Review for Final Review for Final •Instructional ObjectiveInstructional Objective•Recall all the vocabulary from Chemistry Recall all the vocabulary from Chemistry Sections.Sections.

•Home workHome work•Study for Final exam Finish magnetism study Study for Final exam Finish magnetism study guideguide

Scientific MethodScientific Method  1.1. Identify the problem Identify the problem

2. Research the problem2. Research the problem

3. Form a hypothesis3. Form a hypothesis

  4. Test the hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis (experiment)(experiment)

5. Observe and record results5. Observe and record results

6. Arrive at a conclusion6. Arrive at a conclusion

  

Mass, Length, and VolumeMass, Length, and Volume  

Kilo (k) - hecto (h) - deca (da) - base unit - deci (d) - centi (c) -milli Kilo (k) - hecto (h) - deca (da) - base unit - deci (d) - centi (c) -milli (m)(m)

1000 100 10 gram 1000 100 10 gram (g) .1 .01 .001(g) .1 .01 .001

meter (m)meter (m)

101033 10 102 2 10 101 1 liter (L) 10 liter (L) 10-1 -1 10 10-2-2 10 10-3-3

  

Properties of MatterProperties of Matter  Matter has mass and takes up

space Exists in one of four states:Solid - definite shape and volumeLiquid -no definite shape but a definite volumeGas – No definite shape or volumePlasma - consists of positively and negatively charged particles (high temp and pressure)

 physical property - can be observed with the senses and can be determined without changing the object:

~ color, length, state, mass, shape chemical property - how it reacts with another substance.

~ flammability, combustibilityphysical change - change in physical appearance

~ crush a soda canchemical change - change in chemical make-up

~ rusting 

The Flow ChartThe Flow Chart  

Atoms Atoms    Atom: smallest amount of Atom: smallest amount of

an element that has all the an element that has all the characteristics of that characteristics of that element. element.

Nucleus contains the Nucleus contains the protons (+) and neutrons protons (+) and neutrons (neutral).(neutral).

The nucleus is orbited The nucleus is orbited by particles called by particles called electrons (-).electrons (-).

A maximum of 2e- on the A maximum of 2e- on the first shell, 8 on the 2nd first shell, 8 on the 2nd and 3rd.and 3rd.

    

Masses of atomsMasses of atoms  

Mass # = pMass # = p++ + n + n0 0 1 p1 p++ = 1 amu, 1 n = 1 amu, 1 n00 = 1 amu = 1 amu Atomic number = number of protons in an Atomic number = number of protons in an

atomatom

Atomic number =Total number of protons Atomic number =Total number of protons 

  

Periodic TablePeriodic Table   - first accepted version of the periodic table = Dmitri - first accepted version of the periodic table = Dmitri

MendeleevMendeleev - modern version is organized by increasing atomic - modern version is organized by increasing atomic

numbernumber Periods: Periods: horizontal rows horizontal rows →→ equal to # of energy equal to # of energy

levelslevels Groups/ Families: Groups/ Families: columns columns →→ equal to # of valence equal to # of valence

e- e-    MetalsMetals: left of metalloids (stair step / zig-zag): left of metalloids (stair step / zig-zag)

~ solid at room temperature, shiny, malleable, ductile~ solid at room temperature, shiny, malleable, ductile NonmetalsNonmetals: right of metalloids: right of metalloids

~ gas at room temperature or brittle solids~ gas at room temperature or brittle solids Metalloids:Metalloids: found along stair step; have properties of found along stair step; have properties of

both metals and nonmetalsboth metals and nonmetals    

ElementsElements   Element: a pure substance that is made Element: a pure substance that is made

up of only one kind of atom and cannot be up of only one kind of atom and cannot be broken down into other substances. broken down into other substances. Electrically neutral.Electrically neutral.

Atomic # - 6Atomic # - 6 Symbol - CSymbol - C Name - CarbonName - Carbon Average atomic mass -12.01Average atomic mass -12.01

Ions and IsotopesIons and Isotopes   Ions = when an atom loses or gains electronsIons = when an atom loses or gains electrons ~ loses electrons = positive charge~ loses electrons = positive charge Ex. NaEx. Na1+1+, Ca , Ca 2+ ,2+ ,Al Al 3+3+ ~ gains electrons = negative charge~ gains electrons = negative charge

Ex. ClEx. Cl1-1-, O, O2-2-, N , N 3-3-

   Isotope = atoms of the same element but a different # of Isotope = atoms of the same element but a different # of

neutronsneutronsC-12 = 6 protons, 6 neutrons C-12 = 6 protons, 6 neutrons

C-14 = 6 protons, 8 neutronsC-14 = 6 protons, 8 neutrons  

Compounds: Ionic and CovalentCompounds: Ionic and Covalent   CompoundCompound: 2 or more elements chemically : 2 or more elements chemically

combinedcombined IonicIonic: when there is a give and take of electrons: when there is a give and take of electrons

~ happens between a metal (gives e-) and ~ happens between a metal (gives e-) and nonmetals (take e-)nonmetals (take e-)

~ produce ions, strong bond, high m.p ~ produce ions, strong bond, high m.p

Ex. NaCl, CaFEx. NaCl, CaF22, Al, Al22OO33

Covalent: Covalent: when the electrons are sharedwhen the electrons are shared

~ happens between two nonmetals~ happens between two nonmetals

~ produce molecules, weak bond, low m.p. ~ produce molecules, weak bond, low m.p. Ex. HEx. H22O, COO, CO2(Use the prefix to name the compound)2(Use the prefix to name the compound)

Balancing Chemical EquationsBalancing Chemical Equations   Law of Conservation of Mass: mass Law of Conservation of Mass: mass

cannot be created nor destroyed. cannot be created nor destroyed. Total mass on the right must equal Total mass on the right must equal mass on the left.mass on the left.

Ex. HEx. H22 + O + O2 2 →→ H H22O O

should be: 2Hshould be: 2H22 + O + O2 2 →→ 2H 2H22O O

Reactants Products Reactants Products

Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions   Synthesis: 4Al + 3OSynthesis: 4Al + 3O22 →→ 2A1 2A122OO33

Decomposition: 2NaCl Decomposition: 2NaCl →→ 2Na + C1 2Na + C122

Single Displacement: CaC1Single Displacement: CaC122 + F + F22 →→ CaF CaF22 + C1 + C122

Double Displacement: NaCl +BeFDouble Displacement: NaCl +BeF22 →→ NaF + NaF +

BeClBeCl22

Exothermic: heat is released during chemical Exothermic: heat is released during chemical reactionreaction

Endothermic: heat is brought in during chemical Endothermic: heat is brought in during chemical reactionreaction

Acids, Bases, pH Scale, and Salts.Acids, Bases, pH Scale, and Salts.

   Acid: Acid: produce H+ ions,- turns blue litmus red, sour taste produce H+ ions,- turns blue litmus red, sour taste Ex. Ex. HClHCl

Base:Base: produce OH- ions, turns red litmus blue, bitter taste produce OH- ions, turns red litmus blue, bitter taste Ex Ex NaOHNaOH

pH scale:pH scale:

________________________________________________________________________________1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 [[77]] 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Strong acid neutral (pure HStrong acid neutral (pure H22O) Strong baseO) Strong base

Neutralization reactionNeutralization reaction - acid + base - acid + base →→salt plus watersalt plus water

Ex. HCl + NaOH NaCl + HEx. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H22OO

SolutionsSolutions  

SolutionSolution:: a mixture that appears to have the same a mixture that appears to have the same composition, color, density, and taste throughoutcomposition, color, density, and taste throughout

SoluteSolute: : the substance being dissolvedthe substance being dissolved SolventSolvent: : the substance doing the dissolving (Hthe substance doing the dissolving (H22O = O =

universal)universal) SolubilitySolubility: : the maximum amount of solute that can be the maximum amount of solute that can be

dissolved into the solvent at a given temperaturedissolved into the solvent at a given temperature UnsaturatedUnsaturated: : solution can hold more solutesolution can hold more solute SaturatedSaturated: : solution contains all the solute it cansolution contains all the solute it can SupersaturatedSupersaturated: : solution contains more solute than solution contains more solute than

normalnormal 4 ways to increase dissolving rate:4 ways to increase dissolving rate: 1. stir the solution 3. heat the solution 1. stir the solution 3. heat the solution 2. increase pressure 4. make particle size smaller 2. increase pressure 4. make particle size smaller

(grind the solution )(grind the solution )  

Motion and ForcesMotion and Forces   Speed: Speed: rate of change of positionrate of change of position Velocity: Velocity: speed plus directionspeed plus direction Acceleration: Acceleration: rate of change of velocityrate of change of velocity ~3 ways to accelerate: speed up, slow down, change ~3 ways to accelerate: speed up, slow down, change

directiondirection Newton’s Laws of MotionNewton’s Laws of Motion:: 1st = an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in 1st = an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in

motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by an motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside forceoutside force

2nd = when a force acts upon a mass it will accelerate2nd = when a force acts upon a mass it will accelerate 3rd = every action has an equal and opposite reaction.3rd = every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Force = push or pull on an object (measured in Force = push or pull on an object (measured in

Newtons - N)Newtons - N)

Nuclear ReactionsNuclear Reactions  

Nuclear energy: Nuclear energy: convert a fraction of the mass convert a fraction of the mass of interacting particles into energy and releases of interacting particles into energy and releases a great amount of radiationa great amount of radiation

Fusion: Fusion: the process of combining two nuclei the process of combining two nuclei with low masses with low masses ~ require high temp and pressure (Sun) - He ~ require high temp and pressure (Sun) - He

Fission: Fission: the process of splitting a large the process of splitting a large nucleinuclei~ take place in nuclear reactors - U -235~ take place in nuclear reactors - U -235

Energy and WorkEnergy and Work   Energy:Energy: the ability to do work the ability to do work Ex - mechanical, chemical, electrical, thermal, light, Ex - mechanical, chemical, electrical, thermal, light,

soundsound

KineticKinetic: energy in the form of motion: energy in the form of motion PotentialPotential: stored energy due to position: stored energy due to position (gravitational, chemical, elastic)(gravitational, chemical, elastic)

Work: Work: when a force is applied to an object and the object when a force is applied to an object and the object moves in the direction of the applied force.moves in the direction of the applied force.

~ When work is done on an object, energy is transferred to ~ When work is done on an object, energy is transferred to that object that object

ElectricityElectricity  

StaticStatic: electricity generated when more of one type of charge is on an : electricity generated when more of one type of charge is on an object; typically the abundance of electrons. object; typically the abundance of electrons.

~ Objects acquire a static charge through the following 3 ways~ Objects acquire a static charge through the following 3 ways FrictionFriction: If you rub one against another, sometimes electrons leave one : If you rub one against another, sometimes electrons leave one

object object InductionInduction:Objects can be charged by bringing a charged object near a :Objects can be charged by bringing a charged object near a

neutral object. neutral object. ConductionConduction: e- can be transferred from one object to another by touching. : e- can be transferred from one object to another by touching.

~ like charges repel / unlike charges attract~ like charges repel / unlike charges attract Current Current the flow of electrons (amps) the flow of electrons (amps) Voltage: Voltage: electrical force (volts)electrical force (volts) Resistance: Resistance: opposition to flow of electrons (ohms)opposition to flow of electrons (ohms)

Circuit: Circuit: closed conducting loop through which current can flowclosed conducting loop through which current can flow SeriesSeries: only one path : only one path parallel: parallel: more than one independent more than one independent

pathpath

A and B = onA and B = on C = off C = off Electromagnet: Electromagnet: temporary magnet made by looping a current carrying temporary magnet made by looping a current carrying

wire around a piece of iron wire around a piece of iron ~ the strength of an electromagnet can be increase by increasing the ~ the strength of an electromagnet can be increase by increasing the

voltage or increasing the number of loops of wire. voltage or increasing the number of loops of wire.

WavesWaves

   WaveWave: carry energy from one place to : carry energy from one place to

another without transferring massanother without transferring mass FrequencyFrequency: : # of waves that pass a # of waves that pass a

fixed point per secondfixed point per second WavelengthWavelength: 1 complete crest and 1 : 1 complete crest and 1

complete trough.complete trough.

ReflectionReflection: bouncing of a wave off an : bouncing of a wave off an objectobject

InterferenceInterference: 2 or more waves combine: 2 or more waves combine RefractionRefraction: bending of wave caused by : bending of wave caused by

change of wave speedchange of wave speed DiffractionDiffraction: bending of waves around : bending of waves around

an objectan object

Electromagnetic spectrumElectromagnetic spectrum::

the density of rubbing the density of rubbing alcohol?alcohol?

a. 1.0 a. 1.0 g/mlg/ml

b. . 79 b. . 79 g/mlg/ml

c.1.43 c.1.43 g/mlg/ml

d. 1.34 d. 1.34 g/mlg/ml

correctly describes what the drawings correctly describes what the drawings to the right are intended to represent?to the right are intended to represent?

Phase Change of Unknown Compound

-100

102030405060708090

100110120

0 5 10 15 20 25

Time (minutes)

Te

mp

era

ture

(C

)

a crystal lattice a crystal lattice

polymer polymer

which of the following will which of the following will dissolve the fastest?dissolve the fastest?

which element?which element?

Ionic BondIonic Bond

a covalent bond a covalent bond

III. CLASSIFYING THE 4 III. CLASSIFYING THE 4 TYPESTYPES

1.1. SynthesisSynthesisA + B A + B AB AB

2.2. DecompositionDecompositionAB AB A + B A + B

3.3. Single DisplacementSingle DisplacementAB + C AB + C CB + A CB + A

4.4. Double DisplacementDouble DisplacementAB + CD AB + CD AD + CB AD + CB

Arrangements of the Arrangements of the Elements:Elements:

Alkali metals:(Group IA) or Group 1Alkali metals:(Group IA) or Group 1 Alkaline earth metals :(Group 2A)or Alkaline earth metals :(Group 2A)or

Group 2Group 2 Halogens : (Group 7A)or Group 17Halogens : (Group 7A)or Group 17 Noble gases : (Group 8A)or Noble gases : (Group 8A)or

Group18Group18 Metals (Most of the elements are Metals (Most of the elements are

metals)metals)

VoltageVoltage

Energy available to move the electric Energy available to move the electric currentcurrent

Measured in Volts. (Units)Measured in Volts. (Units) Measured with a VoltmeterMeasured with a Voltmeter

CurrentCurrent

Depends on the number of charges Depends on the number of charges following through a wire.following through a wire.

Unit for current is Ampere or ampUnit for current is Ampere or amp Measured Measured usingusing a device called a device called

ammeter.ammeter.

Resistance Resistance depends on length, diameter, material, and depends on length, diameter, material, and

temperaturetemperature Measured in ohmsMeasured in ohms Length –The longer a wire is, the more resistance it hasLength –The longer a wire is, the more resistance it has

Diameter– The thinner a wire, the more resistance it has.Diameter– The thinner a wire, the more resistance it has.

Material – Wires made of poor conductors have more Material – Wires made of poor conductors have more resistance than the wire made of good conductorsresistance than the wire made of good conductors

Temperature– As a wire gets hotter,its resistance increases Temperature– As a wire gets hotter,its resistance increases

interpreting diagramsinterpreting diagrams using the terms using the terms

source, load, switch,source, load, switch, and and wirewire

interpreting diagramsinterpreting diagrams using the terms using the terms

source, load, switch,source, load, switch, and and wirewire

interpreting diagramsinterpreting diagrams using the terms using the terms

source, load, switch,source, load, switch, and and wirewire

Conduction, Convection and Conduction, Convection and RadiationRadiation

Conduction:Conduction:

--Heat transfer in solidsHeat transfer in solids Convection:Convection:

- Heat transfer in gases and liquids- Heat transfer in gases and liquids

Radiation:Radiation:

-Heat from Sun-Heat from Sun

Conduction;Conduction; Heat is being Heat is being transferred between two transferred between two solids. solids.

Convection;Convection; Heat is being carried Heat is being carried through a gas in currents around through a gas in currents around the room.the room.

. . Conduction;Conduction; Heat is being transmitted between Heat is being transmitted between the solid burner and the bottom of the solid burner and the bottom of

the pan.the pan.

Radiation; Energy is being Radiation; Energy is being transferred through space. transferred through space.

Radiation;Radiation; Energy from the Sun is Energy from the Sun is being transferred through space being transferred through space

toward Earth.toward Earth.

Conduction;Conduction; Heat is being Heat is being transferred between two transferred between two solids. solids.

Convection;Convection; Heat is moving Heat is moving in currents through the in currents through the fluid. fluid.

Radiation;Radiation; Heat is being Heat is being transferred by waves through transferred by waves through space.space.

Evaporation Evaporation BoilingBoiling

1.What is the source of energy that provides the heat in this system? the Sun

2.In what form is this energy before it is converted into heat? light

3.Observe the device labeled solar collector. What method of heat transfer is at work in this device? radiation 4.To what is the heat in the solar collector transferred? to water, which is then circulated throughout the home

5.What type of heat transfer is this?  conduction

6.Where in the diagram do you see heat transfer by convection? where heat from the heated water is forced up into the home through vents 7.What forms of heat transfer are used in a solar heating system?

radiation, conduction, and convection

IV. INTERFERENCEIV. INTERFERENCE

Nuclear radiation: Nuclear radiation: is charge is charge dparticles and energy that are emitted dparticles and energy that are emitted from the nuclei of radioisotopesfrom the nuclei of radioisotopes

Three types of nuclear radiationThree types of nuclear radiation

Alpha decayAlpha decay: : When emits Alpha particles(Positively When emits Alpha particles(Positively charged particles)charged particles)

Beta decayBeta decay: : When releases beta charged When releases beta charged particles(negatively particles)particles(negatively particles)

Gamma decayGamma decay: : is a penetrating ray of energy is a penetrating ray of energy released by an unstable nucleus.released by an unstable nucleus.

I. Nuclear FissionI. Nuclear FissionA.A. The process of The process of splittingsplitting a nucleus into two nuclei a nucleus into two nuclei

with smaller masseswith smaller masses

B.B. Chain reaction = ongoing series of fission reactionsChain reaction = ongoing series of fission reactions

C.C. Where does the energy come from? (reaction on Where does the energy come from? (reaction on board)board)