainly because of inadequate finance whereas

adequate funding can solve a major part of the problems. Author

suggested the formulation of standards and guidelines particularly for

61

college of education libraries. Joshi (2001) found that Book collection

in veterinary college libraries was not satisfactory and suggested that

Indian Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Universities

should regularly organize orientation programmes for librarians.

Oyesiku et al. (2006) brought forward that out of 10 respondent

libraries, only five had written acquisition policy and 60% had serial

sections. The strength of library staff varied among different types of

libraries. Adebayo (2007) depicted that libraries of colleges of

education in Nigeria were rendering basic services as recommended by

National Commissions for Colleges of Education. These did not

provide indexing and abstracting services. Partap (2007) revealed that

in the libraries of colleges of education the collection size varied

considerably and comparatively older colleges had large collections.

He suggested the introduction of user education programme and need

to increase the range and depth of collection and services. Sujatha

and Mudhol (2009) discussed the challenges the libraries and

information centers face.

B. LIBRARY COMMITTEE: Anand (1981) found that only one

college of Delhi University Colleges had the functions of library

committee in written, while remaining majority did not. Absence of

properly laid down functions of the committees and change of

members every year were the major problems in the proper working of

committees.

62

C. COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT: This facet includes 16 studies.

Biggs and Biggs (1987) revealed that selection and weeding in

academic libraries were not guided by any written policy and studies

of use of collection were missing. Online sources were important

factors in selection of documents. Andrade and Vergueiro (1996)

outlined the different models of collection development given by

professionals. Haider (1996) discussed that lack of proper

management, absence of competent personnel, non-existence of

acquisition policy statements, non-existence of selection aids, ever

shrinking library budgets, fluctuating rate of the rupee, inflation,

import policy, trade embargoes against some countries, fiscal policy

etc. were the major hurdles found in acquisition of books for Pakistan

from abroad. Snow (1996) in his article provided that the

bibliographers needed to concentrate on selection and evaluation of

the collection rather than writing policies that become outdated and

irrelevant shortly. Thornton (2000) concluded that consortia will

become more important sources in electronic information world.

Pandita (2004) brought forward that the policy of content development

needs to be worked out and re-designed for collection development.

Mandal and Panda (2005) discussed the different dimensions of

collection development and suggested for the staff training, provision

of adequate staff and funds, appropriate infrastructure in IT and a

need based collection.

63

Adekanmbi and Boadi (2008) discussed the availability and use

of collection development policies in the colleges of education in

Botswana. Majority of the libraries did not have collection

development policies. It was further found that majority of the

libraries did not involve their users in formulation of policies and did

not implement these for collection development. Sharma et al. (2008)

concluded that growing dissatisfaction of the users arising from non-

availability of needed documents and lack of provision of services

could be boiled down to some extent, by rendering at least CAS or

current contents or information about latest addition to users.

D. USER STUDIES: Five studies have been discussed in this facet.

Martin (1976) provided various guidelines for conducting user studies

and concluded that user data strengthens the planning and decision-

making processes at several levels. Coker (1993) examined the various

factors influencing the attitude of users towards libraries and

considered the socio-economic, technological, physical/ technical and

psychological/ emotional conditions shaping up the perceptions of

non-users, inhibit users and potential users. Wildemuth (2003)

provided that by gathering evidences about library users, their

interactions with library services and materials and context in which

those materials and services are used librarians can make sound

decisions for the future.

Carr (2006) disclosed that failure to take what users want into

account would leave academic library high and dry in the desert of

64

lost opportunities. Varghese (2008) summarized the results of 101

user studies conducted in the electronic environment.

E. USE OF LIBRARIES: Total 65 studies have been reviewed in

this facet. Main results are that Sharma (1974) concluded that

maximum use of library was made by students, therefore special

emphasis were needed to meet their information needs. Panwar (1976)

found, in laterally established college more books were added every

year as compared to other one, because it had more budget for books.

In a study of a university library, Prather and Clemons (1981) brought

forward that users were using library for non-book related purposes.

Undergraduates were using it heavily for studying, whereas faculty,

staff and alumni were using for personal research. Bavakutty (1985)

found that students of govt. colleges were using libraries mainly for

outside their study needs whereas those of private colleges were using

for curricular purpose. Onardian and Onardian (1986) in the study of

use of Ahmedu Bello University Library revealed that only 10% users

were found not satisfied with library. Lack of needed books in library

was one of the main causes for user’s dissatisfaction. Walia and

Gautam (1988) concluded that 65% users considered library collection

as adequate to meet their information needs. Library rules were not

effective on teachers. Non-Book material was almost absent in

libraries.

In a study Kanakachary (1989) revealed that 66.7% users were

satisfied, while 33.3% were dissatisfied with the quality and standard

65

of periodicals on subscription in college library. Nearly 85% users

were unaware of catalogue and more than 90% users were not

satisfied with physical facilities. Clee and Maguire (1993) concluded

that although individual factors in library environment do effect users’

perceptions, it is the total library environment that makes greatest

effect. Marshall et al (1993) brought forward that more students used

libraries in problem based learning than in traditional programmes.

Sanjeev Kumar and Mishra (1993) found that in NIFT library users

were visiting library mainly for borrowing books followed by use of

reference material and periodicals. Raina and Dayal (1998) in study of

IIML found that library collection was used satisfactorily. Microfilms

were in very less use in comparison to other documents. Collection on

some subjects needed strengthening. Apeji (1999) assessed the

resources and services of the library of Nigerian Educational Research

and Development Council and found that library resources mainly

consist of books and back volumes of journals. Available resources

were found relevant and accessible but inadequate. Maughan (1999)

in study of 07 departments at the University of California, Berkley

depicted that 99% faculty was using library for own research. About

59% students rated circulation as good or excellent. Respondents

consulted narrow range of material than was expected. Feldman

(2000) observed a change between the usage pattern of library as 56%

users were connecting to library by computers against the 32% users

in 1996 at University of Texas Health Science Center. About 40%

66

users favoured the need to increase fee/ additional fee to get more

revenue for library. Gurdev Singh (2002) revealed that faculty

members’ main purpose of visiting library was to prepare notes for

students. Journals and textbooks were not considered very adequate.

Kumbar and Lohar (2002) explored the use of resources, services and

physical facilities of two college libraries. Okiy (2002) found that in

Delta State University library both the faculty and students were

using books more often than any other material, because of dearth of

relevant current journals, abstracts and indexes. Marcum and George

(2003) revealed in aggregate that electronic information use was

substantial and growing in the nation's major universities and liberal

arts colleges in USA. Respondents were making their use for research,

teaching, and coursework, and have equipped themselves well to do

so. As a result of the survey of a Nursing School in Nigeria, Ogombo

and Adomi (2003) found that 59.6% students went to library to

prepare for examination, while 54% users used library to prepare

assignments. As the students were not given orientation, most of them

went directly to the shelves to locate needed material. Salaam (2003)

concluded that long distance between the campus and town where

most of students reside was found as main obstacle in the use of

university library. Waldman (2003) examined the role self-efficacy

plays in freshmen’s search for information and use of the college

library's electronic resources. Haruna (2004) found that 40.9% users

of a public library were partially satisfied with library material and

67

were using it because they did not have any other alternative. Swarna

(2004) invited the opinions of students and teachers about B.Ed.

college libraries in Andhra Pradesh on library collection, services,

opening hours, facilities, rules and regulations, reading facility and

organization of documents etc. Helen (2005) evaluated the University

of Hong Kong libraries and found that majority of the respondents

preferred to use online journals than print versions, but on the

contrary about 72% users preferred to use printed books over the

electronic. Adikata and Anwar (2006) revealed that teachers played an

important role in promoting the use of libraries by students. Lawoe

(2006) brought forward during study of serials use at Kwame

Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Library, Kumasi that

undergraduates were using journals significantly, as lecturers were

recommending them. Gaps were found in collection development.

Kumbar et al. (2007) examined the extent of use of periodical

literature by agriculture scientists and found that most of the users

considered print journals as better version than electronic journals, as

74.36% chosen print journals and 25.64% opted for electronic version.

Lohar and Kumbar (2007) found that 52.25% users spent less than an

hour and more than half an hour only in libraries per week. Only a

small fraction of users was found familiar with inter library loan

service. Sami and Shahida (2007) ascertained that need to use

information technology facilities was high for users irrespective of

their gender. Users’ preference to use computers and related

68

technologies depended up on the cultural, family and the educational

background of the users. Achonna (2008) found that use of e-journal

resources was low among students of engineering college. Lack of

skills, inadequate provision of computers, power outrage etc. were the

problems faced in use of resources. Lakan (2008) brought forward that

power outrages, slow Internet service and insufficient computers were

the factors affecting the provision and use of electronic information

resources at Ahmadu Bello University. Moghaddam and Talawar

(2008) disclosed a growing interest in the use of electronic journals as

the users had free access to electronic journals at all hours. Rao and

Babu (2008) found that more than three fourth respondents were

visiting libraries for research studies and to write research papers,

while a few users used e-resources. Authors suggested for right choice

between print and electronic sources of information for collection

development, Internet based services, resource sharing.

Harinarayana et al. (2008) ascertained that majority of the users

were visiting libraries to study in library and for borrowing books and

text book service was the most highly sought after service. Author

concluded that libraries were lacking behind to provide specific

information. Sujatha and Mudhol (2008) depicted that in the college

of fisheries, 88.9% users used electronic information sources for

thesis/ project work and 87.6% were using for ongoing research work.

Majority of the respondents comprising 79.0% browsed the Internet

for subject specific information websites and 75.3% for international/

69

regional institution websites. E-mail was the most frequently used

electronic information source followed by web resources. Biradar et al.

(2009) as a result of the survey of agriculture science college found

that 72.27% users were using lending service and among them

54.79% were satisfied. The services like SDI, ILL, CD Rom search etc.

were fairly used, while non documentary sources were less used. The

need was felt to establish e-consortia model among agriculture

libraries in India. Gowda and Shivalingaiah (2009) in study of use of

library facilities and services of a university library disclosed the

significant differences in the satisfaction level of research scholars of

different disciplines with facilities and services of libraries.

As the result of study of use of information resources in

chemistry at Mangalore University library Pushpalatha and Mallaiah

(2009) found that Online Public Access Catalogue and assistance of

library staff were the primary means to locate needed documents.

About 58.92% post graduate students rated library collection as

adequate to meet their information needs, whereas 40% research

scholars and 83.33% of the teachers considered at partially adequate.

Trivedi and Joshi (2009) concluded that there is a growing use of e-

journals over print journals but which is preferable over the other is a

debatable issue, as study did not show a significant decrease in use

of print journals as compared to e-journal for research.

F. INFORMATION SEEKING BEHAVIOUR: In this facet 07 studies

have been reviewed. Shanmugam (1999) in the study of the

70

information seeking behaviour of trainee teachers of the two teacher

training colleges of Malaysia found that trainee teachers’ information

needs were influenced greatly by the course requirements centred

around their course. A general lack of interest in reading books and

newspapers was observed. Computers were used largely for typing

rather than for handling information. Fatima and Ahmad (2008)

revealed that 51.67% users were visiting libraries daily. Newspapers

were the most used documents followed by use of books and journals.

Carrier development was the most preferred response for seeking

information. Ninety percent students agreed that students needed

instruction on how to use information source in their subject area.

Singh and Satija, (2008) as a result of survey to find the information

seeking behaviour of agricultural scientists concluded that the

working culture of those who need information, facilities available for

seeking information and knowledge about them, chances of getting the

required information etc. affect the information seeking behaviour of

the users.

G. SATISFACTION WITH RESOURCES AND SERVICES: This

facet includes 05 studies. Main results are that Chavez et al. (2005)

revealed that generally users of the Paradise Valley Community

College Library were satisfied with the resources, facilities and

circulation service and recommended to repeat survey in two years to

compare satisfaction level of students. Uganneya and Idachaba (2005)

found that circulation and Information Technology services of

71

university of agriculture library were deficient. Frequency of use of

library was found low, which indicates that library did not meet

information needs of users properly.

Liu and Allmang (2008) examined the user satisfaction at the

NIST Research Library and concluded that as a tool for planning and

to understand library’s customers’ base, the surveys are absolutely

invaluable and well worth the time spent.

H. INFORMATION NEEDS AND USE PATTERN : Total seven

studies have been reviewed in the facet. Main results of the studies

are that Krisiddappa et al. (1989) in study of information use pattern

of historians found that almost three fourth of the users were facing

problems in getting up to date information and one fourth of the

respondents were not aware about existence of the NASSDOC.

Choukhande and P.S.G. Kumar (2004) concluded that the purpose of

user’s visit to library largely depends up on the free time available to

them. The university teachers preferred book trade catalogue,

bibliographies, indexes, abstracts, addition lists issued by library and

periodicals to know current literature in concerned fields. Purnima

(2005) found that majority of the college faculty members needed

information for academic work, whereas university faculty members

needed information to update knowledge and for research work.

I. READING HABITS : Total three are included in this facet.

Shivalli (2000) concluded that reading habits of the users get affected

by the non-availability of the required information in libraries. Sudha

72

and Harinarayana (2009) found that non-professional students and

female students expressed more involvement in knowing current

affairs by their teachers than other respondents. Non-professional

students, students from Kannada medium and students studying in

urban area revealed more encouragement by teachers than their

counterparts.

J. THE INTERNET USE : This facet includes 08 studies. Lazinger

et al. (1998) found that use of the Internet was found comparatively

higher among faculty of sciences and agriculture than in humanities

and social sciences. Anasi (2006) revealed that the level of the Internet

use was low among undergraduate students of university as they

lacked the search strategies to locate information. Rajeev Kumar and

Amritpal Kaur (2006) depicted that 77.5% users felt that the Internet

can not replace library services, whereas 22.5% responded otherwise,

because they find it easy to locate information on the Internet than in

library.

Bansode and Pujar (2008) disclosed that research scholars were

using the Internet mainly for communication purpose that is e-mail as

compared to information retrieval.

K. USERS ATTITUDE TOWARDS LIBRARIES : In this facet also

08 studies are discussed. Major findings of the studies are that

Babafemi (1999) found that more than 90% users rated library

material as inadequate. Journals in stock were outdated and 14%

users advocated the need to subscribe more journal titles. Khaiser

73

and Madhu (2006) revealed that 88% users visited library daily, but

faculty members were not the regular visitors to library. The users

wanted easy access to library and new books on emerging subjects.

Gowda and Shivalingaiah (2009) concluded that the preferences

of users depended upon the nature of resources available in libraries,

while usage of electronic resources depended upon the type of IT

infrastructure available in libraries.

L. USER EDUCATION : Chang and Ting (1995) concluded to

improve the library service to get support form faculty members for

user education.

74

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