Review Food and Agriculture Test 1 The agricultural revolution is characterized by the domestication of plants and animals. When did the agricultural revolution take place? (How many thousands of years ago?) 2 Since 1950, most of the increase in global food production has come from increased yields per unit of area of cropland in a process called the __________ ___________. Was/is this process considered environmentally friendly? Did it include increased use of organic methods of farming??? 3 The world currently produces enough food to feed the worlds population. (What is the current population? But if this is the case, why are millions of people suffering from malnutrition or under nutrition all over the world? 4 Just three grain crops provide more than half the calories people consume. What are the three? (Take a guess and then use the next slide to figure it out). (from #4) And SOY is also being mass produced in order to put it in food products and cattle feed. 5 Overfishing, overgrazing, and pollution of free access resources such as soil, air, and water are examples of what phenomenon? How does overgrazing affect a grassland? 6 Americans throw away a LOT of food. Most of it goes into landfills. What alternative does this picture show? Why is it more beneficial? 7 Growing different plants that mature at different times is called____________. Why does this keep pest populations down without having to use pesticides? 8 These are examples of __________. The two agents shown are ______ and _______. Question 8 represents the GREATEST source of water pollution!! Mass/volume-wise What is it??? Which type of tillage is most likely represented in question 8: conventional or conservation? 9 All of the following represent plantation agriculture. Use the pictures below to list four types of crops grown on plantations. 10 This represents a type of erosion control. What is it called? 11 This represents a type of erosion control. What is it called? 12 These are legumes. Legumes help to replenish nitrogen in the soil. Why? (hint look at the bottom left picture). 13 This is a picture of goiter. It is a result of a lack of _______ in the diet. 14 Lack of vitamin A can cause ________. (Carrots contain vitamin A). Lack of protein can cause __________. (Swelling and a distended abdomen are symptoms) 15 Feeding cows corn instead of grass causes the evolution of which type of bacteria? This bacteria is now a superbug that can make you incredibly sick and has resulted in the death of many people; so WHY do we do it????? 16 Where, is the bread basket of the United States? (What region?) Hint: its the same thing as the Plains or the Prairies which are GRASSLANDS. 17 What is happening to the amount of arable land worldwide? This has forced us to use marginalized land more and more. What is marginalized land? 18 Soil particles carry negative charges. The negative charges are exchange sites. The amount of negative charge sites is known as the soils _______ _______ _________. 19 Sand has a ________ CEC. Humus has a _______ CEC. Which one would need more lime if it was acidic in order to increase the pH of that soil? (Lime = Calcium Carbonate CaCO 3 ) 20 On Polyface farms, the chicken-mobile follows the cows. What is the purpose of the chickens? This reduces the need for what? (from # 20) 21 In nature, herbivores are foundation species for grasslands. WHY?? 22 This farmer has planted a ______ ______ in order to reduce erosion. It may also put nutrients back into the soil. 23 The vegetation that grows along stream banks is called __________ vegetation. Overgrazing can reduce this vegetation. Why is this harmful to the stream and the whole ecosystem? Good- Bad 24 Plants that live for more than two years are called __________. They can be harvested without the need to plant them again. Why is this beneficial? (why does it help prevent erosion?) Asparagus is an example 25 Are each of these an organic or inorganic farming method? a b c 26 Fertilizer run-off and animal waste run-off (into water) causes what process to take place? (algae blooms, BOD increases, DO decreases, ecosystem suffocates). Using the question/answer above, WHY is there a dead zone in the gulf of Mexico? (use the next slide for a hint). 27 Planting soybeans and corn at the same time using the strip cropping method or planting corn and then soybeans using a rotational cropping method helps to balance the amount of nitrogen in the soil. EXPLAIN why. Strip cropping 28 This wheat field is a monoculture. If no chemicals are used on this field, what would happen to a pest population that feeds on wheat? What would happen to this ecosystem if it was exposed to a disease that affects wheat? 29 Which of the following would be considered subsistence agriculture? a or b 30 Which of the following is higher in humus (or organic matter), the left or the right? How do you know? 31 What is a CAFO? (These pictures represent CAFOs) 32 These glow-in-the-dark animals had a gene that codes for this trait inserted into their DNA. They are known as Transgenic organisms or GMOs. What is a GMO? 33 This represents the process of creating a GMF. What is a GMF? The corn has been modified so that it contains its own pesticide. When pests eat the corn, their stomachs explode! However, when wind carries the pollen for this trait into natural ecosystems it kills off non-target insects that are NOT considered pests. 34 The previous slide describes how/why corn has been genetically modified. How/why have soybeans been genetically modified? Describe two pros and two cons for the genetic modification of food. 35 Which biome has nutrient-poor, acidic soil? WHY is the soil nutrient-poor and acidic? A previous college board APES exam asked the following free response question: Suppose you are working for a cooperative extension service, where you will collect soil samples, conduct laboratory and field tests, and make recommendations on soil conservation and agricultural practices. (a-d are on the next slide) A) identify and describe one chemical soil test and one physical soil test that could be performed and explain how these tests will allow the cooperative extension service to make specific recommendations for sustainable agriculture. B) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage to using inorganic commercial fertilizers. C) Describe TWO soil conservation practices that are designed to decrease soil erosion. D) Identify one biome that is characterized by soil that is rich in humus. Describe how humus originated in the soil of this biome and TWO ways that humus improves soil conditions for plant growth.