REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 3 TEST
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Transcript of REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 3 TEST
REVIEW FOR THE
UNIT 3 TEST
IslamKingdoms of Africa
GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA
DESERTS
MOUNTAINSRAIN
FORESTS
Africa’s geography is very diverse, containing mountain ranges, scorching deserts, rain forests,
river valleys, open plains, and jungles
GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA
The Sahara is the world’s largest desert
and acted as a barrier to separate North Africa
from sub-Saharan Africa
EARLY SOCIETIES OF AFRICA
However, African societies south of the Sahara were isolated
from the cultural diffusion of the
Classical Era
As a result, these sub-Saharan societies missed out on the great innovations of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman cultures
Characteristics of Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africans were polytheistic and worshipped many gods
Characteristics of Sub-Saharan Africa
They practiced Animism: a religion in which spirits exist in nature and play a role in daily life
THE BANTU MIGRATION Over the course of 4,000 years, Bantu peoples of central Africa migrated
south in search of farmland
These Bantu migrations helped spread new farming and ironworking techniques
EAST AFRICA The mix of African and Arab cultures led to the
development of a new language: Swahili
East African towns had mosques (Muslim places
of worship) and were ruled by Muslim sultans
However, many Africans chose to keep their
traditional Animistic beliefs
WEST AFRICA: GOLD-SALT TRADE
The societies of West Africa were shaped by trade with North Africa
West Africa had large deposits of gold, but no salt North Africa had
large deposits of salt, but no gold
WEST AFRICA: GOLD-SALT TRADE
The lack of gold in the North and the lack of salt in the West resulted in the Trans-Saharan trade network
WEST AFRICA AND ISLAM Islam was introduced to West Africa and slowly
gained converts (people who switch their beliefs
to a new religion)
Many West Africans either blended Islam
with Animism or never converted
SYNCRETISM: the blending of religious
beliefs
WEST AFRICA: GHANA The gold-salt trade led to
increased wealth in West Africa and the
formation of empires
A West African kingdom, Ghana, amassed vast
wealth by taxing merchants
Ghana became an empire when it used that wealth to build a massive army and
conquer neighboring people
WEST AFRICA: MALI
A kingdom neighboring Ghana, Mali, eventually overthrew Ghana and
absorbed its territory into the new Mali Empire
Mali’s King Sundiata took over the Ghana Empire
and controlled the major trade cities of West Africa
WEST AFRICA: MALI
King Sundiata created an
efficient government
that controlled trade and promoted farming
WEST AFRICA: MALI
The kings of Mali who ruled after Sundiata converted to Islam
The most important of these Muslim kings of Mali
was Mansa Musa
MANSA MUSA’S INFLUENCE
Mansa Musa was a devout Muslim and went on a hajj to
Mecca in 1324Mansa Musa passed out gold nuggets to the people
he met along the way of his long trip
University in Timbuktu
Timbuktu became a trade city that attracted
scholars, religious leaders, and doctors
The city had a university and became an important center of learning in the world
CONCLUSIONS
African societies were transformed by two powerful forces:
Trade with outsiders
Introduction of Islam
Today, Islam is the world’s fastest growing religion; it has more than 1
billion followers throughout the world (second only to
Christianity)
Overview of Islam
Arabia, the Birthplace of Islam The Arabian Peninsula is a desert
region with little fertile soil or
farming
Most Arabs lived in desert tribes
which were centered around
families and were ruled by
clans
Overview of Islam
Around the year 600 CE, a new monotheistic religion called Islam began on the
Arabian peninsula
This new faith was founded by the Prophet Muhammad
His followers, called Muslims, spread Islam
throughout the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Europe
The Ka’aba (“The Cube”) was a 43 foot high cube structure that held statues of hundreds of gods
Mecca was also a religious city
Muhammad and IslamHe began preaching a new monotheistic religion that worshipped the same God as the God of the Jews and
Christians, but in a different way
This religion Muhammad originated was called Islam, which means “submission to the will of God”
Basic Ideas of Islam
MUSLIM SYMBOL FOR “ALLAH”
Followers of Islam are called Muslims, which means “one who has
submitted to God”
Muslims believe in the “one true God” (same as Jews and Christians)
and call God “Allah”
Basic Ideas of Islam
Muslims believe that Muhammad was the last of God’s prophets, so his word is final and unchangeable
The words and teachings of Muhammad are recorded in the Qur’an (or Koran), the
sacred book of Islam
The Hijrah
Some Meccans violently attacked Muhammad
and his followers
After several years of attacks, Muhammad and his followers fled
Mecca and went to the city of Medina
This migration of the Muslims to Medina was
called the Hijrah
BELIEFS OF ISLAM
Because the Muslims respect parts of the
Bible and Torah, they consider Christians
and Jews “People of the Book”
BELIEFS OF ISLAM
Islam is monotheistic,
worshipping only one God (the same God of Judaism and Christianity)
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: SHAHADAH
The First Pillar is called shahadah, or “profession of faith”, in which Muslims declare their belief in one God and in Muhammad’s role as the final prophet
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: SHAHADAH
“There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God”
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: SALAT
The Second Pillar is Salat, which means “daily ritual prayer”;
prayer must be done five times per day (dawn, noon, midday,
sunset, and at night)
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: SALAT
Wherever they are in the world, Muslims face in the direction of Mecca when they pray
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: ZAKATThe Third Pillar is “zakat”,
which means “alms-giving”; this is giving money to the poor
Muslims believe sharing wealth makes it pure and
helps control greed
Zakat is similar to the charitable donations
made by Jews and Christians to support
their communities
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: ZAKATAccording to Islam, Muslims must donate one-fortieth (or 2.5%) of their income with their poorer neighbors
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: SIYAM The Fourth Pillar is Siyam, or fasting
(going without food)
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: SIYAM Muslims fast during the month
of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim calendar
Ramadan honors the month Gabriel revealed God’s message
to Muhammad
Muslims go without food or drink from sunrise to sunset,
then attend special prayer sessions at mosques
Fasting teaches them self-control and reminds them of what it
would be like to be poor
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: HAJJ
The Fifth Pillar is “hajj”, which is a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca; every 12 months in the Islamic calendar, millions of Muslims gather at Mecca
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: HAJJ
All adult Muslims who are able to are expected to make the hajj once in their lifetime
JIHAD
Muhammad declared that fighting with
enemies was “lesser jihad”, while the battle to control oneself was
the “greater jihad”
“Jihad” means “to struggle”
SHARI’A LAW
Shari’a law encourages some behaviors, while forbidding others, such as eating pork, drinking
alcohol, or gambling
Shari’a also commands women to “not show
their beauty”, so many Muslim women cover
themselves to one degree or another
Islamic law is shari’a, or “path to be followed”
Islam After MuhammadWhen Muhammad
died in 632, the Muslim community
elected a new leader called a
caliph (successor)The first four caliphs all knew Muhammad and promised to stay
true to the Qu’ran and Muhammad’s message
They became known as the “Rightly Guided Caliphs”
The Sunni-Shi’a SplitBefore the Umayyads, caliphs were
elected members of Muhammad’s familyShi’a Muslims
rejected the rule of the Umayyads
The Shi’a believe that caliphs must
come directly from Muhammad’s
bloodline
Sunni Muslims accepted the rule of
the UmayyadsThe Sunni believe
that caliphs should follow Muhammad’s example, but do not have to be relatives
In 750, the Umayyad Empire was overthrown by the Abbasids
Under the Abbasids, the Islamic Empire grew to its greatest
extent
The Abbasid EmpireWealth from trade led to a
“golden age”, a time of great
Muslim achievements
in science, mathematics, medicine, and architecture
Islamic AchievementsMuslims during the
Islamic Empire developed innovations that are still
used today
The lands and people of the Islamic Empire were
diverse, rich, and creative; Greeks, Chinese, Hindus,
Arabs, Persians, Turks and others all contributed to the culture of the Islamic
Empire
City Building and ArchitectureThe city of Baghdad was the
Abbasids’ capital and one of the most glorious cities in the world
It took 100,000 workers and architects four years to build Baghdad
Science and TechnologyMuslim scholars made great advances in astronomy,
improving upon Greek ideas
For example, compasses and astrolabes (a device that
positions objects in the sky to
figure out one’s location) could be used to find the direction to
MeccaTHE ASTROLABE: AN EARLY VERSION OF A GPS SYSTEM
Geography and Navigation
Travelers, like Ibn Battuta, recorded
information (and in Ibn’s case, wrote a book) about their
journeys to the Muslim lands and
beyond
MathematicsMuslims based their work in math in part on the
ideas from India and Classical Greece
One scholar, Al-Khwarizmi, is called the “father of algebra”, which is used to solve problems with unknown numbers
The Arts
Muslims developed a type of art known as “arabesque”; it
used ornate drawings and
geometric patterns to
decorate objects and books
RecreationFun and recreation were also part of the Islamic cultureThe sport of polo was borrowed from the Persians and made popular by the Muslims; teams on horseback use
wooden mallets to strike a ball through a goal
RecreationChess was invented in India and borrowed by the Persians, but this board game (which requires much thought, smarts, & skill to play well) was spread across Muslim territory and introduced to Europe
City Building and Architecture
Mosques usually had towers, courtyards, and prayer rooms; the designs reflected the diversity of the Empire
Medicine
Muslims established the
world’s first hospitals and based their
medical knowledge on
that of Mesopotamia,
Egypt, and Greece
Doctors treated ailments through drugs, diet, and exercise; they also used stitches after performing surgeries
UNIT 3 REVIEW COMPLETE
YOU ARE NOW READY FOR THE TEST ON ISLAM AND THE
KINGDOMS OF AFRICA