REVIEW MATCHING)1. Zoology a. plants2. Genetics b. animals3. Anatomy c. heredity4. Botany d. organisms &

their environ- ment

5. Ecology e. structure of organisms

6. Taxonomy f. Change over time

7. Evolution g. Classification

MATCH THE FOLLOWING TERMS

8. HOMEOSTASIS9. METABOLISM10. INFERENCE11. THEORY12. HYPOTHESIS13. BIOGENESIS

A. LIFE COMES FROM OTHER LIFEB. AN INTERPRETATION OF

OBSERVATIONSC. A STATEMENT SUMMARIZING

MANY WELL SUPPORTED HYPOTHESES

D. ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN A CELL

E. MAINTAINING STABLE INTERNAL CONDITIONS

F. A TESTABLE STATEMENT

REVIEW MATCHING

1. NUCLEUS2. ENDOPLASMIC

RETICULUM3. GOLGI COMPLEX4. MITOCHONDRIA5. RIBOSOME6. LYSOSOME7. CYTOSKELETON8. CYTOPLASM9. CELL MEMBRANE

A. REGULATES WHAT ENTERS AND LEAVES A CELL

B. “SUICIDE SACS” – DIGESTIVE STRUCTURE

C. “POWERHOUSE” – GENERATES ATPD. “POSTOFFICE” – PACKAGES AND

SHIPS PRODUCTS FROM THE CELE. “ROADWAY” – MAKES LIPIDS AND

TRANSPORTS SUBSTANCES W/IN THE CELL

F. GEL-LIKE FLUID W/IN THE CELLG. “CONTROL CENTER” – HOUSES

DNAH. “CELL FACTORY” – SITE OF

PROTEIN SYNTHESISI. MAINTAINS CELL STRUCTURE

REVIEW MATCHING 1. OCCURS IN PLANT

CELLS2. OCCURS IN ANIMAL

CELLS3. OCCURS IN THE

CHLOROPLAST4. OCCURS IN THE

MITOCHONDRIA5. 6CO2 + 6 H20 + LIGHT

GLUCOSE +6 O26. GLUCOSE + 6 O2 6

CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

A. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

B. CELLULAR RESPIRATION

C. BOTH

CELL CYCLE REVIEW 1. Cell division resulting in 2, identical,

diploid cells somatic cells2. Cell division resulting in 4, different

haploid cells gametes3. Time between cell division where cell

grows, makes proteins, and prepares to divide

4. Chromatin condense chromosomes; nucleus disappears

5. Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell

6. Chromatids are pulled apart by spindle7. Chromatids repair with homolog

nucleus reforms8. Cell splits with cleavage furrow or cell

plate

A. METAPHASEB. PROPHASEC. MITOSISD. ANAPHASEE. TELOPHASEF. MEIOSISG. CYTOKINESISH. INTERPHASE

REMEMBER• PRESENTATIONS BEGIN MONDAY

• CP BIOLOGY: pg 57 and 59 #s 1-10 due Monday – WRITE LETTER AND ANSWER

Biology – The Study of Living things: Many fields

1. Cytology 2. Genetics 3. Evolution 4. Taxonomy 5. Microbiology

6. Zoology7. Botany8. Ecology

• Cells• Heredity• Change over time• Classification• Microscopic organisms (viruses,

bacteria, protists)• Animals• Plants• Interactions of organisms with their

environment

Characteristics of Living Things1. Growth2. Reproduction3. Respond to Stimuli4. Genetic Code5. Metabolism6. Homeostasis7. Made of Cells

Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism Populations Communities Ecosystems

Biomes Biosphere

NOT ALL LIVING THINGS CAN BE SEEN TO MOVE

• Total energy use (eating, breathing

• Maintaining stable internal conditions (body temperature)

ORGANIZATION OF LIFE

= BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

NON-LIVING

LIVING

Science vs Non-science• Scientific

Statements are falsifiable - can be disproved (Objective)

• Nonscientific Statements cannot be disproved (Subjective – Opinion based)

Designing an ExperimentSection 1-2

Flowchart

Go to Section:

State the Problem

Form a Hypothesis

Set Up a Controlled ExperimentControls = keep the sameIndependent/manipulated variable = changedDependent/responding variable = measured

Record ResultsQualitative – descriptionQuantitative - numbers

Analyze Results

Draw a Conclusion

Publish Results

Theory• A broad statement linking together many WELL

SUPPORTED hypotheses – Theory of Evolution– Big Bang Theory– Atomic Theory

HOW DOES THE COMMON USE OF THE WORD “THEORY”

DIFFER FROM THE SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION?

THE TOOLS OF SCIENCE1. Microscopes

a. Compound Light: Uses 2 lenses and light; Can look at living things–Resolution: How clear it is–Magnification: How enlarged it is =

Optic * Ocular Lensb. Electron: Uses electrons;

Magnification much greater–Organism must be dead

5. SCIENCE TOOLS• MEASURED IN SI (STANDARD INTERNATIONAL UNITS)

units. Base units include:– LENGTH = METERS – VOLUME = LITER– MASS = GRAMS

• CENTI = 1/100, MILLI = 1/1000, KILO = 1000• A CENTIMETER = 1/100TH OF A METER

GRADUATED CYLINDER VOLUME MEASUREMENT (mL)

TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE MASS MEASUREMENT (grams)

BEAKER MIXING

USE THE PARAGRAPH BELOW TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-5.Kellie wants to win the “largest pumpkin” award at the fair. She wants to

compare 2 plant foods to see their affect on the pumpkin growth. She designs an experiment to determine the affect of various foods on pumpkin

growth. She gives plant food # 1 to pumpkin # 1 and plant food # 2 to pumpkin # 2. She doesn’t give any plant food to pumpkin # 3. All of the pumpkins are kept in the same sunlight, temperature, and given the same amount of water. After 2 weeks, she measures the growth of each pumpkin.

1. What group does Pumpkins # 1 and # 2 represent?(A) Control Group (B) Manipulated Group (C) Data Group (D) Experimental

Group (E) Inference2. What type of data is collected in Kellie’s experiment?(A) qualitative (B) quantitative (C) Is best displayed with a pie graph (D)

Represents inductive reasoning3. The different plant foods represent the:(A) qualitative data (B) control group (C) independent variable (D)

dependent variable4. What represents the control group?(A)Pumpkin # 1 (B) Pumpkin # 2 (C) Pumpkin # 3 (d) The Plant Food5. The growth of each pumpkin represents the:(A) Control Group (B) Manipulated Variable (C) Responding Variable (D)

Inference

6. What would be the best unit to measure the distance from Augusta, GA to Washington D.C.? (A) meters (B) kilometers (C) kilograms (D) seconds (E) cubic centimeters

7. What piece of equipment is best for measuring 20 grams of NaCl?

(A) graduated cylinder (B) triple-beam balance (C) Beaker (D) meter stick

8. What piece of equipment is best for measuring 20 ml of water?

(B) graduated cylinder (B) triple-beam balance (C) Beaker (D) meter stick

9. The best way to clean a microscope is with:(C)Your sleeve (B) Your hand (C) Special tissues (D) a

moistened paper towel

10. You know that a rock is not alive because: (A) It does not reproduce (B) It is not made of cells (C) It does not maintain homeostasis (D) It does not grow (E) All of the above (F) None of the above

CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY – THE STUDY OF THE NATURE, COMPOSITION, AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER

• Matter: Anything that has mass (amount of matter) and takes up space

- There are 3 States of MatterSOLID LIQUID GAS

PARTICLES TIGHTLY PACKED - VIBRATE

LOOSELY PACKED

MOST LOOSELY PACKED

VOLUME FIXED FIXED CHANGES

SHAPE FIXED CHANGES CHANGES

Proton Neutron Electron

CHARGE + O -

LOCATION Nucleus Nucleus Energy levels

DETERMINED BY

Atomic # Atomic mass – Atomic #

= proton # if not charged

Ore = p - charge

OTHER TERMS ISOTOPE (DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS)

ION (CHARGED ATOM)

BOND IONIC COVALENT HYDROGEN

HOW FORMED

Transfer of electrons

Sharing of electrons

Polarity

STRENGTH Medium Strongest Weakest

EXAMPLES Na+Cl- (sodium chloride – table salt)

H2O (water) DNA double helix

Cohesion/Adhesion

pH scale: determines acid or base: scale 1-14

• Acid: High concentration of hydronium ions (H+)– Less than 7 on pH scale

• Base: High concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-)– Greater than 7 on pH

scale – alkaline

MACROMOLECULES = ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THAT MAKE UP CELLS IN

LIVING THINGS – made of C, H, O, NCARBON IS THE “BACKBONE” OF LIFE

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

BUILDING BLOCKS

FUNCTIONS EXAMPLES

CARBOHYDRATES(SUGARS)

MONOSACCHARIDES

PRIMARY/QUICK ENERGY

GLUCOSEGLYCOGEN, STARCH

LIPIDS (FATS) FATTY ACIDS STORED ENERGY

STEROIDSTRIGLYCERIDESPHOSPHOLIPIDS

PROTEINS AMINO ACIDS BUILDING AND REPAIRING

ENZYMES – SPEED UP RXTS

NUCLEIC ACIDS NUCLEOTIDES

CARRY/STORE HEREDITARY INFORMATION

DNARNA

CHEMISTRY – Use the paragraph below to answer questions 11-12

After red blood cells pick up carbon dioxide from tissues, the CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid. Once in the lungs, it is converted back to CO2 and water, and the CO2 is exhaled.

Carbonic anhydrase increases the reaction rate from 200 molecules of carbonic acid to 600,000 carbonic acid molecules per hour

11. Carbonic anhydrase represents: (A) an enzyme (B) a substrate (C) a pigment (D) a reactant

12. What are the building blocks of the substance in # 11?

(A) Amino Acids (B) Fatty acids (C) Nucleotides (D) Monosaccharides

13. Covalent bonds result from atoms _______ electrons, while ionic bonds result from _______ electrons. (A) sharing, transferring (B) sharing, sharing (C) transferring, transferring (D) transferring, sharing

14. When a maximum amount of solute is dissolved in a solvent, the solution is: (A) Saturated (B) Covalently bonded (C) Distilled (D) Separated

15. Which of the following represents a primary energy source for cells?(A) Carbohydrates (B) Proteins (C) Nucleic Acids (D) Lipids

16. Cohesion and adhesion are both possible due to which water property? (A) Polarity (B) Solubility (C) Transparency (D) Ionic bonding

17. If an atom has an atomic number of 8 and has a charge of -2, how many electrons does it have? (A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 0

18. Stomach acid would be expected to have a pH around: (A) 2 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 13

19. The primary solute in the cytoplasm of a cell is:(A) Water (B) NaCl (C) Lipids (D) Nucleic Acids

20. Carbon 14 has 2 more neutrons than Carbon 12. Carbon 14 represents a: (A) ion (B) isotope (C) compound (D) organic compound

CELL PARTS

PLANT & ANIMAL CELLS

HISTORY OF CELL DISCOVERIES-1665 – ROBERT HOOKE – First discovered and

named cells (in non-living cork)-1673 – Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - “Father of

MICROSCOPY”. – *First to describe LIVING CELLS AND

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURESThe CELL THEORY: 1800s 1. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS.

(Schleiden and Schwann) 2. CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE 3. CELLS COME ONLY FROM OTHER CELLS

(Virchow)

2 KINDS OF CELLS:PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES

PROKARYOTE = NO NUCLEUSOR MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLESEX. = BACTERIA

EUKARYOTE – HAS A NUCLEUS & MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLESEX. = PLANTS, ANIMALS

REVIEW OF CELL PARTSHow do plant and animal cells differ?

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/cell_functions.htm

CLICK ON THIS FOR A REVIEW OF THE FUNCTIONS:

ORGANELLE FUNCTIONNUCLEUS CONTROLS Cell Activities; Contains genetic information

ENDOPLASMICRETICULUM (ER)

ROUGH ER – With ribosomes; Produce products for exportSMOOTH ER – No ribosomes; System of channels

RIBOSOMES Site of PROTEIN synthesis; Can be attached to ER or free in cytoplasm

GOLGI BODIES Responsible for PACKAGING and TRANSPORT OF cell products

MITOCHONDRIA Site of ENERGY production (ATP)

LYSOSOMES Site of DIGESTION, DISPOSAL, and LYSIS of cells

PEROXISOMES Site of FILTERING toxic materials

CYTOSKELETON Involved in support, transport, and reproduction of cell

VACUOLES STORAGE of extra sugar and water

PLANTS/ALGAE ONLYCHLOROPLASTS CONVERT SOLAR ENERGY AND CO2 GLUCOSE AND O2

• CELL MEMBRANE (“LIPID BILAYER”)– MADE OF LIPIDS AND PROTEINS– SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

• The Cell WALL – Tough, outer layer outside of cell membrane IN BACTERIA, ALGAE, AND FUNGI

DIFFUSION = MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION (MORE MOLECULES) TO LOW

CONCENTRATION (LESS MOLECULES)

= DIFFUSION OF H20

EFFECTS OF SOLUTIONS ON CELLS – HOW CELLS MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASISPURE WATER SALT WATER

EXPLAIN WHAT IS HAPPENING

ACTIVE TRANSPORT = movement of molecules from LOW to HIGH concentration

LOW

HIGH

REQUIRES ENERGY

EOCT DAY 2 QUIZ

• NUMBER FROM 1-15

1. The organelle that is the site of protein synthesis is:(A) Ribosome (B) Golgi Body (C) Nucleus (D) Cell Membrane2. If a cell is placed in a solution with a high concentration of glucose,

water will: (A) Enter the cell by osmosis (B) Exit the cell by osmosis (C) Exit the cell by active transport (D) Enter the cell by facilitated diffusion

3. What will happen to an animal cell if it is left in a solution of distilled water overnight? (A) It will shrivel (B) It will swell and burst (C) It will remain at equilibrium (D) It will undergo photosynthesis

4. The macromolecules which have the greatest variety of function and are the main component of Cell Membranes are:(A) Lipids (B) Carbohydrates (C) Nucleic Acids (D) Proteins

5. The individual who discovered and named cells was: (A) Anton Van Leeuenhoek (B) Charles Darwin (C) Robert Hooke (D) Gregor Mendel

6. An egg that was left in a solution overnight was shriveled the next day. The solution was: (A) Hypertonic (B) Hypotonic (C) Isotonic (D) Salty

7. The organelle in which DNA is stored is the: (A) Mitochondria (B) Nucleus (C) Ribosome (D) Cell Membrane

8. What best describes the Cell Theory? (A) All living things are made of cells (B) Cells come from pre-existing cells (C) Cells are the basic unit of all life (D) All of the above (E) None of the above

9. Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in that(A) Eukaryotic cells are living and prokaryotic cells are not(B) Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles(C) Eukaryotic cells are much smaller than prokaryotic cells(D) Eukaryotic cells include only bacteria

CELL ENERGY

ATP = ENERGY STORAGE COMPOUND IN CELLS

LIKE A CHARGED BATTERY

LIKE AN UNCHARGEDBATTERY

WHY DO PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION DEPEND ON EACH OTHER?

GLUCOSE

+ ATP

WHICH IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS & WHICH IS CELL RESPIRATION?

C6H1206 + O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATPIn mitochondria

6CO2 + 6H2O + LIGHT C6H1206 + O2

In chloroplasts

PLANTS & ANIMALS DO THIS TO RELEASE ENERGY

ONLY PLANTS DO THIS TO STORE ENERGY

CELL REPRODUCTION

STAGES OF MITOSIS – cell division to make organisms grow & repair themselves

PMAT =

PROPHASEMETAPHASEANAPHASETELOPHASE

INTERPHASE = PERIODBETWEEN CELL DIVISIONS

CYTOKINESIS = DIVISION OFCYTOPLASM

MITOSIS – makes 2 identical cells with same DNA – happens in all forms of

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

PARENT CELL WITH 46CHROMOSOMES

46

46 46

DAUGHTER CELLS HAVE 46CHROMOSOMES

MEIOSIS = cell division in ovaries & testes to produce gametes (eggs

& sperm)

4623

23

23

23

23

23

Human ovary or testis cell starts with 46 chromosomes. After meiosis, the eggs & sperm only have 23 chromosomes.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION – involves 2 sex cells (gametes) offspring will be a combination of the

2 parents

EGG(23)

+SPERM

(23)

ZYGOTE(46)

HAPLOID HAPLOID

DIPLOID

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

• Mitosis–2 cells formed–Cells are diploid

(full set of chromosomes)

–Cells are identical to “parent” cell

–Forms all cells besides sex cells

• Meiosis–4 cells formed–Cells are haploid– (half set of chromosomes)

–Cells vary from “parent” cells

–Forms sex cells (gametes)

10. Which of the statements is NOT true concerning the following reactions?

1. 6CO2+ 6 H2O + light energy Glucose + 6 O22. Glucose + 6 O2 6 H2O + energy

(A) Chemical energy is converted to cellular energy in photosynthesis, and light energy is changed into chemical energy in respiration

(B) Photosynthesis requires energy while respiration releases energy

(C) Respiration is an ecothermic reaction while photosynthesis is endothermic

(D) Oxygen is a reactant in respiration and product of photosynthesis

(E) The 1st formula represents photosynthesis while the 2nd represents respiration.

11. Cellular respiration is to __________ as photosynthesis is to __________. (A) Mitochondria, Photosynthesis (B) Photosynthesis, Mitochondria (C) Nucleus, Cell Membrane (D) Golgi bodies, Endoplasmic reticulum

12. Put the following stages of Mitosis in order:(A) Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase, Anaphase(B) Metaphase, Prophase, Anaphase, Telophase(C) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase(D) Telophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Prophase13. What best describes the difference between mitosis and

meiosis?(A) Mitosis produces 2 identical and diploid cells, and meiosis

produces 4 different and haploid cells(B) Mitosis produces 4 different and haploid cells, and meiosis

produces 2 identical and diploid cells(C) Mitosis only produces gametes(D) Meiosis is used in the repair of body cells14. Cell Division differs in a plant cell from an animal cell at which

step? (A) Prophase (B) Metaphase (C) Anaphase (D) Telophase (E) Cytokinesis

DNA, RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

WHAT IS DNA?• Blueprint of Life (has the

instructions for making an organism)

GENE = a segment of DNA that codes for a protein, which codes for a trait (skin color, eye color, etc.)

DNA is wrapped around protein to form chromosome

• Structure was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)

• Described shape as a double helix (“twisted ladder”)

DNA STRUCTURE

• Made of repeating subunits called NUCLEOTIDES = sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

• DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR and PHOSPHATES (sides of ladder)

• NITROGEN BASES (rungs of ladder)

ADENINE (A) THYMINE (T)GUANINE (G) CYTOSINE (C)

• Attach to deoxyribose sugar• Always follow “base-pair rule”• Pair up A - T , C - G• Connected by weak HYDROGEN

BONDS

DNA REPLICATION – DNA makes a copy of itself

• Occurs during interphase before MITOSIS, so the new cells will be identical to the parent cell

DNA, RNA, & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

DNAFUNCTION CARRIES HEREDITARY INFO

GENES = PORTIONS OF DNA PROTEIN TRAITCHROMOSOME = DNA WRAPPED AROUND PROTEIN (46 IN US)

WHERE FOUND

NUCLEUS OF CELL

SHAPE DOUBLE HELIX – (TWISTED LADDER) -DISCOVERED BY WATSON AND CRICK (1953)

STRUCTURE -DOUBLE STRANDEDNUCLEOTIDES = SUGAR (DEOXYRIBOSE, PHOSPHATE, AND BASE (A, T, C, G); PAIR UPA –T; G – C

PROCESS REPLICATION: DNA MAKES AN IDENTICAL COPY OF ITSELF (SEMICONSERVATIVE)-OCCURS IN S PHASE (INTERPHASE) OF CELL CYCLE

DNA is too big to leave the nucleus so RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) must get

involved.

SIMILARITIES IN DNA & RNABoth have N bases adenine, guanine,

cytosine

DIFFERENCESDNA• Deoxyribose

sugar• Thymine• Double-

stranded

RNA• Ribose sugar• Uracil• Single-

stranded

TYPES OF RNA

mRNA rRNA tRNAMessenger

RNA Ribosomal

RNATransfer

RNACopies DNA

code & takes it to ribosome

Makes up ribosome

Picks up amino acids in cytoplasm

& brings them to

ribosome

HOW DOES mRNA COPY THE DNA CODE?

DNA - TAC GGC TAA ACT

mRNA – AUG CCG AUU UGA

REMEMBER…RNA has uracil instead of thymine to bond with adenine!

RNAFUNCTION CARRIES HEREDITARY INFO FROM DNA IN NUCLEUS TO

RIBOSOME PROTEIN

WHERE FOUND

NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOME

STRUCTURE -SINGLE STRANDED-NUCLEOTIDES = SUGAR (RIBOSE, PHOSPHATE, AND BASE (A, T, C, G); PAIR UP-A, U, G, C

PROCESS TRANSCRIPTION – FORMATION OF RNA FROM DNA (IN NUCLEUS)TRANSLATION – FORMATION OF A PROTEIN FROM RNA (ON A RIBOSOME) -CODON = SET OF 3 mRNA bases that code for an amino acid

AMINO ACIDS

• 20 exist• Link together to

make proteins during protein synthesis

• TRIPLET CODON = 3 NITROGEN BASES 1 AMINO ACID

mRNA codon chart

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS is the making of a protein. To make a protein, a cell needs:

• DNA - holds the code in the nucleus• mRNA codons - carries code to

ribosome• RIBOSOME - where protein is made• tRNA anticodon - picks up amino

acids & brings them to ribosome• AMINO ACIDS - building blocks of

proteins

Step #1 - TRANSCRIPTION

• Making of mRNA in the nucleus to copy the DNA code to take to the ribosome

Step #2 - TRANSLATION

• tRNA anticodon picks up the correct amino acid in the cytoplasm and takes it to the ribosome to make the protein

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

1. TRANSCRIPTION 2. TRANSLATION

DNA mRNA

CODONS

mRNA tRNA AMINOACIDS

codons anticodons

matched up at ribosome PROTEIN

NUCLEUS RIBOSOME

MUTATIONS

Caused by

MUTAGENS

RADIATION

DRUGS/CHEMICALS

ENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTANTS

CHROMOSOME POINT(GENE)

AFFECTS # OR ENTIRE CHROMOSOME FRAMESHIFT

INSERTION

DELETION

CHANGE IN THE DNA CODE

TYPES

SUBSTITUTION

Can be passed to offspring if it occurs in sex cells

Some may be beneficial evolution of species

QUIZ DAY 3 – DNA, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

1. What molecule carries the DNA information from the nucleus to the ribosome for translation? (A) tRNA (B) mRNA (C)rRNA (D) ATP

2. A strand of DNA with the base pair sequence AATGGCCATT would have the complimentary strand: (A) AATGGCCATT (B) UUACCGGUAA (C) TTACGCGTTA (D) TTACCGGTAA

3. DNA contains the information needed to make: (A) proteins (B) Glucose (C) Fatty Acids (D) ATP

4. A strand of DNA with the base pair sequence AATGGCCATT would produce an RNA strand: (A) AATGGCCATT (B) UUACCGGUAA (C) TTACGCGTTA (D) TTACCGGTAA

5. What best describes a codon? (A) a set of 3 DNA bases that codes for RNA (B) a set of 3 mRNA bases that codes for an amino acid (C) a set of 3 tRNA bases that codes for an amino acid (D) a set of 3 rRNA bases that codes for a ribosome

6. Which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA and RNA? (A) DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded (B) DNA is formed in the nucleus while RNA is not (C) RNA contains the base Uracil instead of Thymine (D) DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose

7. DNA produces more DNA in a process called ______________. DNA is copied to RNA in a process called ______________. RNA codes for a protein in a process called _______________. (A) Transcription, Translation, Replication (B) Replication, Transcription, Translation (C) Replication, Translation, Transcription (D) Transcription, Replication, Translation

GENETICS

IV. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS

A. Self-pollinated plants (true-breeding)Purple X purple All Purple White X white All White

B. Cross – pollinated plants w/ contrasting traits

(P) Purple X white* All Purple (F1)

Tall X short* All Tall

* Trait seemed to disappear in the 2nd, or F1 generation

1 trait always disappeared in the 2nd, or F1 generation

Round/wrinkled

Yellow/green

Inflated/constricted

Yellow pod/Green pod

Axial/terminal Tall/shortGray/

white

IV. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS

cont.C. Self-pollinated F1 plants F2 generation

• Purple (F1) X purple (F1) ¾ Purple, ¼ white (F2)

• Tall X tall ¾ Tall, ¼ Short

• Missing traits reappeared

The trait reappeared in the 3rd, or F2 generation

The white trait “skipped”a generation!

VI. MENDEL’S CONCLUSIONS

1. Traits are controlled by genes, that occur in pairs.

2. LAW OF DOMINANCE• Some traits hide

the effect of others.

• Allele – a single gene– 2 alleles Trait– Alleles may be:

• Dominant – Hides the other trait

• Recessive – Trait seems to disappear–Ex. Tall x short

= All tall

OTHER GENETIC TERMS• HOMOZYGOUS = pure = organism w/

same alleles for a trait (TT,tt)• HETEROZYGOUS = hybrid =

different alleles for a trait (Tt)• GENOTYPE – Alleles (genes) of a trait (letters)

Homozygous dominant - TTHeterozygous – TtHomozygous recessive - tt

• PHENOTYPE – Physical appearance (words)

Tall plantTall plantShort plant

HOW CAN WE USE MATH TO FIGURE ALL THIS OUT?

• PROBABILITY - chance that something will or will not happen 1 out of 2 or 50 % that a flipped coin will

land on headsNot dependent on previous result; You could

flip heads 10 straight times• PUNNETT SQUARE – chart used to

predict probable outcomes in a genetic cross

HOW TO SET UP A PUNNETT SQUARE

TALL X SHORT

TT X tt

HETEROZYGOUS TALL X HETEROZYGOUS

TALL

Tt x Tt

MONOHYBRID CROSS• involves 1 pair

of alleles 1 trait

• FLOWER COLOR

TRY THIS ONE

GIVE THE GENOTYPIC RATIO &PHENOTYPIC RATIO

Tongue rolling (T) is dominant to non-tongue rolling (t)

What is the probability of tongue rollers for the following crosses?

1) Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive

2) Heterozygous x homozygous recessive

3) Neither parent can roll their tongue

WHAT IF THE TRAIT IS NEITHER DOMINANT NOR RECESSIVE?

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE • Neither gene is dominant• Heterozygous condition produces

“mixture” of traits” (blend)• Ex. Snapdragons, 4 o’clocks

• PHENOTYPE Red X white Pink• GENOTYPE RR X WW RW

WORK THIS PUNNETT SQUARE.

SEX-LINKED TRAITS• Due to genes on X chromosome

– XX = FEMALE; XY = Male –SEX-LINKED Diseases are more

common in males they lack a backup chromosome• Muscular Dystrophy, Colorblindness, and Hemophilia

• The other 22 pair are called AUTOSOMES

22 PAIRS OF AUTOSOMES

1 PAIR SEX CHROMOSOMES

Practice: Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait

A) What is the probability that a female will be colorblind if:

• Her father is colorblind and • Her mother is a carrier?

B) Probability of a male?

GENETIC ENGINEERING

Taking DNA from 1 organism and putting it into another organism

EX. Human gene for insulin was put into bacteria so bacteria can make human insulin for diabetics

9. A gene mutation in gene p53 can cause skin cancer. This mutation is usually caused by too much sun exposure. How could one mother who had a mutation in gene pg53 and skin cancer and a mother without the mutation or skin cancer both had children without the mutation or skin cancer?

(A) Neither father had the skin cell mutation, and the disease is a homozygous recessive one

(B) The mother without the mutation did not sunbathe during pregnancy(C) Neither child came down with the illness because only mutations in gamete genes

can be passed on(D) It is random chance that neither child came down with the condition.10. If one parent was homozygous dominant for a trait and the other was

heterozygous, what are the expected genotypes of the offspring. (A) 25 % homozygous dominant, 50 % heterozygous, 25 % homozygous recessive (B) 100% homozygous dominant (C) 50 % homozygous dominant, 50 % heterozygous (D) 50 % homozygous dominant, 50 % homozygous recessive.

11. If one allele masks another one, it is said to be: (A) Recessive (B) Dominant (C) Homozygous (D) Heterozygous

12. A mother is homozygous recessive for not being able to roll her tongue. The father is heterozygous and can roll his tongue. What is the chance that the child will be homozygous recessive and not be able to roll his/her tongue? (A) 0% (B) 25 % (C) 50 % (D) 75 % (E) 100%

13. The disease that results from non-disjunction in the 21st pair of chromosomes, leading to a 3rd 21st chromosome is called: (A) Down Syndrome (B) Hemophilia (C) Muscular Dystrophy (D) Cystic fibrosis

14. The “father of heredity” is: (A) Charles Darwin (B) Gregor Mendel (C) Robert Hooke (D) Carl Linnaeus

EVOLUTION

• Evolution is considered the Unifying Theory in Biology

It uses all fields of Biology to provide a possible answer to these difficult questions

Radioactive dating – Use isotopes to date ancient materialsHalf-life: how long it takes for half to decay

–Carbon Dating: Dates 1000s of yrs–Other Elements used to date millions of yrs

I. Theorized History of Earth• 14 Billion Years: Big Bang• 5 Billion Years: Beginning of Solar System• 4.5 Billion Years: Origin of Earth• 3.5 Billion Years: Prokaryotes dominate• 2.5 Billion Years: Oxygen Accumulates

in Atmosphere• 1.5 Billion Years: Eukaryotes Appear• 0.5 Billion Years: Cambrian Explosion of

multicellular organisms

II. Theories for life originA. Miller and Urey – Tested to see if

organic compounds could spontaneously form without life

B. Prokaryotes theoretically came first Released oxygen formed ozone layer absorbs UV light

– Allowed organisms to move to landC. Endosymbiosis: Eukaryotes came from

prokaryotes:

- Bacteria Mitochondria and Chloroplasts - Mutualism

B. History of Evolutionary Theory• Lamarck (1801) – Said acquired

traits were passed to offspring; easily disproved–The offspring of flies with clipped

wings have normal length wings–If you lost a limb in an accident,

your kids wouldn’t have 1 less limb

History of evolution cont.2. Charles Darwin -

“Father of evolution”(1809-1882)

a. Gathered data at The Galapagos Islands

b. “Darwin’s finches” – 13 different finch species • Specialized beaks for

feeding • Came from 1 finch ancestor

c. 1858 - Published On the Origin of Species

C. How Evolution Happens• 1) Overproduction • 2) Variation - through mutation,

migration, sexual reproduction• 3) Natural Selection a. The environment “favors” certain variations

(“Survival of the fittest”)b. Organisms with favorable traits are more likely to

survive and reproduce– These organisms have a high “fitness”

• 4) Isolation

TYPES OF EVOLUTION

CONVERGENT DIVERGENT

SIMILAR TRAITS DEVELOPED INDEPENDENTLY

SIMILAR TRAITS DUE TO COMMON ANCESTRY

EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION1. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES2. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES – “LEFTOVERS”

(APPENDIX)3. EMBRYOLOGY – SIMILAR DVPT4. FOSSILS – “MISSING LINKS”5. DNA COMPARISONS – SIMILAR DNA

INDICATES MORE RECENT ANCESTRY

V. A Cladogram represents a “tree of life” that shows the theorized relationship between organisms

TAXONOMY

The study of classifying & naming organisms based on evolutionary relationships

CAROLUS LINNAEUS (1707-1778)

• Developed modern, universal classification of organisms (1707-1778)®Binomial nomenclature:

(2-name naming system) by Genus and species

• Capitalize Genus and lower case species

• Underline or Italicize Ex. Homo sapiens

Canis familiaris Felis domesticus

CLASSIFICATION GROUPINGS – from broad to narrow based on

evolutionary relationships

• KINGDOM divided intoPHYLUM (phyla) divided into

CLASS divided intoORDER divided into

FAMILY divided into GENUS (genera) divided into

SPECIES

6 Kingdoms1) Archaebacteria:

Ancient bacteriaEx. methanogens

2) Eubacteria: “True” bacteria

Ex. E. coli, Salmonella

3) Protista: “Dumping ground”

Ex. Protozoa, algae

Prokaryotes; Unicellular; Different Cell Wall than EubacteriaCan withstand extreme conditions

Prokaryotes; Unicellular; Most numerous on earth

-Eukaryotes; Mostly unicellular– Both autotrophic and

heterotrophic members

6 Kingdoms Continued4) FungiEx. Mushroom, mold

5) Plantae:Ex. Oak tree, tomato

6) Animalia:Ex. Human, crayfish,

earthworm

Eukaryotes; MulticellularCell Wall; Heterotrophic

Eukaryotes; MulticellularCell Wall; Autotrophic

Eukaryotes; Multicellular; No Cell Wall;

Heterotrophic

Example: Use a DICHOTOMOUS Key to Identify a Snake, Frog, Fish, and Cat

1a. Has hair………………..

1b. Has no hair……………

2a. Has Legs………………..

2b. Has no legs……………..

3a. Has gills…………….

3b. Has no gills………..

…Cat…go to 2

…….Frog

…… go to 3

……….Fish………. Snake

• MICROBIOLOGY

Characteristics OF VIRUSES• Very Small (Smaller than

bacteria)– Only seen with electron

microscope– COMPARE IT:

http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm

• Subcellular – No cell parts; Made of:

1. Nucleic Acid: DNA or RNA2. Capsid – Protein coat around

nucleic acida. Envelope – Surrounds capsidb. Protein “spikes” - help them attach

to cells

• Living or Non-living?• No life activities except

reproduction - Requires a host (a living cell) to do this

Reproduction – Requires a host

Lytic Cycle – Causes immediate disease (i.e. flu)

– 5 steps 1) Attachment2) Entry (by injection,

endocytosis, or injured cell wall/membrane)

3) Replication4) Assembly5) Rupture (Lysis)

Lysogenic cycle - Virus is dormant before causing disease (i.e. HIV)

• Viral DNA becomes part of cell’s DNA - hides

• Enters into Lytic cycle after infecting 1000s of cells

LYTIC CYCLE LYSOGENIC CYCLE

Humans and Viruses cont.Viral Diseases: cold, HIV, chickenpox,

measles, mumps, polio, rabies, hepatitis, smallpox, influenza, …

1) Treatments/Prevention– Antiviral drugs – Interfere with viral replication– Vaccines – dead or attenuated viruses that

stimulate immune system• Created by EDWARD JENNER

–Antibiotics are NOT effective2) Control carriers (rabies shots, mosquito

control)3) These have led to eradication of some viruses

(smallpox, polio)

BACTERIA (Kingdom Monera)

all prokaryotic and unicellular

DIVIDED INTO

2 Kingdoms

• Archaebacteria (“Ancient”)

• EXTREMOPHILES

• Eubacteria (“True”)• COMMON BACT.

Kingdom Eubacteria:Structure –1. Parts

a. Plasmid (circular DNA), ribosomes, and cytoplasmb. Cell Membrane and Cell Wall – Gram stain indicates type

(+ or -)c. Capsule – for protection

i. Pili – to attach to cellii. Cilia or Flagella –

For movementiii. Endospore –

dormant, protective structure to survive harsh conditions

Bacterial diseases can be cured by Antibiotics

• Discovered (Penicillin) in 1918 by Alexander Fleming

• Different types based on gram stain (+ or -)

• Antibiotic resistance results from overuse or misuse

KINGDOM PROTISTA

ANIMAL-LIKE PLANT-LIKE FUNGUS-LIKE

ARE CLASSIFIED AS

PROTOZOA Phytoplankton( Algae)

SLIME MOLDS/Water Molds

PROTOZOA (“Animal-like Protists”)Compose ZOOPLANKTON (big part of food chains in water

environmentsClassified by MOVEMENT into 4 phyla

Type MOVEMENT EXAMPLEFLAGELLATES flagella Dinoflagellates ( red

tide)

Pseudopoda pseudopod Ameoba

ciliates cilia Paramecium

Sporozoa none Plasmodium malariaTrypanosoma-> African Sleeping Sickness

Ameoba proteus

Paramecia pictures

ALGAE – Plant-like Protists• All have chlorophyll

• All make food by carrying out photosynthesis (autotrophic)

• Classified by Color & structure

DINOFLAGELLATES Red tideGREEN Euglena, Spirogyra, DesmidsGOLD DiatomsRED AgarBROWN Kelp, Rockweed

IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE

• Food & oxygen source for lots of organisms

• ALGIN – thicken soups & salad dressing

• CARRAGEENAN – smooth ice cream

• AGAR – grow bacteria• DIATOMACEOUS

EARTH – toothpaste, cleansers, road paint

CLASSIFIED INTO 4 PHYLA based on structure & method of

reproduction

FUNGI

COMMON MOLDS(ZYGOMYCOTA)

RHIZOPUSCLUB FUNGI

(BASIDIOMYCOTA

MUSHROOMS, PUFFBALLS)

SAC FUNGI(ASCOMYCOTA)

Morels Truffles

IMPERFECTFUNGI

(DEUTEROMYCOTA)

PENICILLIUMATHLETE’S FOOT

NO SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

INVERTEBRATE COMPARISONEXAMPLE SYMMETRY DIGESTION CIRCULATIO

NEXCRETION RESPIRATIO

N

PORIFERA SPONGES NONE FILTER FEEDER

NONE DIFFUSION DIFFUSION

CNIDARIANS HYDRA, JELLYFISH, CORAL

RADIAL GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY

NONE DIFFUSION “

PLATYHELMINTHES (FLATWORMS)

PLANARIA, TAPEWORM, FLUKE

BILATERAL MOUTH, PHARYNX, INTESTINE (1 OPENING)

NONE FLAME CELLS

“

NEMATODA (ROUNDWORMS)

ASCARIS, HOOKWORM, TRICHINA

BILATERAL 2 OPENING NONE FLAME CELLS

“

ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED WORMS)

LEECH, EARTHWORM

BILATERAL 2 OPENINGCROP, GIZZARD

CLOSED W/ AORTIC ARCHES

NEPHRIDIA “

MOLLUSKA (SOFT BODY)

BILATERAL OPEN (CLOSED IN OCTUPUS)

NEPHRIDIA GILLS

ARTHROPODA

SPIDER, INSECT, CRAYFISH

BILATERAL 2 OPENING, CROP/GIZZARD

OPEN MALPIGHIAN TUBULEGREEN GLAND

SPIRACLES AND TRACHEAL TUBESGILLS

VERTEBRATE COMPARISONFISH AMPHIBIANS REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS

EXAMPLES LAMPREY, SHARK, TROUT

FROG, TOAD, SALAMANDER

SNAKE, LIZARD, TURTLE ALLIGATOR

ROBIN, CROW, CHICKEN

HUMAN, CAT, WHALE

CHARACTERISTICS

SCALES, GILLS, FINS

LEGS, LUNGS, THIN SKIN

AMNIOTE EGG, SCALY SKIN

FEATJERS HAIR, MAMMARY GLANDS

BODY TEMP ECTOTHERMIC ECTOTHERMIC ECTOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC

HABITAT WATER WATER LAND LAND LAND LAND

# OF HEART CHAMBERS

2 3 3 ( 4 in Crocodilians)

4 4

CIRCULATION SINGLE-LOOP DOUBLE –LOOP

DOUBLE –LOOP

DOUBLE –LOOP

DOUBLE –LOOP

RESPIRATION GILLS GILLS LUNGS LUNGS LUNGS W/ AIR SACS

LUNGS

EXCRETION KIDNEYS KIDNEYS KIDNEYS KIDNEYS KIDNEYS

REPRODUCTION

EXTERNALOVIPAROUS

EXTERNAL OVIPAROUS

INTERNAL OVIPAROUS

INTERNAL OVIPAROUS

INTERNAL VIVIPAROUS

OTHER SWIM BLADDER, LATERAL LINE, OPERCULUM

NICTITATING MEMBRANETYMPANUMCLOACA

JACOBSON’S ORGAN, HEMOTOXIN, NEUROTOXIN

ARCHEOPTERYX

MONOTREMEMARSUPIALPLACENTAL

Organism

Populations Same Species in area

Communities all living things in an area

EcosystemsBiotic + Abiotic Factors

BiomesEcosystems with same climate

Biosphere All of Earth’s Biomes

ORGANIZATION OFTHE BIOSPHERE

Bass in pond

Bass + duckweed +Turtles + algae in pond

Sunlight,H2O,Fish, plants

Desert, ocean,rainforest

SUCCESSION IN A POND ECOSYSTEM-BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE PROCESS IS OCCURING-ORGANIZE THE PICTURES FROM THE 1ST TO LAST STEP IN THE PROCESS

-BRIEFLY EXPLAIN WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE DIAGRAM BELOW.-WHAT IS THE HARDWOOD FOREST

CALLED?

Succession - The changing of an ecosystem over time due to natural processes

DEFINITION EXAMPLE

Primary Succession

Occurs where there is no soil or life

Rock, volcanic islands; parking lots and sidewalks

Secondary Succession

Occurs in an area that has been disturbed and is returning to its natural community

fields becoming forests

CLIMAX COMMUNITY

A mature, stable ecosystem that will change very little contains a large amount of biodiversity (different species of organisms)

TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

BIOME TEMPERATURE

RAINFALL ORGANISMS LOCATION

TROPICAL RAINFOREST

WARM HIGH HIGHEST BIODIVERSITY-TREE DWELLING ANIMALS

NEAR EQUATOR

TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST

moderate moderate Trees that lose leaves, deer, bears, snakes

SOUTHEAST U.S. (WHERE WE LIVE)

TAIGA COLD MODERATEHIGH SNOWFALL

conifers and furry animals (Alaska and Canada)

SAVANNA LOW Zebras, giraffes, lions, small plants, a few trees

African equator HIGH

TUNDRA VERY COLD

LOW Polar bears, arctic foxes, seals, etc

PERMAFROST (frozen soil) PREVENTS GROWTH OF BIG TREES

POLAR REGIONS

DESERT HOT LOW RAINSHADOW

CACTI, BOBCAT, OWLS,LIZARDS & SNAKES

NORTHERN AFRICA (SAHARA)

TEMPERATE GRASSLAND

LOW Tall grasses, buffalo, prairie dogs

MID-WEST U.S. LOW

WHAT IS A BIOME?

BIOME CATEGORIES–Marine – saltwater; oceans–ESTUARY – BRACKISH WATER–Freshwater – rivers, lakes, streams

–Forests – enough rain for trees–Grasslands – not enough rain

for trees, mainly small plants

Species Relationships • Predation (+/-)

(1 chases & eats the other)

• Parasitism (+/-)(1 lives on the other)

• Commensalism (+/0) – 1 benefits, other not affected

• Mutualism (+/+)(both benefit)

• Competition (-/-)(Both fight for same resources)

Example of a Food Chain

Grass

Grasshoppers

Frog

Snake

Eagle Decomposers

Quaternary consumerTertiary consumerSecondary consumerPrimary consumerProducer

Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Decomposers:

Count the

Food Chains!

1ST TROPHICLEVEL

2ND TROPHIC LEVEL

3RD TROPHICLEVEL

4TH TROPHIC LEVEL

 

10,000 phytoplankton

 1000 insect larvae

 100 dragonflies

 10 trout

1 person

   

B. Energy Flow Pyramid• With each

transfer, some energy is lost to heat.

-Only 10% of the energy is transferred to the next

trophic level

CARBON CYCLE