Safety & Sanitation Principles Culinary Arts. Today in Class Review of last class Start Chapter 7.
Review from last class
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Transcript of Review from last class
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What is meant by the terms: 1. Linguistic competence 2. Linguistic performance What is grammar? What is grammar for? Is language possible without grammar? What is meant by the term: Prescriptivism? What is Descriptivism?
Review from last class
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Animal Languages(?)A linguistic analysis
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What can a dog communicate to you? Alertness Anger Depression/sadness Excitement Fear Friendliness
Happiness Hunger/thirst Immediate need Interest Playfulness Warning/threat Frustration
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Birdsong can, just like human language, be culturally transmitted, and geographical “dialects” are common (Wiener, 1986)
Birdsongs
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have a set of three distinct alarm calls, used for three different predators (snakes, leopards, and eagles)
Not iconic: don’t represent imitation of the predator sound.
Vervet Monkeys
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Karl von Frisch (1920) Reporting of food sources through dancing Quality, distance, direction “round dance” for 50m radius “tail wagging” for more than 50m
Honey Bees
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Can animals be taught how to communicate with human-like language?
Teaching animals language
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Able to memorize words and learn phrases Able to comprehend (limited) and respond
to commands Able to communicate using
elements of human language Can parrots really “talk”?
Talking parrots
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Early studies with chimpanzees –mixed results
Bonobos more adept at language learning than common chimps
Parallels to language learning of human infants: ◦ early exposure to language vital◦ formal teaching is not necessary
Kanzi the Bonobo
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Similarities to Humans Language device: Noam Chomsky
Kanzi & Humans
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Design feature 1:Semanticity: In human language the elements of the message have specific and fixed relation to real-world situations.A message must be understood in the same way by different receivers.
Design feature 2:Arbitrariness: there is no logical connection between the form of the signal and its meaning.
Design features of human language
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Design feature 3: Discreteness: Human language uses a small set of discrete contrastive elements.
Design feature 4:Displacement/freedom from stimulus: In human language it is possible to talk about events remote in time and place.
Design features of human language
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Design feature 5: Productivity: In human language, new messages can be produced from the elements of familiar messages; there is no fixed set of possible messages
Design feature 6: Cultural transmission: the conventions of a language are learned by interacting with more experienced users.
Design features of human language
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Design feature 7: Dual articulation/duality of patterning: In human language, sounds can go together to make up words, words can go together to make up sentences. (In sign language, there is something similar.
Design feature 8: Prevarication: linguistic messages can be false, deceptive, or meaningless.
Design features of human language
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Design feature 9: Reflexiveness: In a language, one can communicate about communication.
Design feature 10: Learnability: A speaker of a language can learn another language.
Design features of human language
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In groups of 4, talk about the individual animals, fill out the form and discuss whether you think any of them is capable of learning/using language in the human sense.
Which of Hockett’s design features are only found in human language?
Exercise
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Feature Bird-song Vervet Monkeys
Honey bee
‘Talking’ Parrots
Signing Apes
Semanticity
Displacement/freedom from stimulus
Productivity
Dual articulation/duality of patterning
Discreteness
Arbitrariness
Tradition
Learn ability
Reflectiveness
Prevarication
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There is a difference between communicating and the ability to use language.
Animals may be able to use/learn certain aspects of human language but only in a very limited way.
While some animals show trait marks of Hockett’s design features, none of them satisfies all criteria.
Conclusion