Review: Exam II Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology PED 205.
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Transcript of Review: Exam II Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology PED 205.
Review: Exam II
Cardiovascular
Anatomy and Physiology
PED 205
Exam Format:Chapters: 12-13Multiple Choice: 30 Identification:
Intrinsic Conduction System, Blood flow through heart, Blood Vessel Cross Section
Short Answer: 5Select One Essay Question
Cardiac Anatomy:Pericardium: Visceral / ParietalEpicardium: Also visceral
pericardiumMyocardium: Cardiac muscle
layerEndocardium: Connective Tissue
Heart Valves + Epithelium
Chambers and Valves:R. Atrium Tricuspid ValveR. Ventricle Pulmonary ValvePulmonary Artery LungsPulmonary Vein L. AtriumL. Atrium Mitral (Bicuspid) V.L. Ventricle Aortic ValveAorta
Coronary Arteries:
Left Coronary Artery: Origin: Left side of AORTASupplies: Anterior/Left Heart
Right Coronary Artery:Origin: Rt. Side of AORTASupplies: Right Heart
Coronary Artery Disease: CADNarrowed Coronary arteriesThrombus: Clot formsMyocardial InfarctionAngina PectorisCoronary Bypass CAB), angioplasty,
stents are treatments for CAD
Intrinsic Conduction System:SA Node: 90-100 bpmAV Node: Slows the message
downAV Bundles: (also His):L./R. Bundle Branches:Purkinje Fibers:
Cardiac Muscle Cells:
Striated, Branched, Intercalated Discs
Slower Action Potential than nerve or skeletal muscle cells
Voltage Gated Ca++ Channels!
Electrocardiogram: ECG
P: Atrial Depolarization/contractionQRS: Ventricular Depol/ContractionT: Ventricular Repolarization
Cardiac Cycle:Ventricular Diastole:
Ventricles relax, fillPulmonary/Aortic Valves closeSecond Heart Sound: “Dupp”
Ventricular Systole:Ventricles Contract – eject bloodTri/Bicuspid valves closeFirst Heart Sound: “Lubb”
Cardiac Output: HR X SVCO = HR X SV“Emergencies”
SNS Autonomic NSIncrease HR/SV = Increase CO
“Relaxing”:PSNS Autonomic NSDecrease HR = Decrease CO
Baroreceptors: Pressure Emergencies Increase CO = Increase Systolic BPEmergency 1: Decreased Press
Increase SNS: Increased HR X SV = Increased CO
Problem 2: Increased PressDecrease SNS: Decrease HR =
Decreased CO
Chemoreceptors: Metabolism EmergenciesEmergency 1: Increased Metabolic
Rate: Increased CO2, H+ (decreased pH)
Increased SNS …COProblem 2: Decreased Metabolic Rate:
What’s the Problem?Decreased CO2/ H+ (increased pH)Decreased SNS …CO
Intrinsic Regulation of the Heart: Starling’s LawIncreased Venous Return
Increased cardiac muscle stretchIncrease contraction forceIncreased SV = Increased CO
Occurs without SNS/PSNS involvement
Exercise….
Blood Vessels And Circulation
Arteries and Veins
Elastic, Muscular and Arterioles
Capillaries: Exchange/Diffusion/ Osmosis
Venules, Veins
Three Tunics:
Tunica Adventitia (Externa): Fibrous connective tissue
Tunica Media: Smooth Muscle and elastic connective tissue
Tunica Intima: Endothelium (forms the valves in veins
Arterial Blood PressureCardiac Output: Systolic blood
pressureVascular Resistance: Diastolic
PressureVessel DiameterBlood ViscosityVessel Length
Pressure and Resistance
Increased Resistance = Increased Pressure
Increased Resistance = Increased Work of the Heart
Measurement: 120/80 mm Hg
Vasoconstriction:Decreases Vessel DiameterIncreases ResistanceIncreases Diastolic BP
Increases Work of HeartIncreases SBP later
SNS, Cold, Hemorrhage etc cause vasoconstriction to “rescue” vital organs
Vasodilation:Increases Vessel DiameterDecreases ResistanceDecreases Diastolic PressurePSNS, Heat, Local Exercise
Demand cause vasodilation to perfuse skin, muscles for special situations
Arteriosclerosis
Limits VasodilationIncreases ResistanceIncreases PressureRisk Factors:
Obesity, Cholesterol, Inactivity, Smoking, Aging, Heredity
Systolic and Diastolic BP:Systolic: Ventricular Systole
Greatest Arterial PressureReflects CO and heart’s contribution to
BPDiastolic: Ventricular Diastole
Lowest Arterial PressureReflects the resistance of the vessels to
CO
Essay Choices:Exercise and the Heart/VesselsChronic Hypoxic Vasoconstriction
of the Pulmonary ArteriesThe effect of Nitroglycerin on
peripheral resistance, work of the heart, BP