Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

21
Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

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Transcript of Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Page 1: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Review for EUH3931From late 19th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Page 2: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Readings:

• J.A. Grenville, A History of the World:- Chapter 1. (Especially sections relating to European

powers)Chapter 2. Chapter 3. • Overfield, Sources of Global …Chapters 1-3.• Internet (Wikipedia…)

Page 3: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Intellectual/Cultural themes of the 19th century:

Positivism – Auguste Comte, Herbert SpencerLiberalism – Modern nation-statesConservatism – Edmund Burke, Benjamin

Disraeli, Joseph de MaistreMarxism – Karl Marx/F. Engels, K. Kautsky, R.

Luxemburg, V.I. LeninSocialism – E. Bernstein, A. BebelAnarchism – M. Bakunin, P. Kropotkin

Page 4: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

19th Century Background

Social Darwinism – H. Spencer, T.H. Huxley, A. Gobineau

Nationalism – Nation-States, Militant forms in late 19th century tied to imperialism/jingoism

Imperialism: Africa and Asia (Germany, France, Gt. Britain, Belgium, Italy)

Page 5: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Age of Imperialism, 1880-1914

• Why were Europeans in favor of imperialism?

• Commerce, Civilization, Christianity

• Major imperial powers (Gt. Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan)

• Imperialism of Russia and Austria-Hungary

Page 6: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

World Outside of Europe

• United States (Industrialization and Growth, Major wars/treaties, Imperialism)

• Japan – Modernization (Meiji restoration), Open door to west after 1868. Imperialism in Asia (Korea, China, etc.)

• China – Isolationism during Manchu or Quing dynasty, Imperial intervention in 19th century, conflicts with outsiders (Japan in 1895 and Boxer Rebellion in 1900).

Page 7: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Nationalism and Imperialism in Japan

• How do we account for Japan's imperialistic actions between 1894 and 1905? The following points help to explain this phenomenon:

1.Japan's deep concerns for national security, 2.Its emulation of the imperialistic behaviors of

Western powers, and 3.Japanese national ideals and personal

characteristics.

Page 8: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Early stages of modern Japanese imperialism

• Japan forcefully acquired three major foreign territories between 1894 and 1910:

• Taiwan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5

• Korea as a protectorate in 1905 after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5, then as a colony when unilaterally annexed by Japan in 1910

• Kwantung Leased Territories in 1905 in southern Manchuria when Japan succeeded to Russia's leases after the Russo-Japanese War.

Page 9: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Modern China

• China in Search of Unity, 1900-1911

Page 10: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

China in 20th century

• Rule of Ch’ing/ Manchu Dynasty, 1648-1911)• Impact of the West and Japan (traditional

China vs. modern China)• 1895 – War with Japan (Korea)• 1900 – Boxer Rebellion• 1911 – Sun Yat-sen overthrows Ch’ing rulers

and establishes a republic.• 1912 – Kuomintang formed.

Page 11: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Background to WWI

• Great Powers and their relative position to one another: Germany, Italy, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.

• Alliances of Great Powers: Dual Alliance(1894), Triple Alliance (1879,1882), Entente Cordiale (1904,1907).

Page 12: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

How war came…

• Causes of WWI: Diplomatic ties; militant nationalism; imperial tensions (Morocco 1905, 1911, Bosnia, 1908, Balkan Wars, 1912-1913).

• Outbreak of war? Assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June, 1914. Austria challenges Serbia with an ultimatum and then declares war.

• Schlieffen Plan, 1905 (Role in starting war?_)

Page 13: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

First World War, 1914-1918

How did war start?

What was war about?

What kind of war was it? (Stalemate/trench warfare, Total War, etc.)

Role of propaganda

Role of Home Front

Page 14: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

First World War

What were the major turning points of the war:

1914 – Battle of Marne

1915 -- Unrestricted submarine warfare, Gallipoli

1916 -- Verdun, Somme

1917 -- Russia leaves the war US joins it.

Page 15: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

End of War

1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, German Spring offensive.

Who won the war? Why did they win?

Expectations of victors? Punish Germany, establish a “new” Europe based on Wilson’s 14 points (issued in January, 1918).

Page 16: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Russian Revolutions, 1917

Russia during WWI and in the post-war era:

Political/Social Background:

Types of political parties on the left: Marxists (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, SRs, Anarchists)

Page 17: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Russian Revolutions, 1917-

Russian Revolution of March, 1917 – Provisional Government est., Soviets share power with new PG.

October, 1917 – Storming of the Winter Palace, beginning of Bolshevik-led revolution

Revolution and Civil War, 1918-1921

Opposing sides: Reds (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, SRs, Anarchists) vs. Whites (monarchists, military, liberals, traditionalists)

Page 18: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Reasons for Bolshevik victory?

Party organization – “What is to be done?”

Cheka – created 1917

Propaganda (Agit-prop) -- Posters, lectures, etc.

Revolutionary Utopia: Winning over the people: ending the war, promising a new world…

Leadership (Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin).

Red Army -- Trotsky

Page 19: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Fate of Great Power system

• End of European empires: Russian, German, Ottoman, Austrian-Hungarian

• Great Power system shattered

Page 20: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Aftermath of war, 1919-

• Significance of Paris Peace Conference, 1919-1920 (winners and losers, League of Nations, treaties, etc.)

• New Europe? What did it look like? What had changed? (Borders, new countries, new political systems, continuation of “old” politics…)

Page 21: Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

Models for rule/economics

• Liberalism in the “New Europe” after 1919

• Communism (Russian Revolution/Civil War, 1917-1921)

• Fascism (1919-) – Italy, Germany, Portugal, etc.

• Authoritarianism – Poland, Hungary, etc.


Late 19 th Century Funerals

Late 19 th Century Funerals

Late 19th Century America

Late 19th Century America

Chapter 15 Part 2 Wars of Religion. France By late 15 th Century: By late 15 th Century: Galician Church…

Chapter 15 Part 2 Wars of Religion. France By late 15 th Century: By late 15 th Century: Galician Church…

Gospels (Created Late 9th Century)

Gospels (Created Late 9th Century)

The belgian congo THE BELGIAN CONGO The Late 19 th Century The Early 20 th Century The Late 19 th Century The Early 20 th Century.

The belgian congo THE BELGIAN CONGO The Late 19 th Century The Early 20 th Century The Late 19 th Century The Early 20 th Century.

National Park Service - North Carolina · LATE VICTORIAN/Queen Anne LATE VICTORIAN/Italianate LATE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY REVIVALS/Colonial Revival LATE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY AMERICAN

National Park Service - North Carolina · LATE VICTORIAN/Queen Anne LATE VICTORIAN/Italianate LATE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY REVIVALS/Colonial Revival LATE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY AMERICAN

The Late Seventeenth Century

The Late Seventeenth Century

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1·---··--,------;-. I 1 Late Eighteenth Century Artefacts …nswaol.library.usyd.edu.au/data/pdfs/16189_ID_VarmanND...1 Late Eighteenth Century Artefacts from ·• • I .. ·

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