Review Article Essential Magnesium Alloys Binary Phase...

Review ArticleEssential Magnesium Alloys Binary Phase Diagrams andTheir Thermochemical Data

Mohammad Mezbahul-Islam Ahmad Omar Mostafa and Mamoun Medraj

Department of Mechanical Engineering Concordia University 1455 de Maisonneuve Boulevard WestMontreal QC Canada H3G 1M8

Correspondence should be addressed to Mamoun Medraj mmedrajencsconcordiaca

Received 30 November 2013 Revised 19 January 2014 Accepted 22 January 2014 Published 30 April 2014

Academic Editor Alok Singh

Copyright copy 2014 Mohammad Mezbahul-Islam et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

Magnesium-based alloys are becoming a major industrial material for structural applications because of their potential weightsaving characteristics All the commercial Mg alloys like AZ AM AE EZ ZK and so forth series are multicomponent and henceit is important to understand the phase relations of the alloying elements with Mg In this work eleven essential Mg-based binarysystems includingMg-AlZnMnCaSrYNiCeNdCuSnhave been reviewed Each of these systems has been discussed criticallyon the aspects of phase diagram and thermodynamic properties All the available experimental data has been summarized andcritically assessed to provide detailed understanding of the systems The phase diagrams are calculated based on the most up-to-date optimized parameters The thermodynamic model parameters for all the systems except Mg-Nd have been summarized intables The crystallographic information of the intermetallic compounds of different binary systems is provided Also the heat offormation of the intermetallic compounds obtained from experimental first principle calculations and CALPHAD optimizationsare provided In addition reoptimization of the Mg-Y system has been done in this work since new experimental data showedwider solubility of the intermetallic compounds

1 Introduction

Magnesium is the eighth most abundant metal in the earthouter surface at approximately 25 of its composition Itis an alkaline earth element (Group II) that crystallizes ina hexagonal structure (hcp-A3) Magnesium is the lightestmetallic material used for structural applications with adensity of 1738 gcm3 in comparison with the densities of Al(270 gcm3) and Fe (786 gcm3) Magnesium alloys have anexcellent combination of properties which includes excellentstrength-to-weight ratio good fatigue and impact strengthsand relatively large thermal and electrical conductivities [1ndash3]and excellent biocompatibility [4 5] This makes magnesiumalloys one of the most promising light-weight materials forautomotive [6] aerospace consumer electronic (computercamera and cell phone) and biomedical applications dueto its biodegradability It is being used in the automotiveindustries in steering column parts shift actuators valvecovers and housings brackets and intake manifold blades

[7] In nonautomotive applications small magnesium diecast components are appearing in small engines electronicdevices power tools and medical equipment such asportable oxygen pumps [7] Recently Mg-rich Mg-Ca-Znbiocompatible metallic glass having small amounts of Ca (0ndash8 at) has been found to be suitable for the development ofbiodegradable implants [4 5]

Some of the most common commercial Mg alloys are AZseries (Mg-Al-Zn) AM series (Mg-Al-Mn) AE series (Mg-Al-RE) EZ series (Mg-RE-Zn) ZK series (Mg-Zn-Zr) WEseries (Mg-RE-Zr) AX or AXJ series (Mg-Al-Ca) and AJseries (Mg-Al-Sr) [8 9] For automotive applications alloys ofAM and AZ series are mainly used AZ91D is themost widelyused magnesium die-casting alloy It has good combinationof room-temperature strength and ductility good salt-spraycorrosion resistance and excellent die-castability comparedto other Mg alloys

It can be seen that most of the commercial alloys aremulticomponent The impact of each of the alloying element

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of MaterialsVolume 2014 Article ID 704283 33 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014704283

2 Journal of Materials

Table 1 Effect of major alloying elements on Mg alloys [23]

Alloying element Effects of AdditionAl Increases hardness strength and castability while only increasing density minimally

Ca Improves thermal and mechanical properties as well as assists in grain refinement and creepresistance Also it reduces surface tension

Ce Improves corrosion resistance Also it increases plastic deformation capability magnesiumelongation and work hardening rates But it reduces yield strength

Cu Assists in increasing both room and high temperature strengthMn Increases saltwater corrosion resistance within some aluminum containing alloys

Ni Increases both yield and ultimate strength at room temperatureNegatively impacts ductility and corrosion resistance

Nd Improves material strengthSr Used in conjunction with other elements to enhance creep performanceSn When used with aluminum it improves ductility and reduces tendency to crack during processing

Y Enhances high temperature strength and creep performance when combined with other rare earthmetals

ZnIncreases the alloys fluidity in castingWhen added to magnesium alloys with nickel and iron impurities it can improve corrosionresistanceAdditions of 2 wt or greater tend to be prone to hot cracking

is different and is needed to be understood Table 1 pro-vided by International Magnesium Association [23] shows anumber of commonly used alloying elements alongside theireffects upon the resulting alloy Many alloying elements canbe useful in a variety of different applications whereas othersare only ideal for very specific applications due to the changein properties

In order to define the processing conditions for mak-ing various Mg-based alloys and subsequent treatments toobtain the optimum mechanical properties knowledge ofthe phase diagram and thermodynamic properties of thesealloys is essential In addition phase relations and phasestability under given conditions can be better understoodthrough computational thermodynamic modeling Precisedescription of the binary systems provides an opportunityto approach the phase equilibria aspects of alloy develop-ment and track of individual alloys during heat treatmentor solidification by calculating the phase distributions andcompositions

Several researchers including the research group of thecurrent authors [22 32 41ndash57] have been contributing to thedevelopment of thermodynamic multicomponent databasesof Mg alloys However urgency was felt for an open accesspublication that contains the latest understandings of all theimportant Mg-based binary systems This will provide thenecessary information required for further assessment ofthese systems Generally review papers on thermodynamicmodeling do not contain some of the critical informationlike previous experimental data points and optimized modelparameters Sometimes it becomes very difficult to gatherthis information as some of the literature is very old andscattered in many different articles and not everyone hasaccess to them However these are crucial facts for theregeneration of phase diagram and other thermodynamicpropertiesThus themain objective of this paper is to provide

all the necessary information of essential Mg binary systemsin one place In addition brief but critical discussion of theprevious experimental works on the phase diagrams as wellas thermodynamic properties is provided to justify the latestunderstanding of this phase diagram

This review paper focuses on some of the most impor-tant commercial Mg-based binary systems including Mg-AlZnMnCaSrYNiCeNdCuSn Each of these systemshas been discussed critically on the aspects of phase dia-gram and thermodynamic properties The latest phase dia-gram information along with the optimized thermodynamicparameters is provided Also the crystallographic infor-mation of the intermetallic compounds in each system issummarized All these binary systems have been optimizedusing most up-to-date experimental information Each ofthe phases in any binary system has been assessed criticallyand based on the thermodynamic properties proper ther-modynamic model has been used For example the modifiedquasichemical model (MQM) [79] has been used to describethe liquid phase as this is the only scientific model thataccounts for the presence of short range ordering whereassublattice modeling with in the compound energy formalism(CEF) [80] has been used to reproduce the homogeneityranges of the intermetallic compounds

2 Mg-Al (Magnesium-Aluminium)

This is the most important Mg binary phase diagram becauseAl is added to mg in most of the commercial types ofMg alloys Several researchers [81ndash95] studied the liquidussolidus and solvus lines of the Mg-Al system Murray [95]reviewed the Mg-Al system and his article provides a com-prehensive discussion of the experimental results obtained byprevious researchers According to Murray [95] the assessedMg-Al phase diagram consists of liquid 120573-solid solution with

Journal of Materials 3

Liquid

Fcc-Al Mg-Hcp069

089016

0 02 04 06 08 1300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000120574 = Al12Mg17

120574 + Mg-HcpFcc-Al +Al140Mg89

723K 732K705K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

120574+

Al 30

Mg 2

3120574+

Al 14

0M

g 89

683K

120574

Figure 1 Mg-Al phase diagram

hexagonal crystal structure 120574-solid solution with the 120572Mnstructure type R phase with rhombohedral structure at 42at Mg Al solid solution with a maximum solubility of 189at Mg at 723K and Mg solid solution with a maximumsolubility of 118 atAl at 710 K In view of the relative atomicradii of Al and Mg atoms the ratio of the Al radius to that ofMg is 112 which suggests high mutual solid solubility Thereis a good agreement between different authors regarding thesolid solubility of Mg and Al liquidus solidus and solvuslines

Several efforts [96ndash100] have been made to calculate theMg-Al phase diagram In addition Zhong et al [101] reporteda complete thermodynamic description of the Al-Mg binarysystem using a combined approach of CALPHAD and first-principles calculations They also calculated the enthalpiesof formation of Al

30Mg23(120576) and Al

12Mg17(120574) as well as the

enthalpies of mixing of Al-fcc and Mg-hcp solution Butexperimental measurement of the enthalpy of mixing of theMg-Al liquid was carried out by [10 12ndash14 21 102] Beltonand Rao [13] and Tiwari [21] obtained the enthalpy of mixingof Mg-Al liquid from emf measurements at 1073K whileBhatt and Garg [12] and Juneja et al [14] derived the enthalpyof mixing from partial pressure measurements at 1073KAgarwal and Sommer [10] measured enthalpy of mixingof Mg-Al liquid using three different calorimetric methodsat 943K 947K 948K and 973K In 1998 Moser et al[11] measured the enthalpy of mixing at 1023K using dropcalorimetry The thermodynamic activities of liquid alloysat 1073K were determined by [12 13 18ndash21 103] using emfmeasurements The reported results are scattered but showsmall negative deviation from ideal solution

Based on the available experimental data from the lit-erature Aljarrah [104] made thermodynamic modeling ofthe Mg-Al system Their reported parameters have beenused to calculate the phase diagram and thermodynamicproperties of the Mg-Al system as shown in Figures 1 and 2as it provides the most accurate description of the system in

terms of phase diagram and thermodynamic properties Thecrystallographic information of the intermetallic compoundsand optimized parameters are listed in Tables 2 and 3 Alsothe enthalpies and entropies of formation of the intermetalliccompounds are listed in Table 4

3 Mg-Zn (Magnesium-Zinc)

Zn is commonly alloyed with Mg in AZ EZ ZK and insmaller amounts in AM and AE series The liquidus in theMg-Zn phase diagram was determined by Boudouard [105]using thermal analysis He [105] introduced a compoundwith Mg

4Zn formula Grube [106] found that Boudouardrsquos

[105] measurements were in error due to contaminationsand the Mg

4Zn compound did not exist Moreover he [106]

found an intermetallic compound that corresponds toMgZn2

and melts at 868K The compound forms a eutectic withpure Zn at 97 at Zn and 641 K No solid solution areaswere defined in the system [105 106] Chadwick [107] founda new solid solution 120573 near the composition MgZn

5and

reported that MgZn2forms a wide range of solid solution

However his [107] results showed higher content of zincdue to the presence of Si impurity Chadwick [107] alsomeasured the liquidus line in theMg-Zn phase diagramusingthermal analysis The reported values agree reasonably withthe liquidus suggested byGrube [106]The compoundMgZn

5

was first discovered by Chadwick [107] and later on replacedby Mg

2Zn11

based on the more reliable X-ray analysis bySamson [108] On the other hand Park and Wyman [109]reported the maximum solubility of Zn in Mg as 25 at Znat 340∘C also they [109] measured the narrow homogeneityrange of MgZn

2as 11 at Zn (from 66 at Zn at 416∘C

to 671 at Zn at 654K) Hume-Rothery [110] studied thesystem in the composition range of 30 to 100 at Zn usingthermal analysis and microscopic inspection Accordinglythe maximum limited solubility of Mg in Zn was determinedas 03 at at 673K Laves [111] identified Mg

2Zn3phase


minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)Mole fraction (Mg)

(a)

00

02

04

06

08

10

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Mg)

(b)

Figure 2 Calculated (a) enthalpy of mixing of liquid Mg-Al at 1073K I [10] at 948K loz [10] at 973K [11] at 1073K ◻ [12] at 1073K times[13] at 1073K + [14] at 1073K lowast [15] at 973K ◻ [16] at 1002K I [16] at 1008K (b) Activity of liquid Mg 1073K I [14] at 1073K [17] at923K times [18] at 923K ◻ [19] at 1073K loz [13] at 1123 K ⋆ [20] at 1073K + [12] at 1073K lowast [21] at 1073K

Table 2 Crystal structure data for Mg-Al intermetallic compounds

Phase Prototype Space group number Space group Lattice parameter (nm) Reference119886 119887 119888

Al30Mg23 (120576) Al30Mg23 148 R 3 h 12825 12825 21748 [137]Al140Mg89 (120573) Al45Mg28 227 F D 3m 28300 28300 28300 [137]Al12Mg17 (120574) Al12Mg17 217 I 4 3m 10544 10544 10544 [137]

Table 3 Optimized model parameters of the Mg-Al system [41]

Phase ParametersΔ1198920 and 0119871 in Jmole oΔ119867 in Jmolesdotatom and oΔ119878 in JmolesdotatomsdotK

ZMgMgAl = 6 Z

AlAlMg = 4

Liquid Δ1198920MgAl = minus4 4955 + 285119879 Δ11989210

MgAl = 4368 + 042119879Δ11989201MgAl = 7325

Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= 19508 minus 20119879 1119871Mg-hcp = 14806 minus 21119879

2119871Mg-hcp

= 35015

Al-fcc0119871

Al-fcc= 49731 minus 35119879 1119871Al-fcc = 9004 + 042119879

2119871Al-fcc

= 9504

Al30Mg23 (120576)oΔ119867

Al30Mg23AlMg = minus9918 oΔ119878Al30Mg23

AlMg = 327

Al140Mg89 (120573)oΔ119867

Al140Mg89AlMg = minus1 0750 oΔ119878Al140Mg89

AlMg = 295

Al12Mg17 (120574)(Mg)5(Al Mg)12(Al Mg)12

0119871120574

MgAlAlMg = 39017 minus 0501198790119871120574

MgMgAlMg = 39017 minus 050119879

by means of XRD and metallography inspection he alsoproved that the phase is at equilibrium with Mg terminalsolid solution at room temperature The phase equilibria intheMg-Zn system from 0 to 678 at Zn were determined byClark and Rhins [112] using XRD and microscopic analysisThey confirmed the thermal stability range ofMgZn from366to 608K In addition they identified the temperature of theeutectoidal decompositionMg

7Zn3999447999472 120572-Mg+MgZn at near

598K After careful crystal structure study Higashi et al [113]replaced the compound Mg

7Zn3by Mg

51Zn20

using XRDtechniques Afterwards the Mg-Zn system was assessed byClark et al [114] based on the experimental work of [107 109110] Using computational thermodynamics Agarwal et al[26] Liang et al [115] Wasiur-Rahman and Medraj [47] andGhosh et al [22] performed phase diagram calculations onthe Mg-Zn system Five intermetallic compounds Mg

51Zn20


Table 4 Enthalpy and entropy of formation of the Mg-Al intermetallic compounds

Compound Enthalpy of formation(kJmolesdotatom)

Entropy of formation(JmolesdotatomsdotK) Reference

Al30Mg23 (120576)minus342 [101] Cal (FP)minus099 327 [104] Cal (Calphad)

Al140Mg89 (120573)minus247 [138] Expminus122 [139] Expminus108 295 [104] Cal (Calphad)

Al12Mg17 (120574)minus380 [138] Expminus101 [139] Expminus360 [101] Cal (FP)

Mg12Zn13 Mg2Zn3 MgZn

2 and Mg

2Zn11and two terminal

solid solutions were reported in their models Agarwal etal [26] modeled the compounds as stoichiometric phaseswhereas Liang et al [115] Wasiur-Rahman and Medraj [47]andGhosh et al [22] consideredMgZn

2as intermediate solid

solution achieving consistency with the experimental resultsof [109 114]

Based on the assessed thermodynamic parameters byGhosh et al [22] the phase diagram and thermodynamicproperties of the Mg-Zn system are calculated as shown inFigures 3 4 and 5 They [22] considered all the availableexperimental data including the recent measurements ofenthalpy and entropy of formation and heat capacity (cp) ofthe intermediate compounds by Morishita et al [129ndash132]The crystallographic data of the intermetallic compounds aswell as the thermodynamic parameters of the Mg-Zn systemare listed in Tables 5 and 6 respectively The enthalpies andentropies of formation of the intermetallic compounds arelisted in Table 7

4 Mg-Mn (Magnesium-Manganese)

Mg-Mn system is characterized by a wide miscibility gap inthe liquid Very limited experimental data are available onthis system and the available data are inconsistent among oneanother Most of the available data are on the Mg-rich sidedescribing the limited solid solubility ofMn inMgAccordingto Tiner [37] the maximum solid solubility of Mn in Mg is20 at Mn at 924K But Petrov et al [133] reported muchlower solubility limit as 103 at Mn in Mg using X-rayanalysis Nayeb-Hashemi and Clark [134] critically assessedthe partial equilibrium phase diagram of the Mg-Mn systemfrom 0 at Mn to 30 at Their evaluation was basedon thermal analysis microscopic observation and hardnessmeasurements of Petrov et al [133] They [134] reported thesolubility limit of Mn in Mg as 0996 at Mn No interme-diate compounds between Mg and Mn terminal sides weredetected this supports the presence of the large miscibilitygap in the liquid phase indicating that Mg and Mn atomsprefer to be separated in the liquid and solid phases ThecompleteMg-Mn phase diagramwas determined byGrobneret al [135] using differential thermal analysis (DTA) andthermodynamic modeling Their estimated solubility limitof Mn in Mg was in good agreement with Nayeb-Hashemi

and Clark [134] Two invariant reactions were observed theperitectic reaction L + (120572-Mn) rarr Mg at 085 at Mnand just below 923K and the monotectic reaction L10158401015840 rarrL1015840 + (120575-Mn) at 96 at Mn and 1471 K The calculations ofGrobner et al [135] are consistent with the measurements ofPetrov et al [133] for both the liquidus curve and the solubilitylimit of Mn in Mg Later Kang et al [136] reoptimizedthe Mg-Mn phase diagram Their optimized phase diagramagrees well with the DTA results of Grobner et al [135] Noexperimental data on the consolute temperature of the liquidmiscibility gap was found and the available values are basedonly on the thermodynamic calculations Kang et al [136]calculated the temperature of the liquid miscibility gap as2175 K which is lower than that calculated by Grobner etal [135] as 3475K and by Asgar-Khan and Medraj [32] as3688K The liquid miscibility gap temperature was loweredin the work of Kang et al [136] to enable good agreementwith their work on the Mg-Mn-Y system without using anyternary adjustable parameter for the liquid phase Recentlya self-consistent thermodynamic model of the Mg-Mn phasediagram was developed by Asgar-Khan and Medraj [32] Inmost of the cases they reported consistent calculations withthe experimental observations [135]

The crystallographic data of this system and the opti-mized thermodynamic parameters reported by Asgar-Khanand Medraj [32] are listed in Tables 8 and 9 The calculatedphase diagram is shown in Figures 6 and 7

5 Mg-Ca (Magnesium-Calcium)

The first work on phase diagram was reported by Baar [145]who determined the liquidus curves for the Mg-Ca systemBut it was found later that the starting materials were oflow purity The melting point of the starting Ca he used was1081 K and for Mg was 9056 K compared to 1115 and 923K[146] for pure Ca and Mg respectively Further work on thissystem was carried out by Paris [147] while he was studyingthe Mg-Ca-Zn ternary system Their [147] results differslightly from those of Baar [145] However Paris [147] didnot mention the purity of the starting materials Haughton[148] determined the liquidus temperatures in the Mg-richregion in the composition range of 0 to 26 at Ca Theyfound that the liquidus temperatures in this compositionrange are in fair agreement withVosskuhler [149] andKlemm


0 02 04 06 08 1300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

Mole fraction (Zn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Liquid

Mg-hcpZn-hcp

091093036615K

642K

860K

594K

653K6865K

6192K

Zn13Mg12Zn3Mg2Zn11Mg2

MgZn2Mg51Zn20

Mg-hcp + Zn13Mg12MgZn2 + Zn11Mg2

hcp + Zn11Mg2

L + Mg-hcp

Figure 3 Mg-Zn phase diagram [22]

0287

0292

Liquid

02 024 028 032 036 04550

590

630

670

710

750

594K

615K 6192K

L + Mg-hcp

Mg-hcp + Mg61Zn20 Mg61Zn20 + Zn13Mg12

L + Zn3Mg2

L + MgZn2

Mole fraction (Zn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mg-hcp + Zn13Mg12

Figure 4 Magnified part of the Mg-Zn phase diagram [22]

00 02 04 06 08 10

00

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60

minus70

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (K

JM)

Mole fraction (Zn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Zn

)

Mole fraction (Zn)

aMg aZn

(b)

Figure 5 Calculated (a) enthalpy of mixing of liquid Mg-Zn at 923K I [24] at 893K ◻ [24] at 842K [24] at 931 K e [25] at 1073K ⧫[26] at 873K times at 933 K + at 933K lowast at 940K (b) Activity of liquid Mg and Zn 923K I [27] at 933K + [28] at 680K e [28] at 880Klowast [29] at 923K ⧫ [29] at 1000K [30] times [31] at 943K


Table 5 Crystal structure data for Mg-Zn intermetallic compounds


Mg51Zn20 71 Immm 14025 [140 141]Mg21Zn25 167 1198773119888ℎ 25776 08762 [140 141]Mg4Zn7 12 C12m1 25960 05240 14280 [140 141]MgZn2 MgZn2 164 1198756

3mmc 05220 08566 [140 141]

Mg2Zn11 Mg2Zn11 200 1198751198983 08552 [140 141]

Table 6 Optimized model parameters of the Mg-Zn system [22]


LiquidZMg

MgZn = 6 ZZn

ZnMg = 4Δ1198920MgZn = minus8 3262 + 319119879 Δ11989210MgZn = minus4 6024 minus 326119879

Δ11989201MgZn = minus628 minus 376119879 (Jmole)

Mg-hcp(Mg in Zn-hcp Znin Mg-hcp)

0119871Mg-hcp

= minus35025 + 5641198791119871Mg-hcp = minus61299 + 566119879

Mg2Zn11oΔ119867

Mg2Zn11MgZn = minus6 6012 oΔ119878Mg2Zn11

MgZn = minus182

Mg2Zn3oΔHMg2Zn3

MgZn = minus10 9899 oΔ119878Mg2Zn3MgZn = minus13

Mg12Zn13oΔ119867


MgZn = minus192

Mg51Zn20oΔ119867


MgZn = 016

MgZn2(Mg Zn)(Mg Zn)2

0119866MgZn2MgMg = 43 5087 0119866MgZn2

MgZn = minus55 9792 + 3809119879 minus 74119879 ln119879 + 0000851198792 minus3333 times10minus6 1198793

oΔ119867MgZn2 = minus33815 119900119878MgZn2 = 115005 119888119901= 70 minus 00017119879 + 2 times 10minus5 1198792

0119866MgZn2ZnMg = 30 0129 0119866MgZn2

ZnZn = 20 00860119871

MgZn2MgZnMg =

0119871MgZn2MgZnZn =

0119871MgZn2MgMgZn =

0119871MgZn2ZnMgZn = 10

Table 7 Enthalpy and entropy of formation of the Mg-Zn intermetallic compounds



Mg51Zn20 minus472 016 [22] Cal (Calphad)

Mg12Zn13

minus105 plusmn 31 [142] Expminus89 plusmn 04 [77] Expminus1214 plusmn 3 [130] Expminus1002 minus192 [22] Cal (Calphad)

minus79 plusmn 31 [143] Exp

Mg2Zn3minus1396 plusmn 3 [130] Expminus1099 minus13 [22] Cal (Calphad)

MgZn2

minus176 [144] Expminus1505 plusmn 11 [142] Expminus109 plusmn 04 [77] Expminus138 plusmn 3 [130] Expminus1866 [22] Cal (Calphad)


Mg2Zn11

minus100 plusmn 25 [142] Expminus896 plusmn 3 [130] Expminus660 minus182 [22] Cal (Calphad)


Table 8 Crystal structure data for Mg-Mn system


(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 031997 051969 [134]

(120572Mn) 120572Mn 217 11986843119898 089219 [134](120573Mn) 120573Mn 213 1198754

132 063152 [134]

(120574Mn) Cu 225 1198651198983119898 038624 [134](120575Mn) W 229 1198681198983119898 030806 [134]

Table 9 Optimized model parameters of the Mg-Mn system [32]

Phase Parameters Δ1198920 and 0119871 in JmoleLiquid ZMg

MgMn = 4 ZMg

MnMg = 6Δ1198920MgMn = minus22 9734 + 081119879 Δ11989210MgMn = minus11 9952

Mg-hcp 0119871Mn-fcc

= 4 7852minus 883119879 1119871Mg-hcp= minus3 3235

Mn-fcc 0119871Mn-fcc

= 83 7160

120575-fcc 0119871120575-Mn

= 83 7160

Liquid

0968

Mole fraction (Mn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

923K979K

1358K1409K1475K

L + 120575-MnL + Mn-fcc

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

Liquid + liquid2

Figure 6 Mg-Mn phase diagram [32]

00100008

Liquid

Mg-hcp

0 0005 001 0015 002 0025 003550

650

750

850

950

1050

1150

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

924K

980K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mn)

Figure 7 Mg-rich side of the Mg-Mn phase diagram [32] I [33] 998771 [34] ◻ [35] [36] lowast [37] times [38] e [39] + [40]


Table 10 Crystal structure data for Mg-Ca intermetallic compound


Mg2Ca MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06253 06253 10144 [137]

Table 11 Optimized model parameters of the Mg-Ca system [41]


Liquid ZMgMgCa = 5 Z

CaCaMg = 4

Δ1198920MgCa = minus13 20620 + 937119879 Δ11989210MgCa = 691814minus 2103119879 Δ11989201MgCa = 891157minus 1511

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp

= 715398 minus 941119879

Mg2Ca oΔ119867Mg2CaMgCa = minus13 46863 oΔ119878Mg2Ca

MgCa = minus193

and Dinkelacker [150] but differ slightly from those givenby Baar [145] Haughton [148] reported that the invariantreaction in theMg-rich region occurs at 105plusmn05 atCa and790K compared to Baarrsquos results as 1246 at Ca and 787KWhereas Klemm and Dinkelackerrsquos [150] values are 105 atCa and 7895 K which are in good accord with Haughton[148]

Several researchers [148ndash150 159ndash161] measured the solu-bility of Ca in Mg Among them Burke [160] and Vosskuhler[149] reported limited solubility and their results agree fairlywell whereas other researchers reported larger solubility

Agarwal et al [166] measured the enthalpy of mixingof liquid Mg-Ca alloy calorimetrically at 1023K and heatcontents of Mg

2Ca between 750 and 1150K They used these

values together with the experimental phase equilibria from[148ndash150] to calculate the phase diagram of the Mg-Casystem The enthalpy of mixing measured by Sommer et al[58]was not used since it contradictswith theirmeasurementMany efforts had beenmade tomeasure the heat of formationof the compound Mg

2Ca [77 144 151ndash155 166 167] The

crystallographic information of this compound is listed inTable 10 Mashovets and Puchkov [59] and Sommer [60]determined the activity ofMg andCa inMg-Ca liquid at 10801200 and 1010K using vapor pressure measurement

Nayeb-Hashemi and Clark [177] critically assessed thissystem based on the liquidus temperatures and the eutecticreactions of Vosskuhler [149] and Klemm and Dinkelacker[150] However they [177] placed the melting point of Mg

2Ca

at 988K which is the average temperature measured by Baar[145] and Vosskuhler [149]

Zhong et al [156] used first principle calculations basedon the density functional theory to assess the Mg-Ca systemThey determined the total energies of the pure elementsof various stable phases at 0 K They also calculated theenthalpies of formation of the four end-members of Mg

2Ca

which were then used as input data in the optimizationprocess Their results are in good agreement with those formZhang et al [71] and Yang et al [157] who also performed firstprinciple calculations

Later Aljarrah and Medraj [41] optimized the Mg-Casystem using all the available experimental data Their [41]assessed parameters are listed in Table 11 The Mg-Ca phase

diagram and thermodynamic properties in Figures 8 and 9are calculated based on their [41] reported parameters as theyshowed better agreement with the available experimentaldata The enthalpy and entropy of formation of Mg

2Ca

obtained from different sources are summarized in Table 12

6 Mg-Sr (Magnesium-Strontium)

Nayeb-Hashemi and Clark [178] reviewed the Mg-Sr systemand their article provides a comprehensive discussion of allthe experimental results obtained by previous researchers[150 178ndash181] The liquidus surface of the Mg-Sr system wasestablished based on the experimental work of [150 180ndash182]Zhong et al [158] provided a fine assessment of the liquidsexperimental data and select them according to the accuracyof the experiments during their optimization The solidsolubility of Mg in Sr has been investigated by Brown [180]and Ray [181] But according to Nayeb-Hashemi and Clark[178] despite the possibility of hydrogen contamination ofBrownrsquos [180] samples the solidus temperatures he obtainedwere more realistic than those of Ray [181] Thermal andmetallographic analysis by Brown [180] indicated a verysmall solid solubility of Sr in Mg (lt 05 at Sr) This wasconsidered negligible in the optimization of the Mg-Sr phasediagram by Chartrand and Pelton [96]

King and Kleppa [77] used calorimetric method tomeasure the heat of formation of Mg

2Sr Zhong et al [158]

predicted the heat of formation of all the intermetalliccompounds in the Mg-Sr system using first-principles cal-culations Sommer et al [58] determined the enthalpy ofmixing of the liquid alloys at 1080K using high temperaturecalorimetry The thermodynamic activities of liquid alloys at1054K were determined by Sommer [61] using a modifiedRuff boiling technique

Zhong et al [158] utilized the results of first principlecalculations on the heat of formation alongwith other experi-mental data andprovided a set ofGibbs energy parameters forthe Mg-Sr system The heat of formation reported by Zhonget al [158] is in fair agreement with this of Yang et al [157]who also employed first principles calculations to study thestructural heat of formation elastic property and densitystate of this compound


Mg-hcp

028 0890996

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

L + Ca-bcc

Ca-fcc + Mg2Ca Mg-hcp + Mg2Ca

719K

715K

978K

793KTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

Mole fraction (Mn)

Figure 8 Mg-Ca phase diagram [41]

0000 05 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus20

minus40

minus60

minus80

(a)

00

02

04

06

08

10

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Mg)

(b)

Figure 9 Calculated (a) enthalpy of mixing of liquid Mg-Ca at 1150K I [58] (b) Activity of liquid Mg at 1100K [59] at 1200K ⋆ [59]at 1080K I [60] at 1010 K

Table 12 Enthalpy and entropy of formation of Mg2Ca

Enthalpy of formation(kJmolesdotatom)


minus1347 minus193 [41] Cal (Calphad)minus1172 plusmn 377 [151] Expminus1459 [152] Expminus1956 [153] Expminus1956 [154] Expminus1339 [77] Expminus2097 [155] Expminus1172 [156] Cal (FP)minus1214 [71] Cal (FP)minus1285 [157] Cal (FP)


Table 13 Crystal structure data for Mg-Sr system


Mg2Sr MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06475 06475 10433 [137]

Mg38Sr9 Mg38Sr9 194 11987563mmc 10500 10500 28251 [137]

Mg23Sr6 Th6Mn23 225 1198651198983119898 15000 15000 15000 [137]Mg17Sr2 Th2Ni17 194 1198756

3mmc 10530 10530 10408 [137]

Table 14 Optimized model parameters of the Mg-Sr system [41]

PhaseParameters

Δ1198920 in Jmole oΔ119867 in Jmolesdotatom and oΔ119878 inJmolesdotatomsdotK

Liquid

ZMgMgSr = 4 Z

SrSrMg = 6

Δ1198920MgSr = minus7 4256 + 259119879Δ11989210MgSr = minus1 4173 + 054119879

Δ11989201MgSr = 1 9380

Mg2Sr oΔ119867Mg2SrMgSr = minus10 3000

oΔ119878Mg2SrMgSr = minus188

Mg38Sr9 oΔ119867Mg38Sr9MgSr = minus6 038 3 oΔ119878Mg38Sr9

MgSr = minus025Mg23Sr6 oΔ119867

Mg23Sr6MgSr = minus6 4965 oΔ119878Mg23Sr6



MgSr = 001

Aljarrah and Medraj [41] reoptimized the Mg-Sr systemin the CALPHAD approach considering all the availableexperimental data on the phase diagram enthalpy of mixingand the activities of Mg and Sr in the liquid They [41]used modified quasichemical model to describe the liquidphase The intermetallic compounds were considered asstoichiometric The heat of formation of the intermetalliccompounds calculated by Aljarrah and Medraj [41] deviatedfrom those of Zhong et al [158] due to the use of differententropy values as can be seen in Table 15The crystallographicdata of the intermetallic compounds as well as the optimizedmodel parameters by [41] are listed in Tables 13 and 14The phase diagram in Figures 10 and 11 and thermodynamicproperties in Figure 12 are calculated using these parametersas it provides the most accurate description of the Mg-Srsystem The enthalpies and entropies of formation of theintermetallic compounds are listed in Table 15

7 Mg-Y (Magnesium-Yttrium)

Gibson and Carlson [183] were the first to report the Mg-Yphase diagramTheydetermined themaximumprimary solidsolubility of Y inMg as 263 atY at the eutectic temperature(840K) This agrees well with the results of Sviderskaya andPadezhnova [64] who used thermal analysis to study theMg-rich region of the Mg-Y system Another investigation byMizer and Clark [184] on this system using thermal analysisand metallography showed that the maximum solubility of Yin solid Mg was approximately 379 at Y at 8385 K This isalso in good accord with the results of [64 183]

Smith et al [65] investigated the crystallography ofMgY(120574) Mg

2Y(120575) and Mg

24Y5(120576) intermediate phases

The crystallographic data of the compounds are listed inTable 17 Smith et al [65] also reported the homogeneityranges of Mg

24Y5(120576) and MgY(120574) The Mg

2Y(120575) compound

was predicted as stoichiometric by [65 183] But their resultsdo not agree with Flandorfer et al [63] who employed XRDoptical microscopy andmicroprobe analyses to study the Ce-Mg-Y isothermal section at 773K Recently in 2011 Zhao etal [62] published new information on this system based ondiffusion couple and key sample analysis in the temperaturerange 573ndash773K The homogeneity ranges of Mg

24Y5(120576) and

Mg2Y(120575) are listed in Table 16 These measurements by [62]

showed significantly different solubility ranges especially forMg2Y(120575) than those from the previous publications [63 65]

Also the solubility of Y in the Mg-hcp has been adjusted byZhao et al [62]

Agarwal et al [67] measured calorimetrically theenthalpy of mixing of the Mg-Y liquid near the Mg-richregion (up to 218 at Y) at different temperatures Activityof Mg was measured by Gansen et al [68] using the vapourpressure technique Their results are in agreement with thoseof Gansen and Isper [69] who used the same method forthe measurement The enthalpy of formation of the threecompounds was determined calorimetrically by Pyagai etal [70] Their results are in reasonable agreement with thecalorimetric data of Smith et al [65] except MgY(120574) forwhich the value of Pyagai et al [70] is twice more negativethan that obtained by Smith et al [65] This is due to thedifficulties in measuring the enthalpy of formation whenyttrium content increases resulting in more exothermicreactions Also Y has a high melting point compared to Mgand this leads to the sublimation of Mg during fusion of themetals [67] The first principle calculation by Zhang et al[71] and Tao et al [162] for all the intermetallic compoundsin the Mg-Y system showed similar enthalpy of formationvalues as those of Smith et al [65]

Thermodynamic modeling of the Mg-Y system has beencarried out by Ran et al [185] Fabrichnaya et al [186]Al Shakhshir and Medraj [52] Meng et al [187] Guo etal [188] Kang et al [189] and Mezbahul-Islam et al [66]Also Okamoto [190] published the Mg-Y phase diagrambased on the assessment of Meng et al [187] But only Kanget al [189] and Mezbahul-Islam et al [66] used modifiedquasi chemical model (MQM) to describe the liquid SinceMg-Y system showed strong short range ordering in theliquid it is more reliable to use MQM in the optimizationas it generally provides better predictions in the ternary andhigher-order systems [189] However the new experimentalresults on the Mg-Y phase diagram reported by Zhao et al[62] were not included in any of the previous assessments


Table 15 Enthalpy and entropy of formation of the Mg-Sr intermetallic compounds



Mg2Sr

minus712 [77] Expminus1062 [158] Cal (FP)minus103 minus188 [41] Cal (Calphad)minus1134 [157] Cal (FP)

Mg38Sr9minus627 [158] Cal (FP)minus674 [157] Cal (FP)minus604 minus025 [41] Cal (Calphad)


Mg17Sr2minus480 [158] Cal (FP)minus560 [157] Cal (FP)minus363 001 [41] Cal (Calphad)

Liquid

006

069

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

868K

873K 882K

949K

693K

820K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)

Sr2Mg17 Sr9Mg38 Sr6Mg23 SrMg2SrMg2 + Sr-fcc

L + Sr-bcc

L + Sr-fcc

862K

Figure 10 Mg-Sr phase diagram

Liquid

019018014

01 014 018 022 026 03800

840

880

920

960

882K

868K 880K873K

Sr2Mg17 + Sr9Mg38

Sr9Mg38Sr6Mg23

Sr6Mg23 + SrMg2

L + SrMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)

Figure 11 Magnified portion of the Mg-Sr phase diagram


0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sr)

minus20

minus40

minus60

Figure 12 Calculated enthalpy of mixing of liquid Mg-Sr at 1080K e [61]

Table 16 Experimental data on the homogeneity ranges of Mg24Y5(120576) and Mg2Y (120575)

TemperatureK

Mg24Y5 (120576)at Y

Mg2Y (120575)at Y Reference

573 120ndash161 240ndash301 [62]623 119ndash158 242ndash295 [62]723 119ndash156 245ndash310 [62]773 118ndash151 236ndash301 [62]gt800 120ndash160 334ndash345 [65]773 121ndash161 250ndash345 [63]

The homogeneity ranges of the intermetallic compounds ofthis system considered in all the earlier assessments are basedon very limited experimental data Also those data couldhave been associated with higher experimental error as theyhave been measured more than 40 years ago Zhao et al[62] used solid-solid diffusion couple technique to determinethe solubility of the compounds which usually providesmore accurate measurements Therefore it is decided toconsider the recent results of the solubilities ofMg

24Y5(120576) and

Mg2Y(120575) and reoptimize the Mg-Y system in this paperThe optimized parameters for the Mg-Y system are listed

in Table 18 During the optimization the parameters reportedby Mezbahul-Islam et al [66] are used as the staring value asthey provided good consistencywith the experimental data ofthe phase diagram and the thermodynamic properties [63ndash65 67ndash70 183 184] These parameters are then reassessedin light of the recent experimental results of Zhao et al[62] Small modifications of the parameters for the liquidMg24Y5(120576) and Mg

2Y(120575) were necessary to comply with the

larger homogeneity range of the intermetallic compoundsThe calculated Mg-Y phase diagram based on the recentassessment is shown in Figure 13 with the recently availableexperimental solubility data of Zhao et al [62] as well thosefrom Smith et al [65] and Flandorfer et al [63] The phasediagram calculated from the previous optimization from thesame authors [66] is shown using dotted line The difference

between these two assessments is mainly along the solubilityof the compounds It can be seen that the present calculationcan reproduce the experimental solubility range ofMg

24Y5(120576)

and Mg2Y(120575) as reported by Zhao et al [62] The solubility

of Y in Mg-hcp obtained in this work is about 28 atat 773K which was reported 40 at by Zhao et al [62]Attempt to obtain higher Y solubility in Mg-hcp resultedin poor agreement with the eutectic composition (L harrMg-hcp + Mg

24Y5(120576)) and temperature data from several

other experimental measurements [64 183 184] Also theauthors [62] did notmention the error of measurement of theEPMA which is usually associated with an error of at least plusmn1atHence it is decided to accept the present assessmentwithlower Y solubility in Mg-hcp The enthalpy of mixing of theliquid activity of the liquid Mg and enthalpy of formationof the intermetallic compounds are calculated as shown inFigures 14(a) 14(b) and 14(c) All the calculations show verygood agreement with the available experimental data Theenthalpies and entropies of formation of the intermetalliccompounds are listed in Table 19

8 Mg-Ni (Magnesium-Nickel)

Voss [191] was the first researcher who investigated the Mg-Ni system by thermal analysis in the composition range004 lt 119883Ni lt 098 But in his work the purity of Mgwas not specified and the purity of Ni was low (977 wt)Later Haughton and Payne [192] determined the liquidustemperature more accurately in the Mg-rich side (0 le119883Ni le 034) by thermal analysis using high purity elementsBagnoud and Feschotte [193] investigated the system usingXRD metallography EPMA and DTA Micke and Ipser [73]determined the activity of magnesium over the Mg-Ni liquidin the 119883Mg gt 065 composition range by the isopiesticmethod They also obtained the liquidus between 030 lt119883Ni lt 040 According to these investigations there are twoeutectic and one peritectic reactions in the Mg-Ni systemBagnoud and Feschotte [193] investigated the homogeneityrange of MgNi

2and mentioned that it extends from 662

at Ni at the peritectic three-phase equilibrium of liquid


Table 17 Crystal structure data for Mg-Y intermetallic compounds


Mg24Y5 (120576) Ti5Re24 217 11986843119898 11278 11278 11278 [137]Mg2Y (120575) MgZn2 194 1198756

3mmc 06018 06018 09734 [137]

MgY (120574) CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03797 03797 03797 [137]

Table 18 Optimized model parameters of the Mg-Y system (this work)


LiquidZMg

MgY = 2ZYYMg = 4

Δ1198920MgY = minus13 9806 + 645119879 Δ11989210

MgY = minus15 4456 + 887119879Δ11989201MgY = 5 2741 + 209119879

Mg-hcp0119871Mg-hcp = minus12 4768 + 7491198791119871Mg-hcp = minus2 7246 + 241198792119871Mg-hcp = minus2 7882 + 20119879

Y-bcc (120573) 0119871Y-bcc = minus28 7137 + 1307119879 1119871Y-bcc = minus2 0059 + 15119879Mg48Y10 (120576)(Mg Y)29( Y Mg)10 (Mg)19

0119866120576MgYMg = minus6 17900119866120576MgMgMg = 9355 + 014119879

0119866120576YYMg = 8 0383 0119866120576YMgMg = 7217 (Jmolesdotatom)

Mg2Y(120575)(Mg Y)6(Y Mg)4(Mg)2

0119866120575MgYMg = minus9 7675 + 0661198790119866120575MgMgMg = 3 5441 + 1391198790119866120575YYMg =

0119866120575YMgMg = 6 97630119871120575MgYYMg = 6418 + 1186119879

0119871120575MgYMgMg =0119871120575YYMgMg = 9 0065 + 8860119879

0119871120575MgYMgMg = minus2 0962 + 005119879 (Jmolesdotatom)

MgY (120574)(Mg Y)(Y Va)

0119866120574

MgY = minus10 7273 + 126119879 0119866120574MgVa = minus10 46450119866120574

YY =0 119866120574

YVa = 13 48360119871120574

MgYY = 15 0065 + 16119879 0119871120574MgYVa = 15 0065 + 15119879 0119871120574MgYVa =0119871YYVa = minus5

0000 + 7119879 (Jmolesdotatom)

Table 19 Enthalpy of formation of the Mg-Y intermetallic compounds



Mg24Y5 (120576)

minus618 0 This work Cal (Calphad)minus75 plusmn 084 04 plusmn 03 [65] Exp

minus61 [70] Expminus584 [71] Cal (FP)minus54 [162] (FP)

Mg2Y (120575)

minus977 minus066 This work Cal (Calphad)minus142 plusmn 126 minus13 plusmn 04 [65] Exp

minus120 [70] Expminus917 [71] (FP)minus86 [162] (FP)

MgY (120574)




003

009 015

029

046

069 081

061

Liquid

Mole fraction (Y)

Mg-hcp

Y-hcpTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

848K

875K

1060K

1211K

1052K

120576 = Mg24Y5

120574 = MgY

120575

120576

Y-hcp + 120574120575 + 120574120576 + 120575Mg-hcp + 120576

Y-120573

120574

120575 = Mg2Y

Figure 13 Calculated Mg-Y phase diagram (this work) compared with the literature solid solubility data ⧫ [62] loz [63] o [64] ◻ [65]Dotted line represents the previous assessment [66]

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Y)

minus40

minus80

minus120

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Y)

(b)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Y)

minus100

minus200

minus300

minus400

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(c)

Figure 14 Calculated (a) enthalpy of mixing of liquid Mg-Y at 984K [67] at 975K I [67] at 984K (b) Activity of liquid Mg at 1173 K [68] I [69] (c) Enthalpy of formation of the intermetallic compounds [this work] I [65] ◻ [70] times [71]


Table 20 Crystal structure data for Mg-Ni intermetallic compounds


Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K

784KNi-fcc + MgNi2 MgNi2 + Mg2Ni

Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni

Figure 15 Mg-Ni phase diagram [45]

Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 to 673 at Ni at the eutectic three phase

equilibrium of liquid Ni-fcc and MgNi2

Haughton and Payne [192] mentioned that the solidsolubility of Ni in Mg is less than 004 at Ni at 773Kwhereas Merica andWaltenberg [194] reported that the solidsolubility of Mg in Ni is less than 02 at Mg at 1373KWollam and Wallace [195] and Buschow [163] disputed theferromagnetic behavior of this system They investigatedthe system by heat capacity and magnetic susceptibilitymeasurements and did not find any anomaly in the behaviorof MgNi

2at any temperature

Laves and Witte [164] determined the crystal structureof MgNi

2to be hexagonal hP24-type with 8 molecules per

unit cell and the lattice parameters as 119886 = 048147 nmand 119888 = 158019 nm which are in good agreement withthe reported values of Bagnoud and Feschotte [193] andLieser and Witte [196] The crystal structure of Mg

2Ni was

determined by Schubert and Anderko [197] who reported ahexagonal C16-type structure with 6 molecules per unit celland lattice parameters of 119886 = 0514 nm and 119888 = 1322 nmwhich agree with the values reported by Buschow [163] Thecrystal structures of the compounds are listed in Table 20

Feufel and Sommer [16] measured the integral enthalpyof mixing by calorimetric method at 1002K and 1008KSryvalin et al [72] measured the activity of Mg confirmingthe results of Micke and Ipser [73] in the composition range119883Ni le 030 Sieben and Schmahl [74] also measured theactivity of Mg Experimental data on the heat capacity ofMgNi

2is also available Feufel and Sommer [16]measured the

heat capacity from 343 until 803K with 20K step whereasSchubel [75] measured the same at about 100K step from 474to 867K Enthalpy of formation of the MgNi

2and Mg

2Ni

compounds was measured by [74 76ndash78] Also enthalpies

of formation of the compounds were determined using firstprinciple calculations by Zhang et al [71] All these data arein reasonable agreement among one another

Thermodynamic calculations of this system were carriedout by Nayeb-Hashemi and Clark [198] Jacobs and Spencer[199] and most recently by Islam and Medraj [43] Xionget al [200] and Mezbahul-Islam and Medraj [45] All theseassessments gradually improved the consistency of the phasediagram and thermodynamic properties with the experimen-tal data over years But with the exception of Mezbahul-Islam and Medraj [45] none of the modeling consideredthe short range ordering in the liquid Hence their assessedparameters are used here to calculate the phase diagram andthermodynamic properties of the Mg-Ni system as shown inFigures 15 and 16 However in order to be consistent with theexperimental Cp data of MgNi

2of Feufel and Sommer [16]

temperature dependant higher order terms are added duringoptimization of MgNi

2in the current assessment Hence

small adjustment of the optimized parameters of Mezbahul-Islam and Medraj [45] is made in the current work as shownin Table 21 The calculated enthalpy of formation of Mg

2Ni

and MgNi2compared with the available experimental data is

shown in Figure 16(d) and Table 22

9 Mg-Ce (Magnesium-Cerium)

Using DTA XRD and metallography Wood and Cramer[201] showed that the three compounds CeMg

12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825

in the Mg-rich corner were formed peritec-tically and the eutectic between Mg and CeMg

12occurred

at 866K and 42 at Ce They [201] revealed the existenceof CeMg

825but did not identify its crystal structure Later

Johnson and Smith [202] determined the structure of this


00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)Mole fraction (Ni)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92

300 500 700 900Temperature (K)

Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)

Figure 16 Calculated (a) enthalpy of mixing of liquid Mg-Ni at 1008K ◻ [16] at 1002K I [16] at 1008K (b) Activity of liquid Mg and Niat 1100K I [72] at 1100K [73] at 1092K times [74] at 1100K (c) Heat capacity for the MgNi

2 I [16] ◻ [75] (d) Enthalpy of formation of

Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 I this work [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]

Table 21 Optimized model parameters of the Mg-Ni system [45]

Phase ParametersΔ1198920 and 0119871 in Jmole

LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi

NiMg = 4Δ1198920MgNi = minus16 8294 + 502119879 Δ11989210MgNi = minus15 0689 + 1049119879

Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672

Ni-fcc 0119871Ni-fcc

= 368350

Mg2Nilowast Δ119866

119891= minus160757 + 466119879 (Jmolesdotatom)

MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =

minus21 4310 + 2524119879 minus 939119879 ln119879 + 2217 times 10minus41198792 + 666 times 104119879minus1o119866

MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879

(Jmolesdotatom)lowastModified in this work


Table 22 Enthalpy and entropy of formation of the Mg-Ni intermetallic compounds



Mg2Ni

minus1607 minus466 This work Cal (Calphad)minus2233 minus837 plusmn 405 [76] Expminus2009 minus921 [121] Expminus1615 minus496 [78] Exp

minus1319 plusmn 042 [77] Expminus1987 [71] Cal (FP)


MgNi2

minus2143 minus2524 This work Cal (Calphad)minus1856 minus084 plusmn 195 [76] Expminus2596 minus1089 [121] Expminus1997 [78] Exp

minus1842 plusmn 070 minus083 [77] Expminus2585 [71] Cal (FP)


compound using single crystal X-ray diffraction techniqueThese authors [202] reported that CeMg

825has a body

centered tetragonal (BCT) unit cell with 119886 = 1478 A and119888 = 1043 A lattice parameters and 1198684119898 space groupPahlman and Smith [169] studied the thermodynamics of thecompoundrsquos formation in the Ce-Mg binary system in thetemperature range of 650K to 930K Pahlman and Smith[169] measured the vapour pressure of pure Mg over Ce-Mgalloys using the knudsen effusionmethod [151] From the freeenergy function (Δ ∘119866 = 798ndash904 times 10minus3 T kJ sdotmolminus1) they[169] concluded that CeMg

2should decompose eutectoidally

at 875K They also reported the eutectoidal decompositionof 120575-Ce solid solution at 783K Experimental measurementof the heat of formation of the intermetallic compounds wascarried out by Nagarajan and Sommer [170] Biltz and Pieper[168] and Pahlman and Smith [169] while first principlecalculations to determine the same for the compounds wereperformed by Tao et al [162]

The Ce-Mg phase diagram was redrawn by Nayeb-Hashemi and Clark [203] considering six intermetalliccompounds CeMg

12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103

and CeMg2 With the exception of CeMg

3 which melts

congruently all other compounds were considered to beformed peritectically Later Saccone et al [204] studied theCe-rich and Mg-rich sides of the Ce-Mg phase diagramexperimentally using XRD EPMASEM and metallographyTheir [204] findings on the eutectoidal decomposition ofCeMg

103at 886K the peritectic formation of CeMg

12at

888K and the peritectic formation of CeMg103

at 896Kwere in good agreement with the obtained results by Woodand Cramer [201] Zhang et al [205] recently suggestedslightly shifted compositions for two compounds CeMg

12

was redesignated as CeMg11

and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On

the other hand they excluded the CeMg103

compoundfrom their version of the phase diagram More recentlyOkamoto [165] put back the compounds former formulae andrecommended that the shape of CeMg

3phase field needs to

be reexamined This is because the two-phase region fieldCeMg

2+ CeMg

3in the phase diagram reported by Zhang et

al [205] increaseswith temperature which violates the binaryphase diagram rules addressed by Okamoto [206]

Thermodynamic modeling of this system has been car-ried out by Cacciamani et al [207] Kang et al [189] andZhang et al [208] and later by Ghosh and Medraj [42] usingthe CALPHAD approach All these modelings sequentiallyimproved quality of the thermodynamic description of theMg-Ce system In the present paper the optimized parame-ters published byGhosh andMedraj [42] are used to calculatethe phase diagram and thermodynamic properties as theseauthors provided the latest and most accurate understandingof this system The calculated Mg-Ce phase diagram andthermodynamic properties of the liquid are shown in Figures17 18 and 19 The crystallographic data of the compoundsand the thermodynamic parameter set are listed in Tables 23and 24 Also the enthalpies and entropies of formation of theintermetallic compounds collected from different sources arelisted in Table 25

10 Mg-Nd (Magnesium-Nyodymium)

The terminal solid solubility of Nd in Mg was determinedby Park and Wyman [109] and Drits et al [34] at the819 K eutectic temperature as 01 at Nd Later Joseph andGschneider [209] determined the maximum solid solubilityofMg in 120572-Nd as 82 atMg at the 824K eutectoidal decom-position of 120573-Nd Iandelli and Palenzona [210] determinedthe crystal structure of the intermediate compound MgNdas cubic with cP2-CsCl type The Mg

2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41

type and Mg12Nd as 11990511986826-ThMn

12type

structures [211] Nayeb-Hashemi and Clark [212] constructedthe Mg-Nd phase diagram based on the available data in theliterature According to their assessment five intermetalliccompoundsMgNdMg

2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41

CeMg3 + CeMg 120574-Ce + CeMg

120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3

Figure 17 Mg-Ce phase diagram

Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp

Mg-hcp + CeMg12CeMg12

Ce2Mg17

Ce5Mg41 + CeMg3Ce5Mg41

L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41

Figure 18 Magnified portion of the Mg-Ce phase diagram

000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

Figure 19 Calculated (a) enthalpy of mixing of liquid Mg-Ce at 1090K ◻ [16] at 1002K I [16] at 1008K (b) Activity of liquid Mg and Niat 1100K I [72] at 1100K [73] at 1092K times [74] at 1100K (c) Heat capacity for the MgNi


Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]


Table 23 Crystal structure data for Mg-Ce intermetallic compounds


(120575Ce) W 229 1198681198983119898 04120 [141 165](120574Ce) Cu 225 1198651198983119898 05160 [141 165]CeMg CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03901 [141 165]CeMg2 Cu2Mg 227 1198651198893119898 08733 [141 165]CeMg3 BiF3 225 1198651198983119898 07420 [141 165]Ce5Mg41 Ce5Mg41 87 1198684119898 14540 10280 [141 165]CeMg103 Ni17Th2 194 1198756

3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]

CeMg12 Mn12Th 139 I4mmm 10330 05960 [141 165]Mg Mg 194 1198756

3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]

Table 24 Optimized model parameters of the Mg-Ce system [42]

PhaseParameters

Δ1198920 and 0119871 in Jmole oΔ119867 in Jmolesdotatom andoΔ119878 in JmolesdotatomsdotK

ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6

LiquidΔ1198920MgCe = minus15 9144 + 744119879Δ11989210MgCe = minus9 6324 + 251119879

Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871

120575-Ce= minus15 6007 minus 975119879 1119871120575-Ce = minus9003

120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867

CeMgCeMg = minus143000

oΔ119878CeMgCeMg = minus252

CeMg2 oΔ119867CeMg2CeMg = minus158163

oΔ119878CeMg2CeMg = minus343



Ce5Mg41 oΔ119867Ce5Mg41CeMg = minus125218 oΔ119878Ce5Mg41

CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540

CeMg12 oΔ119867CeMg12CeMg = minus109311 oΔ119878CeMg12

CeMg = minus665

Table 25 Enthalpy of formation of the Mg-Ce intermetallic compounds

Compound Enthalpy of formation (kJmolesdotatom) Entropy of formation (JmolesdotatomsdotK) Reference

CeMg

minus2720 [168] Expminus1308 [169] Expminus1200 [162] Cal [FP]minus1430 minus252 [42] Cal (Calphad)

CeMg2minus1138 [169] Expminus1120 [162] Cal [FP]minus1582 minus343 [42] Cal (Calphad)

CeMg3

minus1778 [168] Expminus189 [169] Expminus1493 [170]minus1280 [162] Cal [FP]minus190 minus662 [42] Cal (Calphad)

Ce5Mg41minus1813 [169] Expminus700 [162] Cal [FP]minus1252 minus650 [42] Cal (Calphad)

Ce2Mg17 minus1136 minus540 [42] Cal (Calphad)

CeMg12minus1409 [169] Expminus1093 minus665 [42] Cal (Calphad)


Table 26 Crystal structure data for Mg-Nd intermetallic compounds


(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]

Mg41Nd5 Ce5Mg41 87 I4m 14741 10390 [140 141]Mg3Nd BiF3 225 1198651198983119898 07399 [140 141]Mg2Nd Cu2Mg 227 1198651198893119898 08671 [140 141]MgNd CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03869 [140 141](120573Nd) W 229 1198681198983119898 04130 [140 141](120572Nd) 120572La 194 1198756

3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Figure 20 Mg-Nd phase diagram [116]

along with terminal solid solutions of Nd in Mg Mg in120572-Nd and Mg in 120573-Nd exist in the Mg-Nd phase diagramAfterwards Delfino et al [211] studied this system using X-ray DTA metallography and SEM analysis According tothem [211] Mg

2Nd is a metastable compound because it was

only observed in the samples quenched directly from liquidand not in the annealed ones Later Gorsse et al [213] alsoreported Mg

2Nd as a metastable compound based on their

microstructural analysisMg41Nd5has been found as theMg-

richest stable phase byDelfino et al [211]They also suggestedsmall solubility for MgNd In addition they reported Mg

3Nd

withmaximum solubility of 6 at at 833K extending towardsthe Mg-rich side Pahlman and Smith [169] determined thevapor pressure of Mg in Mg-Nd alloys in the temperaturerange 650ndash930K by the knudsen effusion technique Ogrenet al [214] determined the enthalpy of formation of MgNdcompound

Thermodynamic modeling on the Mg-Nd system hasbeen carried out by Gorsse et al [213] who consideredthe Mg activities obtained from vapour pressure data ofPahlman and Smith [169] However in their assessmentthe intermediate compounds MgNd Mg

2Nd Mg

3Nd and

Mg41Nd5were treated as stoichiometric compounds Guo

and Du [215] Meng et al [216] and Qi et al [217] also madethermodynamic assessments on this system Guo and Du

[215] used Sublattice models to reproduce the homogeneityrange of the intermetallic compounds MgNd Mg

3Nd and

Mg41Nd5 Recently Kang et al [171] assessed all the previous

optimizations and reoptimized this system using Modifiedquasichemical modelThey [171] also employed first principlecalculations to predict the heat of formation of the intermetal-lic compounds which are in fair agreement with the reportedvalues by Tao et al [162]The crystallographic information ofthe intermetallic compounds is listed in Table 26 The phasediagram in Figure 20 has been calculated using the FTlightdatabase [116] The enthalpies and entropies of formation ofthe intermetallic compounds on the Mg-Nd system are listedin Table 27

11 Mg-Cu (Magnesium-Copper)

Three very old assessments dating back to 1900s on theMg-Cu phase equilibria by Boudouard [218] Sahmen [219]and Urazov [220] could be found in the literature Theexistence of two congruently melting compounds (Mg

2Cu

and MgCu2) and three eutectic points were reported in

those works But the most extensive work on the Mg-Cusystem was done by Jones [221] in 1931 using both thermaland microscopic analyses His reported data were not fullyconsistent with the previous authors [218ndash220] Since he used


Table 27 Enthalpy and entropy of formation of the Mg-Nd intermetallic compounds


Mg41Nd5minus1799 plusmn 134 586 plusmn 180 [169] Exp

minus590 [162] Cal (FP)minus2461 [171] Cal (FP)

Mg3Ndminus1874 plusmn 142 515 plusmn 188 [169] Exp

minus1170 [162] Cal (FP)



MgNd minus1389 plusmn 155 402 plusmn 205 [169] Expminus1100 [162] Cal (FP)

huge number of samples and extreme precautions during thesample preparations his data were more reliable

Mg2Cu does not have any solid solubility However

MgCu2

shows temperature dependent solubility rangeGrime andMorris-Jones [222] reported a homogeneity rangeof 2 to 3 at on both sides of the MgCu

2stoichiometry

Also X-ray diffraction from Sederman [223] disclosed thatthe extension of solubility on both sides of MgCu

2at 773K

should not exceed 255 at (from 6455 to 6720 at Cu)and considerably less at lower temperatures However X-ray diffraction microscopic simple and differential thermalanalysis by Bagnoud and Feschotte [193] confirmed that themaximum solid solubilities at the eutectic temperatures onboth sides of MgCu

2are 647 and 69 at Cu

Limited terminal solubility of Cu in Mg as well as Mgin Cu has been reported in different assessments Hansen[224] showed that the solubility of Cu in Mg increases fromabout 01 at Cu at room temperature to about 04-05 atCu at 758K However elaborate metallographic analysis ofJones [221] showed that the solubility of Cu in Mg is only0007 at Cu at room temperature increasing to about0012 at Cu near the eutectic temperature These values arecontradictory to those given byHansen [224] Later Stepanovand Kornilov [225] revealed that the solubility is 02 at Cuat 573K 03 at Cu at 673K and 055 at Cu at 753KThisis in considerable agreement with the metallographic workof Hansen [224] However considering the accuracy of theanalysis of Jones [221] it appears that the solubility limitsgiven by [224 225] are quite high On the other hand quitelarge solubility of Mg in Cu has been found According toGrime and Morris-Jones [222] the maximum solubility isapproximately 75 atMg whereas Jones [221] reported thatthis solubility is about 53 at Mg at 773K increasing toabout 63 at Mg at 1003K Stepanov and Kornilov [225]however determined the maximum solid solubility of 104at Mg using an electrical resistance method Bagnoud andFeschotte [193] placed the maximum solubility at 694 atMgWith the exception of Stepanov and Kornilov [225] mostof these data [193 221 222] are in close agreement with eachother

The vapor pressures of Mg over Mg-Cu liquid weremeasured by Garg et al [120] Schmahl and Sieben [121]Juneja et al [119] and Hino et al [122] All these resultsare in close agreement with each other Enthalpy of mixing

for the Mg-Cu liquid was measured by Sommer et al [117]and Batalin et al [118] using calorimetric method Kingand Kleppa [77] determined the enthalpies of formation ofMgCu

2and Mg

2Cu by calorimetric method Similar values

have been determined by Eremenko et al [123] using EMFmeasurements The vapor pressure measurements of SmithandChristian [76] showed discrepancy with the other resultsDue to different measurement techniques the reported val-ues are contradictory to one another

Several thermodynamic assessments on the Mg-Cu sys-tem have been carried out by Nayeb-Hashemi and Clark[226] Coughanowr et al [227] Zuo and Chang [228] Thelatest assessment on this system was published by Mezbahul-Islam et al [66] who considered the presence of shortrange ordering in the liquid The Mg-Cu phase diagram andsome of the thermodynamic properties have been calculatedas shown in Figures 21 and 22 based on their optimizedparameters as listed in Table 29 Also the crystallographicdata of the Mg-Cu intermetallics are listed in Table 28Mashovets and Puchkov [59] used modified quasichemicalmodel for describing the liquid and also their phase diagramand thermodynamic properties showed very good agreementwith the available experimental data The enthalpies andentropies of formation of Mg

2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30

12 Mg-Sn (Magnesium-Tin)

The Mg-Sn phase diagram has been studied by manyresearchers The liquid near the Mg-rich side of the Mg-Snsystem has been investigated by Grube [229] Kurnakow andStepanow [230] Hume-Rothery [231] andRaynor [232] usingthermal analysis Nayak and Oelsen [233 234] also measuredthe same using a calorimetric analysisThese results are fairlyin agreement with each otherThe liquidus curve nearMg

2Sn

was determined by several researchers [229ndash236] and themelting point of Mg

2Sn was reported as 1043K plusmn (8 to 25)

The Sn-rich liquidus curve was first measured by HeycockandNeville [237] and later on by other investigators [229 231233 234 238 239] Hume-Rothery [231] reported a hump inthis side of the liquidus curve and interpreted it as a slight


Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2

MgCu2 + Mg2Cu Mg-hcp + Mg2Cu

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc

Figure 21 Mg-Cu phase diagram [66]

00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)

Figure 22 (a) Calculated enthalpy of mixing of Mg-Cu liquid at 1400K [66] ◻ [117] at 1100K [117] at 1120K I [117] at 1125 K times [118]at 1100K + [119] at 1100K (b) Activity of Mg in the Mg-Cu liquid at 1123 K lowast [120] at 1100K [121] at 1123 K ◻ [119] at 1100K I [122] at1100K (c) Heat of formation of the stoichiometric compounds lowast [66] loz [77] I [123] ◻ [76]


Table 28 Crystal structure data for Mg-Cu intermetallic compounds


Mg2Cu Mg2Cu 70 Fddd 05283 09062 18351 [137]MgCu2 MgCu2 227 1198651198893119898 07031 07031 07031 [137]

Table 29 Optimized model parameters for the Mg-Cu system [66]


Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2

Δ1198920MgCu = minus1297595Δ11989210MgCu = minus615313 + 126119879

Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160

Cu-fcc 0119871Cu-fcc = minus2192339 + 537119879

Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879

MgCu2(Mg Cu)(Cu Mg)2

0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787

0119871MgCu2MgCuCu =

0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135

0119871MgCu2CuMgCu =

0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945

liquid immiscibility However the other investigators [230233 234 237ndash239] did not confirm this phenomenon

The (Mg) solidus curve was determined by Grube andVosskuhler [240] and Vosskuhler [241] using resistivity tech-nique by Raynor [232] using metallography and by Nayakand Oelsen [234] using calorimeter The solid solubility ofSn in Mg was reported by Stepanow [242] and Gann [243]and later by Grube and Vosskuhler [240] Vosskuhler [241]Raynor [232] Nayak and Oelsen [234] and Nishinura andTanaka [244] by different methods According to Nayeb-Hashemi and Clark [239] the solid solubility of Mg in Sn isinfinitesimally small Eldridge et al [245] and Caulfield andHudson [246] reported a very narrow solid solubility rangeof Mg and Sn in Mg

2Sn at high temperature (few tenth of a

percent [245] to 05 at [246])Kawakami [25] Sommer [172] and Nayak and Oelsen

[173 247] measured the heat of mixing of the Mg-Snliquid using calorimetric method whereas Eremenko andLukashenko [248] Steiner et al [235] Eldridge et al [245]and Sharma [127] calculated it from the EMF measurementThe heat of formation of the Mg-Sn solid was determinedby Kubaschewski [249] Nayak and Oelsen [173] Sharma[127] Beardmore et al [174] kBiltz and Holverscheit [250]Ashtakala and Pidgeon [251] and Borsese et al [175] whereasDobovisek and Paulin [176] calculated heat of formationof the Mg

2Sn compound using the Paulingrsquos rule The heat

capacity of the Mg2Sn compound was determined by Jelinek

et al [252] at low temperature (up to 300K) whereas Chenet al [253] determined the same at much higher temperature(300ndash700K)

The phase equilibrium and experimental phase diagramdata are reviewed byNayeb-Hashemi andClark [239] Higher

negative heat of formation values of Mg2Sn were reported by

Sharma [127] Eldridge et al [245] and Biltz and Holverscheit[250] than those by Nayeb-Hashemi and Clark [239] Nayeb-Hashemi and Clark [239] along with others like Egan [254]Eckert et al [255] Pavlova and Poyarkov [256] optimizedthe phase diagram using measured thermodynamic dataVery recently Jung and Kim [257] Meng et al [258] andKang and Pelton [259] optimized the same system andmodeled the liquid phase by the MQM They considered thethermodynamic data reviewed by Nayeb-Hashemi and Clark[239] The most recent optimization has been performed byGhosh et al [22] who critically reviewed all the work doneprior to them and reported a more accurate description ofthe Mg-Sn system The crystal structure information andthermodynamic modeling parameters are listed in Tables 31and 32 Figures 23 and 24 show the Mg-Sn phase diagram aswell as some of the thermodynamic properties of the liquidThe enthalpy and entropy of formation of Mg

2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary

Eleven essential Mg-based binary systems have beenreviewed in this paper All the available experimental datahas been summarized and assessed critically to providedetailed understanding of each system The phase diagramsare calculated based on the most up-to-date optimizedparameters Critical information of the phase diagramboth as composition and temperature is shown on thefigures All the binary systems have been modeled usingthe modified quasichemical model which is the onlyscientific model that accounts for the short range ordering


Table 30 Enthalpy and entropy of formation of the Mg-Cu intermetallic compounds



Mg2Cu

minus954 minus001 [66] Cal (Calphad)minus558 plusmn 251 949 plusmn 502 [76] Expminus1063 plusmn 109 minus149 plusmn 138 [123] Expminus955 plusmn 042 [77] Expminus98 plusmn 18 [16] Exp

MgCu2

minus1256 00 [66] Cal (Calphad)minus75 plusmn 153 391 plusmn 209 [76] Expminus1285 plusmn 067 042 plusmn 084 [123] Expminus1118 plusmn 042 [77] Exp

minus475 [71] Cal (FP)minus127 plusmn 20 [16] Exp

Table 31 Crystal structure data for Mg-Sn intermetallic compound


Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]

Table 32 Optimized model parameters for the Mg-Sn system [22]

PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn

SnMg = 6Δ1198920MgSn = minus17 8197 minus 410119879 Δ119892

10

MgSn = 1 1715Δ11989201MgSn = minus41 840 minus 209119879

Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]

Mg2Sn oΔ119867SnMg2SnMg = minus28 3329

oΔ119878SnMg2SnMg = minus159

Table 33 Enthalpy and entropy of formation of Mg2Sn



minus2833 minus159 [22] Cal (Calphad)minus847 [172] Expminus740 [173] Expminus930 [127] Expminus897 [174] Expminus817 [175] Expminus1075 [176] Exp

in the liquid Reoptimization of the Mg-Y system has beenperformed to comply with the recent experimental dataon the homogeneity range of the intermetallic compoundsThe Mg-Nd phase diagram has been calculated using theFTlight database and its thermodynamic parameters are

not available The thermodynamic model parameters forall other systems have been summarized These parametersare important for further development of the alloys intothe multicomponent systems The available thermodynamicproperties for these binary systems have been calculated


011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)

Figure 23 Mg-Sn phase diagram [22]

00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)

Figure 24 (a) Calculated enthalpy of mixing of Mg and Sn in theMg-Sn liquid at 1073K o [25] ◻ [124] [125]e [126] lowast [127] times [128]loz [61] (b) calculated activities of liquid Mg and Sn at 1073K o [127] lowast [124]

and compared with the experimental data for betterunderstanding The crystallographic data which is one ofthe primary requirements for Sublattice modeling is alsoprovided in detail for all the binary systems In addition heatof formation of the intermetallic compounds for each systemobtained from experimental first principle calculationsand CALPHAD optimizations are provided This paper willprovide a much needed summarization of all the essentialMg alloys

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] R Gradinger and P Stolfig ldquoMagnesium wrought alloys forautomotive applicationsrdquo in Proceedings of the Minerals Metalsamp Materials Society pp 231ndash236 March 2003

[2] M O Pekguleryuz E Baril P Labelle and D Argo ldquoCreepresistant Mg-Al-Sr alloysrdquo Journal of Advanced Materials vol35 no 3 pp 32ndash38 2003

[3] H Mao J Brevick C Mobley et al ldquoMicrostructural charac-teristics of die cast AZ91D and AM60 magnesium alloysrdquo SAETechnical Paper 1999

[4] B Zberg P J Uggowitzer and J F Loffler ldquoMgZnCaglasses without clinically observable hydrogen evolution forbiodegradable implantsrdquo Nature Materials vol 8 no 11 pp887ndash891 2009


[5] E Ma and J Xu ldquoBiodegradable alloys the glass window ofopportunitiesrdquo Nature Materials vol 8 no 11 pp 855ndash8572009

[6] E Aghion B Bronfin F von Buch S Schumann and HFriedrich ldquoDead sea magnesium alloys newly developed forhigh temperature applicationsrdquo in Proceedings of the MineralsMetals amp Materials Society pp 177ndash182 March 2003

[7] B Mark ldquoRemarkable magnesium the 21st century structuralalloy for small componentsrdquo White Paper FisherCast GlobalCorporation 2013

[8] A Boby U Pillai B Pillai and B Pai ldquoDevelopments inmagnesium alloys for transport applicationsmdashan overviewrdquoIndian Foundry Journal vol 57 pp 29ndash37 2011

[9] Z Yanga J X Zhang G W Lorimer and J Robson ldquoReviewon research and development of magnesium alloysrdquo ActaMetallurgica Sinica (English Letters) vol 21 pp 313ndash328 2008

[10] R Agarwal and F Sommer ldquoCalorimetric measurements of liq-uid aluminum-magnesium alloysrdquo Zeitschrift fur Metallkundevol 82 pp 118ndash120 1991

[11] Z Moser W Zakulski K Rzyman et al ldquoNew thermodynamicdata for liquid Aluminum-Magnesium alloys from emf vaporpressures and calorimetric studiesrdquo Journal of Phase Equilibriavol 19 no 1 pp 38ndash47 1998

[12] Y J Bhatt and S P Garg ldquoThermodynamic study of liq-uid aluminum-magnesium alloys by vapor pressure measure-mentsrdquo Metallurgical Transactions B vol 7 no 2 pp 271ndash2751976

[13] G R Belton and Y K Rao ldquoGalvanic cell study of activities inmagnesium-aluminum liquid alloysrdquo Transactions of the AIMEvol 245 no 10 pp 2189ndash2193 1969

[14] J M Juneja K P Abraham and G N K Iyengar ldquoThermody-namic study of liquid magnesium-aluminium alloys by vapourpressure measurement using the boiling point methodrdquo ScriptaMetallurgica vol 20 no 2 pp 177ndash180 1986

[15] V P Kazimirov and G I Batalin ldquoCalculation of thermo-dynamic properties of aluminum-magnesium melts by thepseudopotential methodrdquoUkrainskii Khimicheskii Zhurnal vol49 no 8 pp 887ndash888 1983

[16] H Feufel and F Sommer ldquoThermodynamic investigations ofbinary liquid and solid CuMg and MgNi alloys and ternaryliquid CuMgNi alloysrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol224 no 1 pp 42ndash54 1995

[17] E E Lukashenko and A M Pogodaev ldquoThermodynamics ofmagnesium-aluminummolten alloysrdquo Izvestiya Akademii NaukSSSR Metally pp 91ndash96 1971

[18] V N Eremenko and G M Lukashenko ldquoThermodynamicproperties of liquid solutions in the magnesium-aluminumsystemrdquoUkrainskii Khimicheskii Zhurnal (Russian Edition) vol28 pp 462ndash466 1962

[19] A Schneider and E K Stoll ldquoMetal vapor pressure I Vaporpressure of magnesium over aluminum-magnesium alloysrdquoZeitschrift fur Angewandte Physik Und Chemie vol 47 pp 519ndash526 1941

[20] M Y Vyazner AG Morachevskii and A Y U Taits ldquoThermo-dynamic properties of magnesium-aluminum system moltenalloysrdquo Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii vol 44 no 5 pp 722ndash7261971

[21] B L Tiwari ldquoThermodynamic properties of liquid aluminum-magnesium alloys measured by the emf methodrdquoMetallurgicaland Materials Transactions A vol 18 pp 1645ndash1651 1987

[22] P Ghosh M Mezbahul-Islam and M Medraj ldquoCritical assess-ment and thermodynamic modeling of Mg-Zn Mg-Sn Sn-Znand Mg-Sn-Zn systemsrdquo Calphad vol 36 pp 28ndash43 2012

[23] Magnesuum overview 2013 httpwwwintlmagorgindexcfm

[24] H Pyka Untersuchungen zur thermodynamik glasbilden-der ternarer Legierungen [PhD thesis] University StuttgartStuttgart Germany 1984

[25] M Kawakami Scientific Reports of Reserch Institute TohokuUniversity vol 19 1930

[26] R Agarwal S G Fries H L Lukas et al ldquoAssessment of theMg-Zn systemrdquoZeitschrift furMetallkunde vol 83 pp 216ndash2231992

[27] A M Pogodaev and E E Lukashenko ldquoThermodynamic studyof molten magnesium and zinc alloysrdquo Zhurnal FizicheskoiKhimii vol 46 pp 337ndash339 1972

[28] Z Moser ldquoThermodynamic properties of dilute solutions ofmagnesium in zincrdquo Metallurgical and Materials Transactionsvol 5 no 6 pp 1445ndash1450 1974

[29] P Chiotti and E P Stevens ldquoThermodynamic properties ofMg-Zn alloysrdquo Transactions of the American Society for Metals vol233 pp 198ndash203 1965

[30] J Terpilowski ldquoThermodynamic properties of liquid zinc-magnesium solutionsrdquo Bulletin de lrsquoAcademie Polonaise desSciences Serie des Sciences Chimiques vol 10 pp 221ndash225 1962

[31] Z Kozuka J Moriyama and I Kushima ldquoActivities of thecomponentmetals in fused binary alloys (Zn-Al system andZn-Mg system)rdquo Denki Kagaku vol 28 pp 523ndash526 1960

[32] M Asgar-Khan and M Medraj ldquoThermodynamic descriptionof the Mg-Mn Al-Mn and Mg-Al-Mn systems using themodified quasichemical model for the liquid phasesrdquoMaterialsTransactions vol 50 no 5 pp 1113ndash1122 2009

[33] M V Chukhov ldquoOn the solubility ofMn in liquidMgrdquoDokladyAkademii Nauk SSSR vol 1 pp 302ndash305 1958

[34] M Drits E Padezhnova and N Miklina ldquoThe combinedsolubility of noedymium and zinc in solid magnesiumrdquo RussianMetallurgy vol 3 pp 143ndash146 1974

[35] A Schneider and S Hennistobbe ldquoStructure and techni-cal preparation of corrosion-resistant magnesium-manganesealloysrdquoMetall vol 4 pp 178ndash183 1950

[36] G Siebel ldquoThe solubility of iron manganese and zirconium inmagnesium andmagnesium alloysrdquo Zeitschrift fur Metallkundevol 39 pp 22ndash27 1948

[37] N Tiner ldquoThe solubility of manganese in liquid magnesiumrdquoMetals Technology pp 1ndash7 1945

[38] J D Grogan and J L Haughton ldquoAlloys of Mg XIV Theconstitution of the Mg-rich alloys of Mg and Mnrdquo Journal ofthe Institute of Metals vol 69 pp 241ndash248 1943

[39] M E Drits Z A Sviderskaya and L L Rokhlin ldquoAlloys of thesystemmagnesium-neodymium-manganese in the region closeto themagnesium cornerrdquo Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii vol7 pp 2771ndash2777 1962

[40] E Schmid and G Siebel ldquoDetermination of solid solubility ofMn in Mg by x-ray analysisrdquoMetallwirtschaft vol 10 pp 923ndash925 1931

[41] M Aljarrah andMMedraj ldquoThermodynamic modelling of theMg-CaMg-Sr Ca-Sr andMg-Ca-Sr systems using themodifiedquasichemical modelrdquo Calphad vol 32 no 2 pp 240ndash2512008


[42] P Ghosh and M Medraj ldquoThermodynamic calculation of theMg-Mn-Zn and Mg-Mn-Ce systems and re-optimization oftheir constitutive binariesrdquo Calphad vol 41 pp 89ndash107 2013

[43] F Islam and M Medraj ldquoThe phase equilibria in the Mg-Ni-Casystemrdquo Calphad vol 29 no 4 pp 289ndash302 2005

[44] M Mezbahul-Islam E Essadiqi and M Medraj ldquoA differentialscanning calorimetric study of the Mg-Cu-Y systemrdquoMaterialsScience Forum vol 706ndash709 pp 1215ndash1220 2012

[45] M Mezbahul-Islam and M Medraj ldquoA critical thermodynamicassessment of the Mg-Ni Ni-Y binary and Mg-Ni-Y ternarysystemsrdquo Calphad vol 33 no 3 pp 478ndash486 2009

[46] M Mezbahul-Islam and M Medraj ldquoThermodynamic mod-eling of the Mg-Cu-Ni ternary system using the modifiedquasichemical modelrdquo in Proceedings of the Conference ofMetallurgists (COM rsquo11) pp 241ndash253 Montreal Canada 2011

[47] S Wasiur-Rahman and M Medraj ldquoCritical assessment andthermodynamic modeling of the binary Mg-Zn Ca-Zn andternary Mg-Ca-Zn systemsrdquo Intermetallics vol 17 no 10 pp847ndash864 2009

[48] M A Parvez M Medraj E Essadiqi A Muntasar andG Denes ldquoExperimental study of the ternary magnesium-aluminium-strontium systemrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 402 no 1-2 pp 170ndash185 2005

[49] T Balakumar and M Medraj ldquoThermodynamic modeling ofthe Mg-Al-Sb systemrdquo Calphad vol 29 no 1 pp 24ndash36 2005

[50] F Islam andMMedraj ldquoThermodynamicmodelling of theMg-Al-Ca systemrdquo Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly vol 44 no 4pp 523ndash536 2005

[51] F Islam A K Thykadavil and M Medraj ldquoA computationalthermodynamic model of the Mg-Al-Ge systemrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 425 no 1-2 pp 129ndash139 2006

[52] S Al Shakhshir and M Medraj ldquoComputational thermo-dynamic model for the Mg-Al-Y systemrdquo Journal of PhaseEquilibria and Diffusion vol 27 no 3 pp 231ndash244 2006

[53] M Aljarrah U Aghaulor and M Medraj ldquoThermodynamicassessment of the Mg-Zn-Sr systemrdquo Intermetallics vol 15 no2 pp 93ndash97 2007

[54] M Aljarrah M Medraj J Li and E Essadiqi ldquoPhase equilibriaof the constituent ternaries of the Mg-Al-Ca-Sr systemrdquo JOMvol 61 no 5 pp 68ndash74 2009

[55] Y-N Zhang D Kevorkov J Li E Essadiqi and M MedrajldquoDetermination of the solubility range and crystal structureof the Mg-rich ternary compound in the Ca-Mg-Zn systemrdquoIntermetallics vol 18 no 12 pp 2404ndash2411 2010

[56] Y N Zhang D Kevorkov F Bridier and M Medraj ldquoExperi-mental study of the Ca-Mg-Zn system using diffusion couplesand key alloysrdquo Science and Technology of Advanced Materialsvol 12 no 2

[57] M Mezbahul-Islam andM Medraj ldquoPhase equilibrium in Mg-Cu-Yrdquo Scientific Reports vol 3 article 3033 2013

[58] F Sommer B Predel and D Assman ldquoThermodynamic inves-tigation of liquid alloys in the systems Mg-Ca Mg-Sr and Mg-Bardquo Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde vol 68 pp 347ndash349 1977

[59] V P Mashovets and L V Puchkov ldquoVapour pressure overmolten alloys in the systemMg-Cardquo Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimiivol 35 pp 1009ndash1014 1965

[60] F Sommer ldquoThermodynamic activities of liquid alloys in thesystem Ca-Mg using a modified ruff methodrdquo Zeitschrift furMetallkund vol 70 no 8 pp 545ndash547 1979

[61] F Sommer ldquoDetermination of thermodynamic activities ofliquid alloys in the systems Mg-Sr and Ba-Mgrdquo Zeitschrift furMetallkunde vol 71 pp 434ndash437 1980

[62] H D Zhao GW Qin Y P RenW L Pei D Chen and Y GuoldquoThemaximum solubility of y in 120572-Mg and composition rangesof Mg

24Y5minus119909

and Mg2Y1minus119909

intermetallic phases in Mg-Y binarysystemrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 509 no 3 pp627ndash631 2011

[63] H Flandorfer M Giovannini A Saccone P Rogl and RFerro ldquoThe Ce-Mg-Y systemrdquo Metallurgical and MaterialsTransactions A vol 28 no 2 pp 265ndash276 1997

[64] Z A Sviderskaya and EM Padezhnova ldquoPhase equilibriums inmagnesium-yttrium and magnesium-yttrium-manganese sys-temsrdquo IzvestiyaAkademii Nauk SSSRMetally pp 183ndash190 1968

[65] J F Smith DM Bailey D B Novotny and J E Davison ldquoTher-modynamics of formation of yttrium-magnesium intermediatephasesrdquo Acta Metallurgica vol 13 no 8 pp 889ndash895 1965

[66] MMezbahul-Islam D Kevorkov andMMedraj ldquoThe equilib-riumphase diagramof themagnesium-copper-yttrium systemrdquoThe Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics vol 40 no 7 pp1064ndash1076 2008

[67] R Agarwal H Feufel and F Sommer ldquoCalorimetric measure-ments of liquid LaMg MgYb andMgY alloysrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 217 no 1 pp 59ndash64 1995

[68] V Ganesan F Schuller H Feufel F Sommer and H IpserldquoThermodynamic properties of ternary liquid Cu-Mg-Y alloysrdquoZeitschrift fur Metallkunde vol 88 no 9 pp 701ndash710 1997

[69] V Ganesan and H Ipser ldquoThermodynamic properties of liquidmagnesium-yttrium alloysrdquo Journal de Chimie Physique et dePhysico-Chimie Biologique vol 94 no 5 pp 986ndash991 1997

[70] I N Pyagai A V Vakhobov N G Shmidt O V Zhikharevaand M I Numanov ldquoHeats of formation of magnesiumintermetallic compounds with yttrium lanthanum andneodymiumrdquo Doklady Akademii Nauk Tadzhikshoi SSR vol32 pp 605ndash607 1989

[71] H Zhang S Shang J E Saal et al ldquoEnthalpies of formationof magnesium compounds from first-principles calculationsrdquoIntermetallics vol 17 no 11 pp 878ndash885 2009

[72] I T Sryvalin O A Esin and B M Lepinskikh ldquoThermody-namic properties of solutions of magnesium in nickel lead andsiliconrdquo Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii vol 38 pp 637ndash641 1964

[73] K Micke and H Ipser ldquoThermodynamic properties of liquidmagnesium-nickel alloysrdquoMonatshefte fur Chemie vol 127 no1 pp 7ndash13 1996

[74] P Sieben and N G Schmahl ldquoVapor pressure and activity ofmagnesium in the binary alloy systems with nickel and copperand vapor pressures of some pure metalsrdquo Giesserei Technisch-Wissenschaftliche Beihefte Giessereiwesen und Metallkunde vol18 pp 197ndash211 1966

[75] P Schubel ldquoThe heat capacity of metals and metallic com-pounds between 18 and 600∘rdquo Zeitschrift Fuer AnorganischeChemie vol 87 pp 81ndash119 1914

[76] J F Smith and J L Christian ldquoThermodynamics of formationof coppermagnesium and nickelmagnesium compounds fromvapor pressure measurementsrdquo Acta Metallurgica vol 8 no 4pp 249ndash255 1960

[77] R C King and O J Kleppa ldquoA thermochemical study of someselected laves phasesrdquoActaMetallurgica vol 12 no 1 pp 87ndash971964

[78] G M Lukashenko and V N Eremenko ldquoThermodynamicproperties of alloys in the systemmagnesium-nickel in the solidstaterdquo Zvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Metally pp 161ndash164 1966

[79] A D Pelton S A Degterov G Eriksson C Robelin andY Dessureault ldquoThe modified quasichemical model Imdashbinary


solutionsrdquo Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B vol 31no 4 pp 651ndash659 2000

[80] MHillert ldquoThe compound energy formalismrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 320 no 2 pp 161ndash176 2001

[81] M Kawakami ldquoEquilibriumdiagram of aluminum-magnesiumsystemrdquo Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University series1 pp 727ndash747 1936

[82] G Siebel and H Vosskuhler ldquoThe determination of the solubil-ity ofmagnesium in aluminumrdquoZeitschrift furMetallkunde vol31 pp 359ndash362 1939

[83] N S Kurnakov and V I Mikheeva ldquoTransformations in themiddle part of the system aluminum-magnesiumrdquo DokladyAkademii Nauk SSSR vol 13 pp 209ndash224 1940

[84] N S Kurnakov and V I Mikheeva ldquoProperties of solid solu-tions of magnesium and aluminum in the system aluminum-magnesiumrdquoDokladyAkademiiNauk SSSR vol 13 pp 201ndash2081940

[85] E Butchers andWHume-Rothery ldquoConstitution of aluminum-magnesium-manganese-zinc alloys the solidusrdquo Journal of theInstitute of Metals vol 71 pp 291ndash311 1945

[86] W Stiller and H Hoffineister ldquoDetermination of liquid-solid phase equilibria of aluminum-magnesium-zinc alloyrdquoZeitschrift fur Metallkdune vol 70 pp 167ndash172 1979

[87] E Schuermann and H J Voss ldquoMelting equilibriumsof magnesium-lithium-aluminum alloys Part 4 Meltingequilibriums of the aluminum-magnesium binary systemrdquoGiessereiforschung vol 33 pp 43ndash46 1981

[88] N C Goel J R Cahoon and B Mikkelsen ldquoAn experimentaltechnique for the rapid determination of binary phase diagramsthe Al-Mg systemrdquo Metallurgical Transactions A vol 20 no 2pp 197ndash203 1989

[89] E Schuermann and A Fischer ldquoMelting equilibria in theternary aluminum magnesium silicon systemmdash1 Binary alu-minummagnesium alloysrdquoGiessereiforschung vol 29 no 3 pp107ndash111 1977

[90] E Schuermann and I K Geissler ldquoPhase equilibriums in thesolid condition of the aluminum- rsp the magnesium-richcorner of the ternary system of aluminum-lithium-magnesiumPart 3 Phase equilibriums in the solid condition of the binarysystem of aluminium-magnesiumrdquo Giessereiforschung vol 32pp 167ndash170 1980

[91] P Liang H L Su P Donnadieu M Harmelin and A QuivyldquoExperimental investigation and thermodynamic calculation ofthe central part of the Mg-AI phase diagramrdquo Zeitschrift furMetallkunde vol 89 pp 536ndash540 1998

[92] D Hanson and M L Gayler ldquoThe constitution of the alloys ofaluminum and magnesiumrdquo Journal of Institute of Metals vol24 pp 201ndash232 1920

[93] W Hume-Rothery and G V Raynor ldquoThe constitutionof the mgnesium-rich alloys in the systems aluminum-magnesium gallium-magnesium indium-magnesium andhallium-magnesiumrdquo Journal of the Institute of Metals vol 63pp 201ndash226 1938

[94] E S Makarkov ldquoCrystal structure of the gamma phase of thesystems Al-Mg and Tl-Birdquo Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR vol74 pp 935ndash938 1950

[95] J L Murray ldquoThe Al-Mg (Aluminum-Magnesium) systemrdquoBulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams vol 3 no 1 pp 60ndash74 1982

[96] P Chartrand and A D Pelton ldquoCritical evaluation and opti-mization of the thermodynamic properties and phase diagramsof the Al-Mg Al-Sr Mg-Sr and Al-Mg-Sr systemsrdquo Journal ofPhase Equilibria vol 15 no 6 pp 591ndash605 1994

[97] N Saunders ldquoA review and thermodynamic assessment ofthe aluminum-magnesium and magnesium-lithium systemsrdquoCalphad vol 14 pp 61ndash70 1990

[98] T Czeppe W Zakulski and E Bielanska ldquoStudy of the thermalstability of phases in the Mg-Al systemrdquo Journal of PhaseEquilibria vol 24 no 3 pp 249ndash254 2003

[99] Y Zuo and Y A Chang ldquoThermodynamic calculation of theAlMg phase diagramrdquo Calphad vol 17 no 2 pp 161ndash174 1993

[100] K Ozturk Z-K Liu and A A Luo ldquoPhase identification andmicroanalysis in the Mg-Al-Ca alloy systemrdquo in Proceedings ofthe Magnesium Technology pp 195ndash200 March 2003

[101] Y Zhong M Yang and Z-K Liu ldquoContribution of first-principles energetics to Al-Mg thermodynamic modelingrdquoCalphad vol 29 no 4 pp 303ndash311 2005

[102] G I Batalin V E Sokolrsquoskii and T B Shimanskaya ldquoEnthalpiesof mixing liquid alloys of aluminum with magnesium andantimonyrdquoUkrainskii Khimicheskii Zhurnal vol 37 p 397 1971

[103] N M Tsyplakova and K L Strelets ldquoThermodynamic prop-erties of a magnesium-aluminum system studied by an emfmethodrdquo Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii vol 42 no 11 pp 2498ndash2503 1969

[104] M AljarrahThermodynamic modeling and experimental inves-tigation of the Mg-Al-Ca-Sr system [PhD thesis] Mechanicaland Industrial Engineering Concordia University MontrealCanada 2008

[105] O Boudouard ldquoAlloys of zinc and magnesiumrdquo Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences vol 139 pp 424ndash426 1904

[106] G Grube ldquoAlloys of magnesium with cadmium zinc bismuthand antimonyrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry vol 10 pp587ndash592 1906

[107] R J Chadwick ldquoThe constitution of the alloys of magnesiumand zincrdquo Journal of the Institute of Metals vol 449 pp 285ndash299 1928

[108] S Samson ldquoThe crystal structure of Mg2Zn11 isomorphism

between Mg2Zn11

and Mg2Cu6Al5rdquo Acta Chemica Scandinav-

ica vol 3 pp 835ndash843 1949[109] J J Park and L L Wyman ldquoPhase relationships in magnesium

alloysrdquo WADC Technical Report Astia Document AD14211057-504 1957

[110] E D R W Hume-Rothery ldquoThe system magnesium-zincrdquoJournal of the Institute of Metals vol 41 pp 119ndash138 1929

[111] F Laves ldquoZur konstitution der magnesium-zink-legierungenrdquoDie Naturwissenschaften vol 27 no 26 pp 454ndash455 1939

[112] J Clark and F Rhins ldquoCentral region of the Mg-Zn phasediagramrdquo Journal of Metals vol 9 pp 425ndash430 1957

[113] I Higashi N Shiotani M Uda T Mizoguchi and H KatohldquoThe crystal structure of Mg

51Zn20rdquo Journal of Solid State

Chemistry vol 36 no 2 pp 225ndash233 1981[114] J B Clark L Zabdyr and Z Moser Phase Diagrams of Binary

Magneisium Alloys ASM INTERNATIONAL Metals ParkOhio USA 1988

[115] P Liang T Tarfa J A Robinson et al ldquoExperimental investiga-tion and thermodynamic calculation of the Al-Mg-Zn systemrdquoThermochimica Acta vol 314 no 1-2 pp 87ndash110 1998

[116] C W Bale P Chartrand S A Degterov et al FTlight Thermo-chemical Database CRCT Montreal Canada 2013

[117] F Sommer J J Lee and B Predel ldquoCalorimetric investigationsof liquid alkaline earth metal alloysrdquo Berichte der Bunsenge-sellschaft fur Physikalische Chemie vol 87 pp 792ndash797 1983


[118] A V Volkovich A V Krivopushkin and I F NichkovldquoThermodynamic properties of zinc-strontiumalloysrdquo IzvVysshUchebn Zaved Tsvetn Metall pp 29ndash31 1987

[119] J M Juneja G N K Iyengar and K P Abraham ldquoThermo-dynamic properties of liquid (magnesium + copper) alloys byvapour-pressure measurements made by a boiling-temperaturemethodrdquoThe Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics vol 18 no11 pp 1025ndash1035 1986

[120] S P Garg Y J Bhatt and C V Sundaram ldquoThermodynamicstudy of liquid Cu-Mg alloys by vapor pressure measurementsrdquoMetallurgical Transactions vol 4 no 1 pp 283ndash289 1973

[121] N G Schmahl and P Sieben ldquoVapor pressures of magnesiumin its binary alloys with copper nickel and lead and theirthermodynamic evaluationrdquo Physical Chemistry of MetallicSolutions and Intermetallic Compounds Symposium vol 1 pp268ndash282 1960

[122] MHino TNagasaka andR Takehama ldquoActivitymeasurementof the constituents in liquid Cu-Mg and Cu-Ca alloys withmassspectrometryrdquo Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B vol31 pp 927ndash935 2000

[123] V N Eremenko GM Lukashenko and R I Polotskaya ldquoTher-modynamic properties of magnesium-copper compoundsrdquoIzvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Metally pp 210ndash212 1968

[124] V N Eremenko and G M Lukashenko ldquoThermodynamicproperties of Mg-Pb systemrdquo Ukrainskii Khimicheskii Zhurnalvol 29 pp 896ndash900 1963

[125] A Steiner E Miller and K L Komarek ldquoMagnesium-tin phasediagram and thermodynamic properties of liquid magnesium-tin alloysrdquo Transactions of Metals Society AIME vol 230 pp1361ndash1367 1964

[126] J M Eldridge E Miller and K L Komarek Transactions of theMetals Society AIME vol 239 pp 775ndash781 1967

[127] R A Sharma ldquoThermodynamic properties of liquid Mg+Pband Mg+Sn Alloys by emf measurementsrdquo The Journal ofChemical Thermodynamics vol 2 no 3 pp 373ndash389 1970

[128] A K Nayak and W Oelsen ldquoDetermination of the heats offormation of the solid and liquid Mg- Sn alloys at 20∘and800∘C respectively and the heat content of the alloys at 800∘CrdquoTransactions of the Indian Institute of Metals vol 24 no 2 pp66ndash73 1971

[129] M Morishita K Koyama S Shikata and M KusumotoldquoStandard gibbs energy of formation of Mg48Zh52 determinedby solution calorimetry and measurement of heat Capacityfrom near absolute zero kelvinrdquo Metallurgical and MaterialsTransactions B vol 35 no 5 pp 891ndash895 2004

[130] M Morishita H Yamamoto S Shikada M Kusumotoand Y Matsumoto ldquoThermodynamics of the formation ofmagnesium-zinc intermetallic compounds in the temperaturerange from absolute zero to high temperaturerdquo Acta Materialiavol 54 no 11 pp 3151ndash3159 2006

[131] M Morishita K Koyama S Shikada and M KusumotoldquoCalorimetric study of Mg2Zn3rdquo Zeitschrift fur Metallkundevol 96 no 1 pp 32ndash37 2005

[132] M Morishita and K Koyama ldquoCalorimetric study of MgZn2and Mg2Zn11rdquo Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde vol 94 no 9 pp967ndash971 2003

[133] D A Petrov M S Mirgalovskaya I A Strelnikova and EM Komova The Constitution Diagram For the Magnesium-Manganese System vol 1 Institute of Materials ScienceAcademy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR 1958

[134] A A Nayeb-Hashemi and J B Clark ldquoThe Mg-Mn(Magnesium-Manganese) systemrdquo Bulletin of Alloy PhaseDiagrams vol 6 no 2 pp 160ndash164 1985

[135] J Grobner D Mirkovic M Ohno and R Schmid-FetzerldquoExperimental investigation and thermodynamic calculation ofbinaryMg-MnPhase equilibriardquo Journal of Phase Equilibria andDiffusion vol 26 no 3 pp 234ndash239 2005

[136] Y-B Kang A D Pelton P Chartrand P Spencer and C DFuerst ldquoThermodynamic database development of the Mg-Ce-Mn-Y system for Mg alloy designrdquoMetallurgical and MaterialsTransactions A vol 38 no 6 pp 1231ndash1243 2007

[137] P Villars and K Cenzual Pearaonrsquoa Cryatal DatamdashCryatalStructure Database for Inorganic Compounda (on CD-ROM)ASM International Materials Park Ohio USA 2009

[138] J A Brown and J N Pratt ldquoThe thermodynamic properties ofsolid Al-Mg alloysrdquoMetallurgical Transactions vol 1 no 10 pp2743ndash2750 1970

[139] B Predel and K Huelse ldquoThermodynamic properties ofaluminum-magnesium alloysrdquo Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde vol69 no 10 pp 661ndash666 1978

[140] H Okamoto ldquoSupplemental literature review of binary phasediagrams Cs-In Cs-K Cs-Rb Eu-In Ho-Mn K-Rb Li-MgMg-Nd Mg-Zn Mn-Sm O-Sb and Si-Srrdquo Journal of PhaseEquilibria and Diffusion vol 34 pp 251ndash263 2013

[141] P Villars and L Calvert ldquoK Pearsonrsquos Crystal Data CrystalStructure Database for Inorganic Compounds CD-ROM soft-ware version 1 3rdquo OH 2009

[142] A Schneider H Klotz J Stendel and G Strauss ldquoThermo-chemistry of alloysrdquo Pure and Applied Chemistry vol 2 pp 13ndash16 1961

[143] A Berche C Drescher J Rogez M-C Record S Bruhneand W Assmus ldquoThermodynamic measurements in the Mg-Zn systemrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 503 no 1pp 44ndash49 2010

[144] W Biltz and G Hohorst ldquoContributions to the systematic studyof affinity XV The heats of formation of the compounds ofmetallic magnesium with metallic zinc cadmium aluminiumand calciumrdquo Zeitschrift fur Anorganische und AllgemeineChemie vol 121 pp 1ndash24 1922

[145] N Baar ldquoOn the alloys of molybdenumwith nickel manganesewith thallium and calcium with magneisum thallium leadcopper and silverrdquo Zeitschrift fur Anorganische und AllgemeineChemie vol 70 pp 362ndash366 1911

[146] M W Chase ldquoHeat of transition of the elementsrdquo Bulletin ofAlloy Phase Diagrams vol 4 pp 123ndash124 1983

[147] R Paris ldquoContribution on the ternary alloysrdquoMinistere de LrsquoAirPublications Scientifiques et Techniques duMinistere de LrsquoAir vol45 pp 39ndash41 1934

[148] J L Haughton ldquoAlloys of magnesium Part 6mdashthe constructionof the magnesium-rich alloys of magnesium and calciumrdquoJournal of Institute of Metals vol 61 pp 241ndash246 1937

[149] H Vosskuhler ldquoThe Phase diagram of magnesium-rich Mg-Caalloysrdquo Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde vol 29 pp 236ndash237 1937

[150] W Klemm and F Dinkelacker ldquoOn the behavior of magnesiumwith calcium strontium and bariumrdquo Zeitschrift fur Anorgan-ische und Allgemeine Chemie vol 255 pp 2ndash12 1947

[151] J F Smith and R L Smythe ldquoVapor pressure measurementsover calcium magnesium and their alloys and the thermody-namics of formation of CaMg2rdquo Acta Metallurgica vol 7 no 4pp 261ndash267 1959


[152] P Chiotti R W Curtis and P F Woerner ldquoMetal hydridereactions II Reaction of hydrogen with CaMG2 and CaCU5and thermodynamic properties of the compoundsrdquo Journal ofThe Less-Common Metals vol 7 no 2 pp 120ndash126 1964

[153] J E Davison and J F Smith ldquoEnthalpy of formation of CaMg2rdquoTransactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME vol 242 pp2045ndash2049 1968

[154] G J Gartner Application of an Adiabatic Calorimeter to theDetermination of the Heats of Fusion And Heats of Formation ofSeveral Metallic Compounds Iowa State University Ames IowaUSA 1965

[155] I N Pyagai and A V Vakhobov ldquoHeats of formation ofintermetallic compounds in the systems magnesium-calcium(strontium barium)rdquo Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii vol 64 pp2788ndash2789 1990

[156] Y Zhong K Ozturk J O Sofo and Z-K Liu ldquoContributionof first-principles energetics to the Ca-Mg thermodynamicmodelingrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 420 no 1-2pp 98ndash106 2006

[157] Z Yang J Du C Hu R Melnik et al ldquoFirst principlesstudies on the structural elastic electronic properties andheats of formation of Mg-AE (AE = Ca Sr Ba) intermetallicsrdquoIntermetallics vol 32 pp 156ndash161 2013

[158] Y Zhong J O Sofo A A Luo and Z Liu ldquoThermodynamicsmodeling of theMg-Sr andCa-Mg-Sr systemsrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 421 pp 172ndash178 2006

[159] H Nowotny E Wormnes and E Mohrnheim ldquoInvestigationon the Al-Ca Mg-Ca and Mg-Zr systemsrdquo Zeitschrift furMetallkunde vol 32 pp 39ndash42 1940

[160] E C Burke ldquoSolid solubility of calcium in magnesiumrdquo Journalof Metals Transactions of AIME vol 203 pp 285ndash286 1955

[161] E F W Bulian ldquoSolubility of calcium in magnesiumrdquo Metall-forschung vol 1 p 70 1946

[162] X Tao Y Ouyang H Liu et al ldquoPhase stability of magnesium-rare earth binary systems from first-principles calculationsrdquoJournal of Alloys and Compounds vol 509 no 24 pp 6899ndash6907 2011

[163] K H J Buschow ldquoMagnetic properties of MgCo2 MgNi

2and

Mg2Nirdquo Solid State Communications vol 17 no 7 pp 891ndash893

1975[164] F Laves and H Witte ldquoX-ray determination of structure

of MgNi2rdquo Metallwirtschaft Metallwissenschaft Metalltechnikvol 14 p 1002 1935

[165] H Okamoto ldquoCe-Mg (Cerium-Magnesium)rdquo Journal of PhaseEquilibria and Diffusion vol 32 pp 265ndash266 2011

[166] R Agarwal J J Lee H L Lukas and F Sommer ldquoCalorimetricmeasurements and thermodynamic optimization of the Ca-Mgsystemrdquo Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde vol 86 no 2 pp 103ndash1081995

[167] B P Burylev ldquoThermodynamic properties of calcium basedalloysrdquo in Termodin Termokhin Konstanty Izd Nauka K VAstakhov Ed pp 32ndash39 USSR Moscow Russia 1970

[168] W Biltz and H Pieper ldquoContributions to the systematic affinityprinciple XXVII The heats of formation of intermetalliccompounds IV Cerium alloysrdquo Zeitschrift Fur Anorganischeund Allgemeine Chemie vol 134 pp 13ndash24 1924

[169] J Pahlman and J Smith ldquoThermodynamics of formation ofcompounds in the Ce-Mg Nd-Mg Gd-Mg Dy-Mg Er-Mgand Lu-Mg binary systems in the temperature range 650to930Krdquo Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B vol 3 pp2423ndash2432 1972

[170] K Nagarajan and F Sommer ldquoCalorimetric investigations ofCeMg liquid alloysrdquo Journal of The Less-Common Metals vol142 pp 319ndash328 1988

[171] Y B Kang L Jin P Chartrand A E Gheribi K Bai and PWuldquoThermodynamic evaluations and optimizations of binary Mg-light Rare Earth (La Ce Pr Nd Sm) systemsrdquo Calphad vol 38pp 100ndash116 2012

[172] F Sommer J J Lee and B Predel ldquoTemperaturabhangigkeitder mischungsenthalpien flussiger Magnesium-Blei undMagnesium-Zinn Legierungenrdquo MetaUkd vol 71 pp 818ndash8211980

[173] A K Nayak and W Oelsen ldquoDetermination of the heats offormation of the solid and liquid Mg- Sn alloys at 20∘ and800∘C respectively and the heat content of the alloys at 800∘CrdquoTransactions of the Indian Institute of Metals vol 24 no 2 pp66ndash73 1971

[174] P Beardmore B W Howlett Lichter B D et al ldquoThermody-namic properties of compounds of magnesium and group IVBelementsrdquo Transactions of Metals Society AIME vol 236 pp102ndash108 1966

[175] A Borsese G Borzone R Ferro and R Capelli ldquoHeat offormation ofmagnesium-tin alloysrdquoZeitschrift furMetallkundevol 66 no 4 pp 226ndash227 1975

[176] B Dobovisek and A Paulin ldquoInfluence of the structure ofintermetallic compounds on thermodynamic properties ofmetallic systemsrdquo Rudarsko Metals of Zbornik vol 1 pp 37ndash491966

[177] A A Nayeb-Hashemi and J B Clark ldquoThe Ca-Mg (calcium-magnesium) systemrdquo Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams vol 8no 1 pp 58ndash65 1987

[178] A A Nayeb-Hashemi and J B Clark ldquoTheMg-Sr (Magnesium-Strontium) systemrdquo Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams vol 7 no2 pp 149ndash156 1986

[179] H Vosskuehler ldquoThe structure of the magnesium-rich alloys ofmagnesium and strontiumrdquo Metallwirtschaft vol 18 pp 377ndash378 1939

[180] J W Brown The strontium-magnesium phase system [PhDthesis] Syracuse University Syracuse NY USA 1973

[181] J P RayThe strontium-magnesium equilibrium diagram [PhDthesis] Syracuse University Syracuse NY USA 1947

[182] H Vosskuhler ldquoThe structure of the magnesium-richmagnesium-strontium alloysrdquo Metallwirtsch MetallwissMetalltech vol 18 pp 377ndash378 1939

[183] E D Gibson and O N Carlson ldquoThe yttrium-magnesium alloysystemrdquoTransactions of the American Society ForMetals vol 52pp 1084ndash1096 1960

[184] D Mizer and J B Clark ldquoMagnesium-rich region of themagnesium-yttrium phase diagramrdquo Transactions of the Amer-ican Institute of Mining Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineersvol 221 pp 207ndash208 1961

[185] Q Ran H L Lukas G Effenberg and G Petzow ldquoThermody-namic optimization of the Mg-Y systemrdquo Calphad vol 12 no4 pp 375ndash381 1988

[186] O B Fabrichnaya H L Lukas G Effenberg and F AldingerldquoThermodynamic optimization in the Mg-Y systemrdquo Inter-metallics vol 11 no 11-12 pp 1183ndash1188 2003

[187] F G Meng J Wang H S Liu L B Liu and Z P JinldquoExperimental investigation and thermodynamic calculationof phase relations in the Mg-Nd-Y ternary systemrdquo MaterialsScience and Engineering A vol 454-455 pp 266ndash273 2007


[188] C Guo Z Du and C Li ldquoA thermodynamic description of theGd-Mg-Y systemrdquo Calphad vol 31 no 1 pp 75ndash88 2007

[189] Y-B Kang A D Pelton P Chartrand P Spencer and C DFuerst ldquoCritical evaluation and thermodynamic optimizationof the binary systems in the Mg-Ce-Mn-Y systemrdquo Journal ofPhase Equilibria and Diffusion vol 28 no 4 pp 342ndash354 2007

[190] H Okamoto ldquoMg-Y (magnesium-yttrium)rdquo Journal of PhaseEquilibria and Diffusion vol 31 no 2 p 199 2010

[191] G Voss ldquoAlloys of nickel with tin lead thallium bismuthchromium magnesium zinc and cadmiumrdquo Zeitschrift furAnorganische Chemie vol 57 pp 34ndash71 1908

[192] J L Haughton and R J M Payne ldquoAlloys of magnesiumresearch I The constitution of the magnesium-rich alloys ofmagnesium and nickelrdquo Journal of the Institute of Metals vol54 pp 275ndash284 1934

[193] P Bagnoud and P Feschotte ldquoBinary systems of magnesium-copper andmagnesium-nickel especially the nonstoichiometryof the MgCu

2and MgNi

2laves phasesrdquo Zeitschrift fur Metal-

lkunde vol 69 no 2 pp 114ndash120 1978[194] P D Merica and R G Waltenberg ldquoMalleability and metallog-

raphy of nickelrdquo Tech PaperNational Bureau of Standards (US)19 1925

[195] J S Wollam and W E Wallace ldquoMagnetic susceptibility heatcapacity and third-law entropy ofMgNi

2rdquo Journal of Physics and

Chemistry of Solids vol 13 no 3-4 pp 212ndash220 1960[196] K H Lieser and H Witte ldquoThe ternary systems Mg-Cu-Zn

Mg-Ni-Zn Mg-Cu-Nirdquo Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde vol 43 pp396ndash401 1952

[197] K Schubert and K Anderko ldquoCrystal structure of NiMg2

CuMg2and AuMg

3rdquo Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde vol 42 pp

321ndash324 1951[198] AANayeb-Hashemi and J B Clark ldquoTheMg-Ni (Magnesium-

Nickel) systemrdquo Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams vol 6 no 3pp 238ndash244 1985

[199] M H G Jacobs and P J Spencer ldquoA critical thermodynamicevaluation of the system MG-NIrdquo Calphad vol 22 no 4 pp513ndash525 1998

[200] W Xiong Y Du W-W Zhang W-H Sun X-G Lu and F-SPan ldquoThermodynamic reassessment of the Cu-Mg-Ni systemwith brief comments on the thermodynamic modeling of thesub-systemsrdquo Calphad vol 32 no 4 pp 675ndash685 2008

[201] D H Wood and E M Cramer ldquoPhase relations in themagnesium-rich portion of the cerium-magnesium systemrdquoJournal of The Less-Common Metals vol 9 no 5 pp 321ndash3371965

[202] Q Johnson and G Smith ldquoThe crystal structure of Ce5Mg42rdquo

Acta Crystallographica vol 22 pp 360ndash365 1967[203] A A Nayeb-Hashemi and J B Clark ldquoThe Ce-Mg (Cerium-

Magnesium) systemrdquo Journal of Phase Equilibria vol 9 no 2pp 162ndash172 1988

[204] A Saccone D Maccio S Delfino F H Hayes and R FerroldquoMg-Ce alloys Experimental investigation by smith thermalanalysisrdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry vol 66no 1 pp 47ndash57 2001

[205] X Zhang D Kevorkov and M Pekguleryuz ldquoStoichiometrystudy on the binary compounds in the Mg-Ce system-Part IrdquoJournal of Alloys and Compounds vol 475 no 1-2 pp 361ndash3672009

[206] H Okamoto and T BMassalski ldquoThermodynamically improb-able phase diagramsrdquo Journal of Phase Equilibria vol 12 no 2pp 148ndash168 1991

[207] G Cacciamani G Borzone and R Ferro ldquoSystem Ce-Mgrdquo inCOST 507-Thermochemical Databases for Light Metal Alloys IAnsara A T Dinsdale andMH Rand Eds vol 2 pp 137ndash140European Commission 1998

[208] H Zhang Y Wang S Shang L-Q Chen and Z-K LiuldquoThermodynamicmodeling ofMg-Ca-Ce system by combiningfirst-principles and CALPHAD methodrdquo Journal of Alloys andCompounds vol 463 no 1-2 pp 294ndash301 2008

[209] R Joseph and K A Gschneidner ldquoSolid solubility of magne-sium in some lanthanide metalsrdquo Transactions of AIME vol233 pp 2063ndash2069 1965

[210] A Iandelli and A Palenzona ldquoAtomic size of rare earthsin intermetallic compounds MX compounds of CsCl typerdquoJournal of the Less-Common Metals vol 9 no 1 pp 1ndash6 1965

[211] S Delfino A Saccone and R Ferro ldquoPhase relationshipsin the neodymium-magnesium alloy systemrdquo MetallurgicalTransactions A vol 21 no 8 pp 2109ndash2114 1990

[212] A A Nayeb-Hashemi and J B Clark ldquoThe Mg-Nd system(Magnesium-Neodymium)rdquo Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagramsvol 9 no 5 pp 618ndash623 1988

[213] S Gorsse C R Hutchinson B Chevalier and J-F Nie ldquoAthermodynamic assessment of the Mg-Nd binary system usingrandom solution and associate models for the liquid phaserdquoJournal of Alloys and Compounds vol 392 no 1-2 pp 253ndash2622005

[214] J R Ogren N J Magnani and J F Smith ldquoThermodynamics offormation of binary rare earth-magnesium phases with cesiumchloride-type structuresrdquo Transactions of theMetallurgical Soci-ety of AIME vol 239 pp 766ndash771 1967

[215] C Guo and Z Du ldquoThermodynamic assessment of the Mg-Ndsystemrdquo Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde vol 97 pp 130ndash135 2006

[216] F-GMeng H-S Liu L-B Liu and Z-P Jin ldquoThermodynamicoptimization of Mg-Nd systemrdquo Transactions of NonferrousMetals Society of China (English Edition) vol 17 no 1 pp 77ndash81 2007

[217] H Y Qi G X Huang H Bo G L Xu L B Liu and ZP Jin ldquoThermodynamic description of the Mg-Nd-Zn ternarysystemrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 509 no 7 pp3274ndash3281 2011

[218] M O Boudouard ldquoLes Alliages de Duirre et de Magnesium(The Binary Alloys of Magnesium)rdquo Bulletin de la SocietedrsquoEncouragement pour lrsquoIndustrie Nationale vol 102 p 2001903

[219] R Sahmen ldquoAlloys of copper with cobalt iron manganeseand magnesiumrdquo Zeitschrift fur Anorganische und AllgemeineChemie vol 57 pp 1ndash33 1908

[220] G G Urazov ldquoAlloys of copper and magnesiumrdquo ZhurnalRusskogo Fiziko-Khimicheskogo Obschestva vol 39 pp 1556ndash1581 1907

[221] W R D Jones ldquoCopper-magnesium alloys IV Equilibriumdiagramrdquo Journal of the Institute of Metals no 574 p 25 1931

[222] G Grime and W Morris-Jones ldquoAn x-ray investigation of thecopper-magnesium alloysrdquo Philosophical Magazine Series vol7 pp 1113ndash1134 1929

[223] V G Sederman ldquoCu2Mg phase in the copper-magnesiumsystemrdquo Philosophical Magazine Series vol 18 pp 343ndash3521934

[224] M Hansen ldquoNote on the magnesium-rich magnesium copperalloysrdquo Journal of the Institute of Metals no 428 p 8 1927

[225] N I Stepanov and I I Kornilov ldquoSolubility of copper inmagnesium in the solid staterdquo Akademii Nauk SSSR vol 7 pp89ndash98 1935


[226] A A Nayeb-Hashemi and J B Clark ldquoThe Cu-Mg (Copper-Magnesium) systemrdquo Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams vol 5no 1 pp 36ndash43 1984

[227] C A Coughanowr I Ansara R Luoma M Hamalainen andH L Lukas ldquoAssessment of the copper-magnesium systemrdquoZeitschrift fur Metallkunde vol 82 pp 574ndash581 1991

[228] Y Zuo and Y A Chang ldquoThermodynamic calculation ofmagnesium-copper phase diagramrdquoZeitschrift furMetallkundevol 84 pp 662ndash667 1993

[229] G Grube ldquoOn the alloys of magnesium with tin and thalliumrdquoZeitschrift Fur Anorganische Chemie vol 46 pp 76ndash84 1905

[230] N S Kurnakow and N J Stepanow ldquoOn the alloys of mag-nesium with tin and thalliumrdquo Zeitschrift Fur AnorganischeChemie vol 46 pp 177ndash192 1905

[231] W Hume-Rothery ldquoThe system magnesium-tin and the com-pound Mg4Sn2rdquo Journal of the Institute of Metals vol 35 pp336ndash347 1926

[232] G V Raynor ldquoThe constitution of the magnesium-rich alloysin the systems magnesium-lead magnesium-tin magnesium-germanium and magnesium-siliconrdquo Journal of the Institute ofMetals vol 6 pp 403ndash426 1940

[233] A K Nayak and W Oelsen ldquoThermal analysis of Mg-Sn alloysby calorimetricmeasurements for determination of the liquiduscurve part 1rdquo Transactions on Indian Institute of Metals pp 15ndash20 1968

[234] A K Nayak and W Oelsen ldquoQuatitative thermal analysis ofmagnesium-tin alloys by calorimetric measurement for thedetermination of solidus and liquidus curvesrdquo Transactions onIndian Institute of Metals pp 53ndash58 1969


[236] P Beardmore B W Howlett B D Lichter and M B BeverldquoThermodynamic properties of compounds of magnesium andgroup IVB elementsrdquo Transactions of Metals Society AIME vol236 pp 102ndash108 1966

[237] C T Heycock and F H Neville ldquoXXVIImdashThe molecularweights of metals when in solutionrdquo Journal of the ChemicalSociety Transactions vol 57 pp 376ndash393 1890

[238] J Ellmer K E Hall RW Kamphefner J T Pfeifer V Stamboniand C D Graham Jr ldquoOn the liquidus in tin-rich SnndashMgalloysrdquo Metallurgical Transactions vol 4 no 3 pp 889ndash8911973

[239] A A Nayeb-Hashemi and J B Clark Phase Diagram of BinaryMagnesium Alloys ASM International Materials Park OhioUSA 1988

[240] G Grube and H Vosskuhler ldquoElectrical conductivity andbinary alloys phase diagramrdquo Zeitschrift Electrochemistry vol40 pp 566ndash570 1934

[241] H Vosskuhler ldquoSolubility of tin inmagnesiumrdquoMetallwirtscaftvol 20 pp 805ndash808 1941

[242] N J Stepanow ldquoUber die elektrische Leitfahigkeit der Metal-legierungenrdquo Zeitschrift fur Anorganische Chemie vol 78 pp1ndash32 1912

[243] J A Gann ldquoTreatment and structure of magnesium alloysrdquoTransactions of the Metals Society AIME vol 83 pp 309ndash3321929

[244] H Nishinura and K Tanaka ldquoAge hardening of magnesium-richmagnesium-aluminum-tin alloysrdquoTransactions of the Insti-tution ofMining andMetallurgy Alumni Assocication vol 10 pp343ndash350 1940

[245] J M Eldridge E Miller and K L Komarek ldquoThermodynamicproperties of liquid magnesium-silicon alloys discussion ofthe Mg-Group IVB systemsrdquo Transactions of the Metals SocietyAIME vol 239 pp 775ndash781 1967

[246] H J Caulfield and D E Hudson ldquoSublimation in the inter-metallic series Mg

2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg

2Pbrdquo Solid State

Communications vol 4 no 6 pp 299ndash301 1966[247] A K Nayak and W Oelsen ldquoThermodynamic analysis of

magnesium-tin alloysrdquo Transaction of the Indian Institute ofMetals vol 24 no 2 pp 22ndash28 1971


[249] O Kubaschewski and A Walter-Stuttgart ldquoResults of investi-gations of alloys by high-temperature calorimetryrdquo ZeitschriftFur Elektrochemie vol 45 pp 732ndash740 1939

[250] W Biltz and W Holverscheit ldquoSystematic affinity principleXLVII the relation of mercury to a few metalsrdquo Zeitschrift furAnorganische Chemie vol 176 p 23 1928

[251] S Ashtakala and LM Pidgeon ldquoDetermination of the activitiesofmagnesium in liquidmagnesium-tin alloys by vapor pressuremeasurementsrdquoCanadian Journal of Chemistry vol 40 pp 718ndash728 1962

[252] F J Jelinek W D Shickell and B C Gerstein ldquoThermal studyof group II-IV semiconductors II Heat capacity of Mg2Sn inthe range 5ndash300Krdquo Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solidsvol 28 no 2 pp 267ndash270 1967

[253] H Y Chen N Savvides T Dasgupta C Stiewe and E MuellerldquoElectronic and thermal transport properties of Mg2Sn crystalscontaining finely dispersed eutectic structuresrdquo Physica StatusSolidi A vol 207 no 11 pp 2523ndash2531 2010

[254] J J Egan ldquoThermodynamics of liquid magnesium alloys usingCaF2 solid electrolytesrdquo Journal of NuclearMaterials vol 51 no1 pp 30ndash35 1974

[255] C A Eckert J S Smith R B Irwin and K R Cox ldquoA chemicaltheory for the thermodynamics of highly-solvated liquid metalmixturesrdquo AIChE Journal vol 28 no 2 pp 325ndash332 1982

[256] L M Pavlova and K B Poyarkov ldquoNature of the dissociation ofMg stannide and thermodynamic properties of Mg-Sn meltsrdquoZhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii vol 56 pp 295ndash299 1982

[257] I-H Jung and J Kim ldquoThermodynamic modeling of the Mg-Ge-Si Mg-Ge-Sn Mg-Pb-Si andMg-Pb-Sn systemsrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 494 no 1-2 pp 137ndash147 2010

[258] F G Meng J Wang L B Liu and Z P Jin ldquoThermodynamicmodeling of the Mg-Sn-Zn ternary systemrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 508 no 2 pp 570ndash581 2010

[259] Y-B Kang and A D Pelton ldquoModeling short-range ordering inliquids the Mg-Al-Sn systemrdquo Calphad vol 34 no 2 pp 180ndash188 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Biomaterials


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TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials


Journal ofNanomaterials


Table 1 Effect of major alloying elements on Mg alloys [23]

Alloying element Effects of AdditionAl Increases hardness strength and castability while only increasing density minimally

Ca Improves thermal and mechanical properties as well as assists in grain refinement and creepresistance Also it reduces surface tension

Ce Improves corrosion resistance Also it increases plastic deformation capability magnesiumelongation and work hardening rates But it reduces yield strength

Cu Assists in increasing both room and high temperature strengthMn Increases saltwater corrosion resistance within some aluminum containing alloys

Ni Increases both yield and ultimate strength at room temperatureNegatively impacts ductility and corrosion resistance

Nd Improves material strengthSr Used in conjunction with other elements to enhance creep performanceSn When used with aluminum it improves ductility and reduces tendency to crack during processing

Y Enhances high temperature strength and creep performance when combined with other rare earthmetals

ZnIncreases the alloys fluidity in castingWhen added to magnesium alloys with nickel and iron impurities it can improve corrosionresistanceAdditions of 2 wt or greater tend to be prone to hot cracking

is different and is needed to be understood Table 1 pro-vided by International Magnesium Association [23] shows anumber of commonly used alloying elements alongside theireffects upon the resulting alloy Many alloying elements canbe useful in a variety of different applications whereas othersare only ideal for very specific applications due to the changein properties

In order to define the processing conditions for mak-ing various Mg-based alloys and subsequent treatments toobtain the optimum mechanical properties knowledge ofthe phase diagram and thermodynamic properties of thesealloys is essential In addition phase relations and phasestability under given conditions can be better understoodthrough computational thermodynamic modeling Precisedescription of the binary systems provides an opportunityto approach the phase equilibria aspects of alloy develop-ment and track of individual alloys during heat treatmentor solidification by calculating the phase distributions andcompositions

Several researchers including the research group of thecurrent authors [22 32 41ndash57] have been contributing to thedevelopment of thermodynamic multicomponent databasesof Mg alloys However urgency was felt for an open accesspublication that contains the latest understandings of all theimportant Mg-based binary systems This will provide thenecessary information required for further assessment ofthese systems Generally review papers on thermodynamicmodeling do not contain some of the critical informationlike previous experimental data points and optimized modelparameters Sometimes it becomes very difficult to gatherthis information as some of the literature is very old andscattered in many different articles and not everyone hasaccess to them However these are crucial facts for theregeneration of phase diagram and other thermodynamicpropertiesThus themain objective of this paper is to provide

all the necessary information of essential Mg binary systemsin one place In addition brief but critical discussion of theprevious experimental works on the phase diagrams as wellas thermodynamic properties is provided to justify the latestunderstanding of this phase diagram

This review paper focuses on some of the most impor-tant commercial Mg-based binary systems including Mg-AlZnMnCaSrYNiCeNdCuSn Each of these systemshas been discussed critically on the aspects of phase dia-gram and thermodynamic properties The latest phase dia-gram information along with the optimized thermodynamicparameters is provided Also the crystallographic infor-mation of the intermetallic compounds in each system issummarized All these binary systems have been optimizedusing most up-to-date experimental information Each ofthe phases in any binary system has been assessed criticallyand based on the thermodynamic properties proper ther-modynamic model has been used For example the modifiedquasichemical model (MQM) [79] has been used to describethe liquid phase as this is the only scientific model thataccounts for the presence of short range ordering whereassublattice modeling with in the compound energy formalism(CEF) [80] has been used to reproduce the homogeneityranges of the intermetallic compounds

2 Mg-Al (Magnesium-Aluminium)

This is the most important Mg binary phase diagram becauseAl is added to mg in most of the commercial types ofMg alloys Several researchers [81ndash95] studied the liquidussolidus and solvus lines of the Mg-Al system Murray [95]reviewed the Mg-Al system and his article provides a com-prehensive discussion of the experimental results obtained byprevious researchers According to Murray [95] the assessedMg-Al phase diagram consists of liquid 120573-solid solution with


Liquid

Fcc-Al Mg-Hcp069

089016

0 02 04 06 08 1300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000120574 = Al12Mg17


723K 732K705K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

120574+

Al 30

Mg 2

3120574+

Al 14

0M

g 89

683K

120574




30Mg23(120576) and Al












5and



5


2Zn11




2Zn3phase


minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


(a)

00

02

04

06

08

10

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Mg)

(b)







ZMgMgAl = 6 Z

AlAlMg = 4


MgAl = 4368 + 042119879Δ11989201MgAl = 7325

Mg-hcp0119871


2119871Mg-hcp

= 35015

Al-fcc0119871


2119871Al-fcc

= 9504

Al30Mg23 (120576)oΔ119867


AlMg = 327

Al140Mg89 (120573)oΔ119867


AlMg = 295

Al12Mg17 (120574)(Mg)5(Al Mg)12(Al Mg)12

0119871120574

MgAlAlMg = 39017 minus 0501198790119871120574



7Zn3999447999472 120572-Mg+MgZn at near


7Zn3by Mg

51Zn20


51Zn20









2 and Mg













0 02 04 06 08 1300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

Mole fraction (Zn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Liquid

Mg-hcpZn-hcp

091093036615K

642K

860K

594K

653K6865K

6192K


MgZn2Mg51Zn20


hcp + Zn11Mg2

L + Mg-hcp


0287

0292

Liquid

02 024 028 032 036 04550

590

630

670

710

750

594K

615K 6192K

L + Mg-hcp


L + Zn3Mg2

L + MgZn2

Mole fraction (Zn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mg-hcp + Zn13Mg12


00 02 04 06 08 10

00

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60

minus70

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (K

JM)

Mole fraction (Zn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Zn

)

Mole fraction (Zn)

aMg aZn

(b)






3mmc 05220 08566 [140 141]

Mg2Zn11 Mg2Zn11 200 1198751198983 08552 [140 141]



LiquidZMg

MgZn = 6 ZZn




0119871Mg-hcp


Mg2Zn11oΔ119867


MgZn = minus182

Mg2Zn3oΔHMg2Zn3


Mg12Zn13oΔ119867


MgZn = minus192

Mg51Zn20oΔ119867


MgZn = 016


0119866MgZn2MgMg = 43 5087 0119866MgZn2



0119866MgZn2ZnMg = 30 0129 0119866MgZn2

ZnZn = 20 00860119871

MgZn2MgZnMg =








Mg12Zn13




MgZn2



Mg2Zn11





(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 031997 051969 [134]

(120572Mn) 120572Mn 217 11986843119898 089219 [134](120573Mn) 120573Mn 213 1198754

132 063152 [134]

(120574Mn) Cu 225 1198651198983119898 038624 [134](120575Mn) W 229 1198681198983119898 030806 [134]



MgMn = 4 ZMg





= 83 7160

120575-fcc 0119871120575-Mn

= 83 7160

Liquid

0968

Mole fraction (Mn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

923K979K

1358K1409K1475K

L + 120575-MnL + Mn-fcc

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

Liquid + liquid2


00100008

Liquid

Mg-hcp

0 0005 001 0015 002 0025 003550

650

750

850

950

1050

1150

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

924K

980K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mn)





Mg2Ca MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06253 06253 10144 [137]




CaCaMg = 4



= 715398 minus 941119879


MgCa = minus193






2Ca [77 144 151ndash155 166 167] The



2Ca



2Ca




2Ca









Mg-hcp

028 0890996

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

L + Ca-bcc


719K

715K

978K

793KTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

Mole fraction (Mn)


0000 05 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus20

minus40

minus60

minus80

(a)

00

02

04

06

08

10

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Mg)

(b)









Mg2Sr MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06475 06475 10433 [137]

Mg38Sr9 Mg38Sr9 194 11987563mmc 10500 10500 28251 [137]


3mmc 10530 10530 10408 [137]


PhaseParameters


Liquid

ZMgMgSr = 4 Z

SrSrMg = 6


Δ11989201MgSr = 1 9380








MgSr = 001





2Y(120575) and Mg



24Y5(120576) and MgY(120574) The Mg

2Y(120575) compound


24Y5(120576) and










Mg2Sr





Liquid

006

069

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

868K

873K 882K

949K

693K

820K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)


L + Sr-bcc

L + Sr-fcc

862K


Liquid

019018014

01 014 018 022 026 03800

840

880

920

960

882K

868K 880K873K

Sr2Mg17 + Sr9Mg38

Sr9Mg38Sr6Mg23

Sr6Mg23 + SrMg2

L + SrMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)



0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sr)

minus20

minus40

minus60



TemperatureK

Mg24Y5 (120576)at Y




24Y5(120576) and






24Y5(120576)












Mg24Y5 (120576) Ti5Re24 217 11986843119898 11278 11278 11278 [137]Mg2Y (120575) MgZn2 194 1198756

3mmc 06018 06018 09734 [137]

MgY (120574) CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03797 03797 03797 [137]



LiquidZMg

MgY = 2ZYYMg = 4

Δ1198920MgY = minus13 9806 + 645119879 Δ11989210

MgY = minus15 4456 + 887119879Δ11989201MgY = 5 2741 + 209119879





Mg2Y(120575)(Mg Y)6(Y Mg)4(Mg)2


0119866120575YMgMg = 6 97630119871120575MgYYMg = 6418 + 1186119879

0119871120575MgYMgMg =0119871120575YYMgMg = 9 0065 + 8860119879


MgY (120574)(Mg Y)(Y Va)

0119866120574


YY =0 119866120574

YVa = 13 48360119871120574






Mg24Y5 (120576)



Mg2Y (120575)



MgY (120574)




003

009 015

029

046

069 081

061

Liquid

Mole fraction (Y)

Mg-hcp

Y-hcpTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

848K

875K

1060K

1211K

1052K

120576 = Mg24Y5

120574 = MgY

120575

120576

Y-hcp + 120574120575 + 120574120576 + 120575Mg-hcp + 120576

Y-120573

120574

120575 = Mg2Y


0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Y)

minus40

minus80

minus120

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Y)

(b)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Y)

minus100

minus200

minus300

minus400

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(c)





Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K


Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni


Mg2Ni and MgNi




2at any temperature




2Ni was





2and Mg

2Ni








2Ni





12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825


12occurred





00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




Liquid

Fcc-Al Mg-Hcp069

089016

0 02 04 06 08 1300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000120574 = Al12Mg17


723K 732K705K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

120574+

Al 30

Mg 2

3120574+

Al 14

0M

g 89

683K

120574




30Mg23(120576) and Al












5and



5


2Zn11




2Zn3phase


minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


(a)

00

02

04

06

08

10

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Mg)

(b)







ZMgMgAl = 6 Z

AlAlMg = 4


MgAl = 4368 + 042119879Δ11989201MgAl = 7325

Mg-hcp0119871


2119871Mg-hcp

= 35015

Al-fcc0119871


2119871Al-fcc

= 9504

Al30Mg23 (120576)oΔ119867


AlMg = 327

Al140Mg89 (120573)oΔ119867


AlMg = 295

Al12Mg17 (120574)(Mg)5(Al Mg)12(Al Mg)12

0119871120574

MgAlAlMg = 39017 minus 0501198790119871120574



7Zn3999447999472 120572-Mg+MgZn at near


7Zn3by Mg

51Zn20


51Zn20









2 and Mg













0 02 04 06 08 1300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

Mole fraction (Zn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Liquid

Mg-hcpZn-hcp

091093036615K

642K

860K

594K

653K6865K

6192K


MgZn2Mg51Zn20


hcp + Zn11Mg2

L + Mg-hcp


0287

0292

Liquid

02 024 028 032 036 04550

590

630

670

710

750

594K

615K 6192K

L + Mg-hcp


L + Zn3Mg2

L + MgZn2

Mole fraction (Zn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mg-hcp + Zn13Mg12


00 02 04 06 08 10

00

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60

minus70

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (K

JM)

Mole fraction (Zn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Zn

)

Mole fraction (Zn)

aMg aZn

(b)






3mmc 05220 08566 [140 141]

Mg2Zn11 Mg2Zn11 200 1198751198983 08552 [140 141]



LiquidZMg

MgZn = 6 ZZn




0119871Mg-hcp


Mg2Zn11oΔ119867


MgZn = minus182

Mg2Zn3oΔHMg2Zn3


Mg12Zn13oΔ119867


MgZn = minus192

Mg51Zn20oΔ119867


MgZn = 016


0119866MgZn2MgMg = 43 5087 0119866MgZn2



0119866MgZn2ZnMg = 30 0129 0119866MgZn2

ZnZn = 20 00860119871

MgZn2MgZnMg =








Mg12Zn13




MgZn2



Mg2Zn11





(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 031997 051969 [134]

(120572Mn) 120572Mn 217 11986843119898 089219 [134](120573Mn) 120573Mn 213 1198754

132 063152 [134]

(120574Mn) Cu 225 1198651198983119898 038624 [134](120575Mn) W 229 1198681198983119898 030806 [134]



MgMn = 4 ZMg





= 83 7160

120575-fcc 0119871120575-Mn

= 83 7160

Liquid

0968

Mole fraction (Mn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

923K979K

1358K1409K1475K

L + 120575-MnL + Mn-fcc

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

Liquid + liquid2


00100008

Liquid

Mg-hcp

0 0005 001 0015 002 0025 003550

650

750

850

950

1050

1150

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

924K

980K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mn)





Mg2Ca MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06253 06253 10144 [137]




CaCaMg = 4



= 715398 minus 941119879


MgCa = minus193






2Ca [77 144 151ndash155 166 167] The



2Ca



2Ca




2Ca









Mg-hcp

028 0890996

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

L + Ca-bcc


719K

715K

978K

793KTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

Mole fraction (Mn)


0000 05 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus20

minus40

minus60

minus80

(a)

00

02

04

06

08

10

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Mg)

(b)









Mg2Sr MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06475 06475 10433 [137]

Mg38Sr9 Mg38Sr9 194 11987563mmc 10500 10500 28251 [137]


3mmc 10530 10530 10408 [137]


PhaseParameters


Liquid

ZMgMgSr = 4 Z

SrSrMg = 6


Δ11989201MgSr = 1 9380








MgSr = 001





2Y(120575) and Mg



24Y5(120576) and MgY(120574) The Mg

2Y(120575) compound


24Y5(120576) and










Mg2Sr





Liquid

006

069

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

868K

873K 882K

949K

693K

820K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)


L + Sr-bcc

L + Sr-fcc

862K


Liquid

019018014

01 014 018 022 026 03800

840

880

920

960

882K

868K 880K873K

Sr2Mg17 + Sr9Mg38

Sr9Mg38Sr6Mg23

Sr6Mg23 + SrMg2

L + SrMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)



0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sr)

minus20

minus40

minus60



TemperatureK

Mg24Y5 (120576)at Y




24Y5(120576) and






24Y5(120576)












Mg24Y5 (120576) Ti5Re24 217 11986843119898 11278 11278 11278 [137]Mg2Y (120575) MgZn2 194 1198756

3mmc 06018 06018 09734 [137]

MgY (120574) CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03797 03797 03797 [137]



LiquidZMg

MgY = 2ZYYMg = 4

Δ1198920MgY = minus13 9806 + 645119879 Δ11989210

MgY = minus15 4456 + 887119879Δ11989201MgY = 5 2741 + 209119879





Mg2Y(120575)(Mg Y)6(Y Mg)4(Mg)2


0119866120575YMgMg = 6 97630119871120575MgYYMg = 6418 + 1186119879

0119871120575MgYMgMg =0119871120575YYMgMg = 9 0065 + 8860119879


MgY (120574)(Mg Y)(Y Va)

0119866120574


YY =0 119866120574

YVa = 13 48360119871120574






Mg24Y5 (120576)



Mg2Y (120575)



MgY (120574)




003

009 015

029

046

069 081

061

Liquid

Mole fraction (Y)

Mg-hcp

Y-hcpTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

848K

875K

1060K

1211K

1052K

120576 = Mg24Y5

120574 = MgY

120575

120576

Y-hcp + 120574120575 + 120574120576 + 120575Mg-hcp + 120576

Y-120573

120574

120575 = Mg2Y


0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Y)

minus40

minus80

minus120

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Y)

(b)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Y)

minus100

minus200

minus300

minus400

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(c)





Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K


Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni


Mg2Ni and MgNi




2at any temperature




2Ni was





2and Mg

2Ni








2Ni





12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825


12occurred





00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


(a)

00

02

04

06

08

10

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Mg)

(b)







ZMgMgAl = 6 Z

AlAlMg = 4


MgAl = 4368 + 042119879Δ11989201MgAl = 7325

Mg-hcp0119871


2119871Mg-hcp

= 35015

Al-fcc0119871


2119871Al-fcc

= 9504

Al30Mg23 (120576)oΔ119867


AlMg = 327

Al140Mg89 (120573)oΔ119867


AlMg = 295

Al12Mg17 (120574)(Mg)5(Al Mg)12(Al Mg)12

0119871120574

MgAlAlMg = 39017 minus 0501198790119871120574



7Zn3999447999472 120572-Mg+MgZn at near


7Zn3by Mg

51Zn20


51Zn20









2 and Mg













0 02 04 06 08 1300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

Mole fraction (Zn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Liquid

Mg-hcpZn-hcp

091093036615K

642K

860K

594K

653K6865K

6192K


MgZn2Mg51Zn20


hcp + Zn11Mg2

L + Mg-hcp


0287

0292

Liquid

02 024 028 032 036 04550

590

630

670

710

750

594K

615K 6192K

L + Mg-hcp


L + Zn3Mg2

L + MgZn2

Mole fraction (Zn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mg-hcp + Zn13Mg12


00 02 04 06 08 10

00

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60

minus70

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (K

JM)

Mole fraction (Zn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Zn

)

Mole fraction (Zn)

aMg aZn

(b)






3mmc 05220 08566 [140 141]

Mg2Zn11 Mg2Zn11 200 1198751198983 08552 [140 141]



LiquidZMg

MgZn = 6 ZZn




0119871Mg-hcp


Mg2Zn11oΔ119867


MgZn = minus182

Mg2Zn3oΔHMg2Zn3


Mg12Zn13oΔ119867


MgZn = minus192

Mg51Zn20oΔ119867


MgZn = 016


0119866MgZn2MgMg = 43 5087 0119866MgZn2



0119866MgZn2ZnMg = 30 0129 0119866MgZn2

ZnZn = 20 00860119871

MgZn2MgZnMg =








Mg12Zn13




MgZn2



Mg2Zn11





(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 031997 051969 [134]

(120572Mn) 120572Mn 217 11986843119898 089219 [134](120573Mn) 120573Mn 213 1198754

132 063152 [134]

(120574Mn) Cu 225 1198651198983119898 038624 [134](120575Mn) W 229 1198681198983119898 030806 [134]



MgMn = 4 ZMg





= 83 7160

120575-fcc 0119871120575-Mn

= 83 7160

Liquid

0968

Mole fraction (Mn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

923K979K

1358K1409K1475K

L + 120575-MnL + Mn-fcc

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

Liquid + liquid2


00100008

Liquid

Mg-hcp

0 0005 001 0015 002 0025 003550

650

750

850

950

1050

1150

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

924K

980K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mn)





Mg2Ca MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06253 06253 10144 [137]




CaCaMg = 4



= 715398 minus 941119879


MgCa = minus193






2Ca [77 144 151ndash155 166 167] The



2Ca



2Ca




2Ca









Mg-hcp

028 0890996

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

L + Ca-bcc


719K

715K

978K

793KTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

Mole fraction (Mn)


0000 05 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus20

minus40

minus60

minus80

(a)

00

02

04

06

08

10

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Mg)

(b)









Mg2Sr MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06475 06475 10433 [137]

Mg38Sr9 Mg38Sr9 194 11987563mmc 10500 10500 28251 [137]


3mmc 10530 10530 10408 [137]


PhaseParameters


Liquid

ZMgMgSr = 4 Z

SrSrMg = 6


Δ11989201MgSr = 1 9380








MgSr = 001





2Y(120575) and Mg



24Y5(120576) and MgY(120574) The Mg

2Y(120575) compound


24Y5(120576) and










Mg2Sr





Liquid

006

069

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

868K

873K 882K

949K

693K

820K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)


L + Sr-bcc

L + Sr-fcc

862K


Liquid

019018014

01 014 018 022 026 03800

840

880

920

960

882K

868K 880K873K

Sr2Mg17 + Sr9Mg38

Sr9Mg38Sr6Mg23

Sr6Mg23 + SrMg2

L + SrMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)



0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sr)

minus20

minus40

minus60



TemperatureK

Mg24Y5 (120576)at Y




24Y5(120576) and






24Y5(120576)












Mg24Y5 (120576) Ti5Re24 217 11986843119898 11278 11278 11278 [137]Mg2Y (120575) MgZn2 194 1198756

3mmc 06018 06018 09734 [137]

MgY (120574) CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03797 03797 03797 [137]



LiquidZMg

MgY = 2ZYYMg = 4

Δ1198920MgY = minus13 9806 + 645119879 Δ11989210

MgY = minus15 4456 + 887119879Δ11989201MgY = 5 2741 + 209119879





Mg2Y(120575)(Mg Y)6(Y Mg)4(Mg)2


0119866120575YMgMg = 6 97630119871120575MgYYMg = 6418 + 1186119879

0119871120575MgYMgMg =0119871120575YYMgMg = 9 0065 + 8860119879


MgY (120574)(Mg Y)(Y Va)

0119866120574


YY =0 119866120574

YVa = 13 48360119871120574






Mg24Y5 (120576)



Mg2Y (120575)



MgY (120574)




003

009 015

029

046

069 081

061

Liquid

Mole fraction (Y)

Mg-hcp

Y-hcpTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

848K

875K

1060K

1211K

1052K

120576 = Mg24Y5

120574 = MgY

120575

120576

Y-hcp + 120574120575 + 120574120576 + 120575Mg-hcp + 120576

Y-120573

120574

120575 = Mg2Y


0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Y)

minus40

minus80

minus120

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Y)

(b)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Y)

minus100

minus200

minus300

minus400

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(c)





Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K


Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni


Mg2Ni and MgNi




2at any temperature




2Ni was





2and Mg

2Ni








2Ni





12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825


12occurred





00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials











2 and Mg













0 02 04 06 08 1300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

Mole fraction (Zn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Liquid

Mg-hcpZn-hcp

091093036615K

642K

860K

594K

653K6865K

6192K


MgZn2Mg51Zn20


hcp + Zn11Mg2

L + Mg-hcp


0287

0292

Liquid

02 024 028 032 036 04550

590

630

670

710

750

594K

615K 6192K

L + Mg-hcp


L + Zn3Mg2

L + MgZn2

Mole fraction (Zn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mg-hcp + Zn13Mg12


00 02 04 06 08 10

00

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60

minus70

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (K

JM)

Mole fraction (Zn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Zn

)

Mole fraction (Zn)

aMg aZn

(b)






3mmc 05220 08566 [140 141]

Mg2Zn11 Mg2Zn11 200 1198751198983 08552 [140 141]



LiquidZMg

MgZn = 6 ZZn




0119871Mg-hcp


Mg2Zn11oΔ119867


MgZn = minus182

Mg2Zn3oΔHMg2Zn3


Mg12Zn13oΔ119867


MgZn = minus192

Mg51Zn20oΔ119867


MgZn = 016


0119866MgZn2MgMg = 43 5087 0119866MgZn2



0119866MgZn2ZnMg = 30 0129 0119866MgZn2

ZnZn = 20 00860119871

MgZn2MgZnMg =








Mg12Zn13




MgZn2



Mg2Zn11





(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 031997 051969 [134]

(120572Mn) 120572Mn 217 11986843119898 089219 [134](120573Mn) 120573Mn 213 1198754

132 063152 [134]

(120574Mn) Cu 225 1198651198983119898 038624 [134](120575Mn) W 229 1198681198983119898 030806 [134]



MgMn = 4 ZMg





= 83 7160

120575-fcc 0119871120575-Mn

= 83 7160

Liquid

0968

Mole fraction (Mn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

923K979K

1358K1409K1475K

L + 120575-MnL + Mn-fcc

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

Liquid + liquid2


00100008

Liquid

Mg-hcp

0 0005 001 0015 002 0025 003550

650

750

850

950

1050

1150

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

924K

980K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mn)





Mg2Ca MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06253 06253 10144 [137]




CaCaMg = 4



= 715398 minus 941119879


MgCa = minus193






2Ca [77 144 151ndash155 166 167] The



2Ca



2Ca




2Ca









Mg-hcp

028 0890996

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

L + Ca-bcc


719K

715K

978K

793KTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

Mole fraction (Mn)


0000 05 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus20

minus40

minus60

minus80

(a)

00

02

04

06

08

10

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Mg)

(b)









Mg2Sr MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06475 06475 10433 [137]

Mg38Sr9 Mg38Sr9 194 11987563mmc 10500 10500 28251 [137]


3mmc 10530 10530 10408 [137]


PhaseParameters


Liquid

ZMgMgSr = 4 Z

SrSrMg = 6


Δ11989201MgSr = 1 9380








MgSr = 001





2Y(120575) and Mg



24Y5(120576) and MgY(120574) The Mg

2Y(120575) compound


24Y5(120576) and










Mg2Sr





Liquid

006

069

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

868K

873K 882K

949K

693K

820K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)


L + Sr-bcc

L + Sr-fcc

862K


Liquid

019018014

01 014 018 022 026 03800

840

880

920

960

882K

868K 880K873K

Sr2Mg17 + Sr9Mg38

Sr9Mg38Sr6Mg23

Sr6Mg23 + SrMg2

L + SrMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)



0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sr)

minus20

minus40

minus60



TemperatureK

Mg24Y5 (120576)at Y




24Y5(120576) and






24Y5(120576)












Mg24Y5 (120576) Ti5Re24 217 11986843119898 11278 11278 11278 [137]Mg2Y (120575) MgZn2 194 1198756

3mmc 06018 06018 09734 [137]

MgY (120574) CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03797 03797 03797 [137]



LiquidZMg

MgY = 2ZYYMg = 4

Δ1198920MgY = minus13 9806 + 645119879 Δ11989210

MgY = minus15 4456 + 887119879Δ11989201MgY = 5 2741 + 209119879





Mg2Y(120575)(Mg Y)6(Y Mg)4(Mg)2


0119866120575YMgMg = 6 97630119871120575MgYYMg = 6418 + 1186119879

0119871120575MgYMgMg =0119871120575YYMgMg = 9 0065 + 8860119879


MgY (120574)(Mg Y)(Y Va)

0119866120574


YY =0 119866120574

YVa = 13 48360119871120574






Mg24Y5 (120576)



Mg2Y (120575)



MgY (120574)




003

009 015

029

046

069 081

061

Liquid

Mole fraction (Y)

Mg-hcp

Y-hcpTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

848K

875K

1060K

1211K

1052K

120576 = Mg24Y5

120574 = MgY

120575

120576

Y-hcp + 120574120575 + 120574120576 + 120575Mg-hcp + 120576

Y-120573

120574

120575 = Mg2Y


0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Y)

minus40

minus80

minus120

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Y)

(b)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Y)

minus100

minus200

minus300

minus400

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(c)





Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K


Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni


Mg2Ni and MgNi




2at any temperature




2Ni was





2and Mg

2Ni








2Ni





12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825


12occurred





00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




0 02 04 06 08 1300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

Mole fraction (Zn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Liquid

Mg-hcpZn-hcp

091093036615K

642K

860K

594K

653K6865K

6192K


MgZn2Mg51Zn20


hcp + Zn11Mg2

L + Mg-hcp


0287

0292

Liquid

02 024 028 032 036 04550

590

630

670

710

750

594K

615K 6192K

L + Mg-hcp


L + Zn3Mg2

L + MgZn2

Mole fraction (Zn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mg-hcp + Zn13Mg12


00 02 04 06 08 10

00

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60

minus70

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (K

JM)

Mole fraction (Zn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Zn

)

Mole fraction (Zn)

aMg aZn

(b)






3mmc 05220 08566 [140 141]

Mg2Zn11 Mg2Zn11 200 1198751198983 08552 [140 141]



LiquidZMg

MgZn = 6 ZZn




0119871Mg-hcp


Mg2Zn11oΔ119867


MgZn = minus182

Mg2Zn3oΔHMg2Zn3


Mg12Zn13oΔ119867


MgZn = minus192

Mg51Zn20oΔ119867


MgZn = 016


0119866MgZn2MgMg = 43 5087 0119866MgZn2



0119866MgZn2ZnMg = 30 0129 0119866MgZn2

ZnZn = 20 00860119871

MgZn2MgZnMg =








Mg12Zn13




MgZn2



Mg2Zn11





(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 031997 051969 [134]

(120572Mn) 120572Mn 217 11986843119898 089219 [134](120573Mn) 120573Mn 213 1198754

132 063152 [134]

(120574Mn) Cu 225 1198651198983119898 038624 [134](120575Mn) W 229 1198681198983119898 030806 [134]



MgMn = 4 ZMg





= 83 7160

120575-fcc 0119871120575-Mn

= 83 7160

Liquid

0968

Mole fraction (Mn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

923K979K

1358K1409K1475K

L + 120575-MnL + Mn-fcc

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

Liquid + liquid2


00100008

Liquid

Mg-hcp

0 0005 001 0015 002 0025 003550

650

750

850

950

1050

1150

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

924K

980K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mn)





Mg2Ca MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06253 06253 10144 [137]




CaCaMg = 4



= 715398 minus 941119879


MgCa = minus193






2Ca [77 144 151ndash155 166 167] The



2Ca



2Ca




2Ca









Mg-hcp

028 0890996

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

L + Ca-bcc


719K

715K

978K

793KTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

Mole fraction (Mn)


0000 05 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus20

minus40

minus60

minus80

(a)

00

02

04

06

08

10

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Mg)

(b)









Mg2Sr MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06475 06475 10433 [137]

Mg38Sr9 Mg38Sr9 194 11987563mmc 10500 10500 28251 [137]


3mmc 10530 10530 10408 [137]


PhaseParameters


Liquid

ZMgMgSr = 4 Z

SrSrMg = 6


Δ11989201MgSr = 1 9380








MgSr = 001





2Y(120575) and Mg



24Y5(120576) and MgY(120574) The Mg

2Y(120575) compound


24Y5(120576) and










Mg2Sr





Liquid

006

069

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

868K

873K 882K

949K

693K

820K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)


L + Sr-bcc

L + Sr-fcc

862K


Liquid

019018014

01 014 018 022 026 03800

840

880

920

960

882K

868K 880K873K

Sr2Mg17 + Sr9Mg38

Sr9Mg38Sr6Mg23

Sr6Mg23 + SrMg2

L + SrMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)



0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sr)

minus20

minus40

minus60



TemperatureK

Mg24Y5 (120576)at Y




24Y5(120576) and






24Y5(120576)












Mg24Y5 (120576) Ti5Re24 217 11986843119898 11278 11278 11278 [137]Mg2Y (120575) MgZn2 194 1198756

3mmc 06018 06018 09734 [137]

MgY (120574) CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03797 03797 03797 [137]



LiquidZMg

MgY = 2ZYYMg = 4

Δ1198920MgY = minus13 9806 + 645119879 Δ11989210

MgY = minus15 4456 + 887119879Δ11989201MgY = 5 2741 + 209119879





Mg2Y(120575)(Mg Y)6(Y Mg)4(Mg)2


0119866120575YMgMg = 6 97630119871120575MgYYMg = 6418 + 1186119879

0119871120575MgYMgMg =0119871120575YYMgMg = 9 0065 + 8860119879


MgY (120574)(Mg Y)(Y Va)

0119866120574


YY =0 119866120574

YVa = 13 48360119871120574






Mg24Y5 (120576)



Mg2Y (120575)



MgY (120574)




003

009 015

029

046

069 081

061

Liquid

Mole fraction (Y)

Mg-hcp

Y-hcpTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

848K

875K

1060K

1211K

1052K

120576 = Mg24Y5

120574 = MgY

120575

120576

Y-hcp + 120574120575 + 120574120576 + 120575Mg-hcp + 120576

Y-120573

120574

120575 = Mg2Y


0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Y)

minus40

minus80

minus120

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Y)

(b)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Y)

minus100

minus200

minus300

minus400

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(c)





Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K


Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni


Mg2Ni and MgNi




2at any temperature




2Ni was





2and Mg

2Ni








2Ni





12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825


12occurred





00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials







3mmc 05220 08566 [140 141]

Mg2Zn11 Mg2Zn11 200 1198751198983 08552 [140 141]



LiquidZMg

MgZn = 6 ZZn




0119871Mg-hcp


Mg2Zn11oΔ119867


MgZn = minus182

Mg2Zn3oΔHMg2Zn3


Mg12Zn13oΔ119867


MgZn = minus192

Mg51Zn20oΔ119867


MgZn = 016


0119866MgZn2MgMg = 43 5087 0119866MgZn2



0119866MgZn2ZnMg = 30 0129 0119866MgZn2

ZnZn = 20 00860119871

MgZn2MgZnMg =








Mg12Zn13




MgZn2



Mg2Zn11





(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 031997 051969 [134]

(120572Mn) 120572Mn 217 11986843119898 089219 [134](120573Mn) 120573Mn 213 1198754

132 063152 [134]

(120574Mn) Cu 225 1198651198983119898 038624 [134](120575Mn) W 229 1198681198983119898 030806 [134]



MgMn = 4 ZMg





= 83 7160

120575-fcc 0119871120575-Mn

= 83 7160

Liquid

0968

Mole fraction (Mn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

923K979K

1358K1409K1475K

L + 120575-MnL + Mn-fcc

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

Liquid + liquid2


00100008

Liquid

Mg-hcp

0 0005 001 0015 002 0025 003550

650

750

850

950

1050

1150

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

924K

980K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mn)





Mg2Ca MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06253 06253 10144 [137]




CaCaMg = 4



= 715398 minus 941119879


MgCa = minus193






2Ca [77 144 151ndash155 166 167] The



2Ca



2Ca




2Ca









Mg-hcp

028 0890996

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

L + Ca-bcc


719K

715K

978K

793KTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

Mole fraction (Mn)


0000 05 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus20

minus40

minus60

minus80

(a)

00

02

04

06

08

10

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Mg)

(b)









Mg2Sr MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06475 06475 10433 [137]

Mg38Sr9 Mg38Sr9 194 11987563mmc 10500 10500 28251 [137]


3mmc 10530 10530 10408 [137]


PhaseParameters


Liquid

ZMgMgSr = 4 Z

SrSrMg = 6


Δ11989201MgSr = 1 9380








MgSr = 001





2Y(120575) and Mg



24Y5(120576) and MgY(120574) The Mg

2Y(120575) compound


24Y5(120576) and










Mg2Sr





Liquid

006

069

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

868K

873K 882K

949K

693K

820K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)


L + Sr-bcc

L + Sr-fcc

862K


Liquid

019018014

01 014 018 022 026 03800

840

880

920

960

882K

868K 880K873K

Sr2Mg17 + Sr9Mg38

Sr9Mg38Sr6Mg23

Sr6Mg23 + SrMg2

L + SrMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)



0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sr)

minus20

minus40

minus60



TemperatureK

Mg24Y5 (120576)at Y




24Y5(120576) and






24Y5(120576)












Mg24Y5 (120576) Ti5Re24 217 11986843119898 11278 11278 11278 [137]Mg2Y (120575) MgZn2 194 1198756

3mmc 06018 06018 09734 [137]

MgY (120574) CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03797 03797 03797 [137]



LiquidZMg

MgY = 2ZYYMg = 4

Δ1198920MgY = minus13 9806 + 645119879 Δ11989210

MgY = minus15 4456 + 887119879Δ11989201MgY = 5 2741 + 209119879





Mg2Y(120575)(Mg Y)6(Y Mg)4(Mg)2


0119866120575YMgMg = 6 97630119871120575MgYYMg = 6418 + 1186119879

0119871120575MgYMgMg =0119871120575YYMgMg = 9 0065 + 8860119879


MgY (120574)(Mg Y)(Y Va)

0119866120574


YY =0 119866120574

YVa = 13 48360119871120574






Mg24Y5 (120576)



Mg2Y (120575)



MgY (120574)




003

009 015

029

046

069 081

061

Liquid

Mole fraction (Y)

Mg-hcp

Y-hcpTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

848K

875K

1060K

1211K

1052K

120576 = Mg24Y5

120574 = MgY

120575

120576

Y-hcp + 120574120575 + 120574120576 + 120575Mg-hcp + 120576

Y-120573

120574

120575 = Mg2Y


0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Y)

minus40

minus80

minus120

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Y)

(b)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Y)

minus100

minus200

minus300

minus400

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(c)





Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K


Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni


Mg2Ni and MgNi




2at any temperature




2Ni was





2and Mg

2Ni








2Ni





12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825


12occurred





00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials






(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 031997 051969 [134]

(120572Mn) 120572Mn 217 11986843119898 089219 [134](120573Mn) 120573Mn 213 1198754

132 063152 [134]

(120574Mn) Cu 225 1198651198983119898 038624 [134](120575Mn) W 229 1198681198983119898 030806 [134]



MgMn = 4 ZMg





= 83 7160

120575-fcc 0119871120575-Mn

= 83 7160

Liquid

0968

Mole fraction (Mn)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

923K979K

1358K1409K1475K

L + 120575-MnL + Mn-fcc

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

Liquid + liquid2


00100008

Liquid

Mg-hcp

0 0005 001 0015 002 0025 003550

650

750

850

950

1050

1150

L + Mn-cub

L + Mn-cbcc

Mg-hcp + Mn-cbcc

924K

980K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mn)





Mg2Ca MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06253 06253 10144 [137]




CaCaMg = 4



= 715398 minus 941119879


MgCa = minus193






2Ca [77 144 151ndash155 166 167] The



2Ca



2Ca




2Ca









Mg-hcp

028 0890996

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

L + Ca-bcc


719K

715K

978K

793KTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

Mole fraction (Mn)


0000 05 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus20

minus40

minus60

minus80

(a)

00

02

04

06

08

10

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Mg)

(b)









Mg2Sr MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06475 06475 10433 [137]

Mg38Sr9 Mg38Sr9 194 11987563mmc 10500 10500 28251 [137]


3mmc 10530 10530 10408 [137]


PhaseParameters


Liquid

ZMgMgSr = 4 Z

SrSrMg = 6


Δ11989201MgSr = 1 9380








MgSr = 001





2Y(120575) and Mg



24Y5(120576) and MgY(120574) The Mg

2Y(120575) compound


24Y5(120576) and










Mg2Sr





Liquid

006

069

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

868K

873K 882K

949K

693K

820K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)


L + Sr-bcc

L + Sr-fcc

862K


Liquid

019018014

01 014 018 022 026 03800

840

880

920

960

882K

868K 880K873K

Sr2Mg17 + Sr9Mg38

Sr9Mg38Sr6Mg23

Sr6Mg23 + SrMg2

L + SrMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)



0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sr)

minus20

minus40

minus60



TemperatureK

Mg24Y5 (120576)at Y




24Y5(120576) and






24Y5(120576)












Mg24Y5 (120576) Ti5Re24 217 11986843119898 11278 11278 11278 [137]Mg2Y (120575) MgZn2 194 1198756

3mmc 06018 06018 09734 [137]

MgY (120574) CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03797 03797 03797 [137]



LiquidZMg

MgY = 2ZYYMg = 4

Δ1198920MgY = minus13 9806 + 645119879 Δ11989210

MgY = minus15 4456 + 887119879Δ11989201MgY = 5 2741 + 209119879





Mg2Y(120575)(Mg Y)6(Y Mg)4(Mg)2


0119866120575YMgMg = 6 97630119871120575MgYYMg = 6418 + 1186119879

0119871120575MgYMgMg =0119871120575YYMgMg = 9 0065 + 8860119879


MgY (120574)(Mg Y)(Y Va)

0119866120574


YY =0 119866120574

YVa = 13 48360119871120574






Mg24Y5 (120576)



Mg2Y (120575)



MgY (120574)




003

009 015

029

046

069 081

061

Liquid

Mole fraction (Y)

Mg-hcp

Y-hcpTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

848K

875K

1060K

1211K

1052K

120576 = Mg24Y5

120574 = MgY

120575

120576

Y-hcp + 120574120575 + 120574120576 + 120575Mg-hcp + 120576

Y-120573

120574

120575 = Mg2Y


0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Y)

minus40

minus80

minus120

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Y)

(b)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Y)

minus100

minus200

minus300

minus400

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(c)





Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K


Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni


Mg2Ni and MgNi




2at any temperature




2Ni was





2and Mg

2Ni








2Ni





12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825


12occurred





00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials






Mg2Ca MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06253 06253 10144 [137]




CaCaMg = 4



= 715398 minus 941119879


MgCa = minus193






2Ca [77 144 151ndash155 166 167] The



2Ca



2Ca




2Ca









Mg-hcp

028 0890996

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

L + Ca-bcc


719K

715K

978K

793KTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

Mole fraction (Mn)


0000 05 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus20

minus40

minus60

minus80

(a)

00

02

04

06

08

10

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Mg)

(b)









Mg2Sr MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06475 06475 10433 [137]

Mg38Sr9 Mg38Sr9 194 11987563mmc 10500 10500 28251 [137]


3mmc 10530 10530 10408 [137]


PhaseParameters


Liquid

ZMgMgSr = 4 Z

SrSrMg = 6


Δ11989201MgSr = 1 9380








MgSr = 001





2Y(120575) and Mg



24Y5(120576) and MgY(120574) The Mg

2Y(120575) compound


24Y5(120576) and










Mg2Sr





Liquid

006

069

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

868K

873K 882K

949K

693K

820K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)


L + Sr-bcc

L + Sr-fcc

862K


Liquid

019018014

01 014 018 022 026 03800

840

880

920

960

882K

868K 880K873K

Sr2Mg17 + Sr9Mg38

Sr9Mg38Sr6Mg23

Sr6Mg23 + SrMg2

L + SrMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)



0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sr)

minus20

minus40

minus60



TemperatureK

Mg24Y5 (120576)at Y




24Y5(120576) and






24Y5(120576)












Mg24Y5 (120576) Ti5Re24 217 11986843119898 11278 11278 11278 [137]Mg2Y (120575) MgZn2 194 1198756

3mmc 06018 06018 09734 [137]

MgY (120574) CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03797 03797 03797 [137]



LiquidZMg

MgY = 2ZYYMg = 4

Δ1198920MgY = minus13 9806 + 645119879 Δ11989210

MgY = minus15 4456 + 887119879Δ11989201MgY = 5 2741 + 209119879





Mg2Y(120575)(Mg Y)6(Y Mg)4(Mg)2


0119866120575YMgMg = 6 97630119871120575MgYYMg = 6418 + 1186119879

0119871120575MgYMgMg =0119871120575YYMgMg = 9 0065 + 8860119879


MgY (120574)(Mg Y)(Y Va)

0119866120574


YY =0 119866120574

YVa = 13 48360119871120574






Mg24Y5 (120576)



Mg2Y (120575)



MgY (120574)




003

009 015

029

046

069 081

061

Liquid

Mole fraction (Y)

Mg-hcp

Y-hcpTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

848K

875K

1060K

1211K

1052K

120576 = Mg24Y5

120574 = MgY

120575

120576

Y-hcp + 120574120575 + 120574120576 + 120575Mg-hcp + 120576

Y-120573

120574

120575 = Mg2Y


0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Y)

minus40

minus80

minus120

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Y)

(b)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Y)

minus100

minus200

minus300

minus400

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(c)





Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K


Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni


Mg2Ni and MgNi




2at any temperature




2Ni was





2and Mg

2Ni








2Ni





12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825


12occurred





00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




Mg-hcp

028 0890996

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

L + Ca-bcc


719K

715K

978K

793KTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

Mole fraction (Mn)


0000 05 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus20

minus40

minus60

minus80

(a)

00

02

04

06

08

10

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Mg)

(b)









Mg2Sr MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06475 06475 10433 [137]

Mg38Sr9 Mg38Sr9 194 11987563mmc 10500 10500 28251 [137]


3mmc 10530 10530 10408 [137]


PhaseParameters


Liquid

ZMgMgSr = 4 Z

SrSrMg = 6


Δ11989201MgSr = 1 9380








MgSr = 001





2Y(120575) and Mg



24Y5(120576) and MgY(120574) The Mg

2Y(120575) compound


24Y5(120576) and










Mg2Sr





Liquid

006

069

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

868K

873K 882K

949K

693K

820K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)


L + Sr-bcc

L + Sr-fcc

862K


Liquid

019018014

01 014 018 022 026 03800

840

880

920

960

882K

868K 880K873K

Sr2Mg17 + Sr9Mg38

Sr9Mg38Sr6Mg23

Sr6Mg23 + SrMg2

L + SrMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)



0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sr)

minus20

minus40

minus60



TemperatureK

Mg24Y5 (120576)at Y




24Y5(120576) and






24Y5(120576)












Mg24Y5 (120576) Ti5Re24 217 11986843119898 11278 11278 11278 [137]Mg2Y (120575) MgZn2 194 1198756

3mmc 06018 06018 09734 [137]

MgY (120574) CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03797 03797 03797 [137]



LiquidZMg

MgY = 2ZYYMg = 4

Δ1198920MgY = minus13 9806 + 645119879 Δ11989210

MgY = minus15 4456 + 887119879Δ11989201MgY = 5 2741 + 209119879





Mg2Y(120575)(Mg Y)6(Y Mg)4(Mg)2


0119866120575YMgMg = 6 97630119871120575MgYYMg = 6418 + 1186119879

0119871120575MgYMgMg =0119871120575YYMgMg = 9 0065 + 8860119879


MgY (120574)(Mg Y)(Y Va)

0119866120574


YY =0 119866120574

YVa = 13 48360119871120574






Mg24Y5 (120576)



Mg2Y (120575)



MgY (120574)




003

009 015

029

046

069 081

061

Liquid

Mole fraction (Y)

Mg-hcp

Y-hcpTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

848K

875K

1060K

1211K

1052K

120576 = Mg24Y5

120574 = MgY

120575

120576

Y-hcp + 120574120575 + 120574120576 + 120575Mg-hcp + 120576

Y-120573

120574

120575 = Mg2Y


0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Y)

minus40

minus80

minus120

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Y)

(b)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Y)

minus100

minus200

minus300

minus400

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(c)





Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K


Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni


Mg2Ni and MgNi




2at any temperature




2Ni was





2and Mg

2Ni








2Ni





12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825


12occurred





00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials






Mg2Sr MgZn2 194 11987563mmc 06475 06475 10433 [137]

Mg38Sr9 Mg38Sr9 194 11987563mmc 10500 10500 28251 [137]


3mmc 10530 10530 10408 [137]


PhaseParameters


Liquid

ZMgMgSr = 4 Z

SrSrMg = 6


Δ11989201MgSr = 1 9380








MgSr = 001





2Y(120575) and Mg



24Y5(120576) and MgY(120574) The Mg

2Y(120575) compound


24Y5(120576) and










Mg2Sr





Liquid

006

069

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

868K

873K 882K

949K

693K

820K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)


L + Sr-bcc

L + Sr-fcc

862K


Liquid

019018014

01 014 018 022 026 03800

840

880

920

960

882K

868K 880K873K

Sr2Mg17 + Sr9Mg38

Sr9Mg38Sr6Mg23

Sr6Mg23 + SrMg2

L + SrMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)



0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sr)

minus20

minus40

minus60



TemperatureK

Mg24Y5 (120576)at Y




24Y5(120576) and






24Y5(120576)












Mg24Y5 (120576) Ti5Re24 217 11986843119898 11278 11278 11278 [137]Mg2Y (120575) MgZn2 194 1198756

3mmc 06018 06018 09734 [137]

MgY (120574) CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03797 03797 03797 [137]



LiquidZMg

MgY = 2ZYYMg = 4

Δ1198920MgY = minus13 9806 + 645119879 Δ11989210

MgY = minus15 4456 + 887119879Δ11989201MgY = 5 2741 + 209119879





Mg2Y(120575)(Mg Y)6(Y Mg)4(Mg)2


0119866120575YMgMg = 6 97630119871120575MgYYMg = 6418 + 1186119879

0119871120575MgYMgMg =0119871120575YYMgMg = 9 0065 + 8860119879


MgY (120574)(Mg Y)(Y Va)

0119866120574


YY =0 119866120574

YVa = 13 48360119871120574






Mg24Y5 (120576)



Mg2Y (120575)



MgY (120574)




003

009 015

029

046

069 081

061

Liquid

Mole fraction (Y)

Mg-hcp

Y-hcpTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

848K

875K

1060K

1211K

1052K

120576 = Mg24Y5

120574 = MgY

120575

120576

Y-hcp + 120574120575 + 120574120576 + 120575Mg-hcp + 120576

Y-120573

120574

120575 = Mg2Y


0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Y)

minus40

minus80

minus120

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Y)

(b)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Y)

minus100

minus200

minus300

minus400

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(c)





Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K


Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni


Mg2Ni and MgNi




2at any temperature




2Ni was





2and Mg

2Ni








2Ni





12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825


12occurred





00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials







Mg2Sr





Liquid

006

069

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

868K

873K 882K

949K

693K

820K

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)


L + Sr-bcc

L + Sr-fcc

862K


Liquid

019018014

01 014 018 022 026 03800

840

880

920

960

882K

868K 880K873K

Sr2Mg17 + Sr9Mg38

Sr9Mg38Sr6Mg23

Sr6Mg23 + SrMg2

L + SrMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sr)



0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sr)

minus20

minus40

minus60



TemperatureK

Mg24Y5 (120576)at Y




24Y5(120576) and






24Y5(120576)












Mg24Y5 (120576) Ti5Re24 217 11986843119898 11278 11278 11278 [137]Mg2Y (120575) MgZn2 194 1198756

3mmc 06018 06018 09734 [137]

MgY (120574) CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03797 03797 03797 [137]



LiquidZMg

MgY = 2ZYYMg = 4

Δ1198920MgY = minus13 9806 + 645119879 Δ11989210

MgY = minus15 4456 + 887119879Δ11989201MgY = 5 2741 + 209119879





Mg2Y(120575)(Mg Y)6(Y Mg)4(Mg)2


0119866120575YMgMg = 6 97630119871120575MgYYMg = 6418 + 1186119879

0119871120575MgYMgMg =0119871120575YYMgMg = 9 0065 + 8860119879


MgY (120574)(Mg Y)(Y Va)

0119866120574


YY =0 119866120574

YVa = 13 48360119871120574






Mg24Y5 (120576)



Mg2Y (120575)



MgY (120574)




003

009 015

029

046

069 081

061

Liquid

Mole fraction (Y)

Mg-hcp

Y-hcpTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

848K

875K

1060K

1211K

1052K

120576 = Mg24Y5

120574 = MgY

120575

120576

Y-hcp + 120574120575 + 120574120576 + 120575Mg-hcp + 120576

Y-120573

120574

120575 = Mg2Y


0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Y)

minus40

minus80

minus120

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Y)

(b)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Y)

minus100

minus200

minus300

minus400

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(c)





Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K


Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni


Mg2Ni and MgNi




2at any temperature




2Ni was





2and Mg

2Ni








2Ni





12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825


12occurred





00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sr)

minus20

minus40

minus60



TemperatureK

Mg24Y5 (120576)at Y




24Y5(120576) and






24Y5(120576)












Mg24Y5 (120576) Ti5Re24 217 11986843119898 11278 11278 11278 [137]Mg2Y (120575) MgZn2 194 1198756

3mmc 06018 06018 09734 [137]

MgY (120574) CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03797 03797 03797 [137]



LiquidZMg

MgY = 2ZYYMg = 4

Δ1198920MgY = minus13 9806 + 645119879 Δ11989210

MgY = minus15 4456 + 887119879Δ11989201MgY = 5 2741 + 209119879





Mg2Y(120575)(Mg Y)6(Y Mg)4(Mg)2


0119866120575YMgMg = 6 97630119871120575MgYYMg = 6418 + 1186119879

0119871120575MgYMgMg =0119871120575YYMgMg = 9 0065 + 8860119879


MgY (120574)(Mg Y)(Y Va)

0119866120574


YY =0 119866120574

YVa = 13 48360119871120574






Mg24Y5 (120576)



Mg2Y (120575)



MgY (120574)




003

009 015

029

046

069 081

061

Liquid

Mole fraction (Y)

Mg-hcp

Y-hcpTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

848K

875K

1060K

1211K

1052K

120576 = Mg24Y5

120574 = MgY

120575

120576

Y-hcp + 120574120575 + 120574120576 + 120575Mg-hcp + 120576

Y-120573

120574

120575 = Mg2Y


0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Y)

minus40

minus80

minus120

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Y)

(b)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Y)

minus100

minus200

minus300

minus400

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(c)





Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K


Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni


Mg2Ni and MgNi




2at any temperature




2Ni was





2and Mg

2Ni








2Ni





12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825


12occurred





00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials






Mg24Y5 (120576) Ti5Re24 217 11986843119898 11278 11278 11278 [137]Mg2Y (120575) MgZn2 194 1198756

3mmc 06018 06018 09734 [137]

MgY (120574) CsCl 221 1198751198983119898 03797 03797 03797 [137]



LiquidZMg

MgY = 2ZYYMg = 4

Δ1198920MgY = minus13 9806 + 645119879 Δ11989210

MgY = minus15 4456 + 887119879Δ11989201MgY = 5 2741 + 209119879





Mg2Y(120575)(Mg Y)6(Y Mg)4(Mg)2


0119866120575YMgMg = 6 97630119871120575MgYYMg = 6418 + 1186119879

0119871120575MgYMgMg =0119871120575YYMgMg = 9 0065 + 8860119879


MgY (120574)(Mg Y)(Y Va)

0119866120574


YY =0 119866120574

YVa = 13 48360119871120574






Mg24Y5 (120576)



Mg2Y (120575)



MgY (120574)




003

009 015

029

046

069 081

061

Liquid

Mole fraction (Y)

Mg-hcp

Y-hcpTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

848K

875K

1060K

1211K

1052K

120576 = Mg24Y5

120574 = MgY

120575

120576

Y-hcp + 120574120575 + 120574120576 + 120575Mg-hcp + 120576

Y-120573

120574

120575 = Mg2Y


0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Y)

minus40

minus80

minus120

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Y)

(b)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Y)

minus100

minus200

minus300

minus400

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(c)





Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K


Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni


Mg2Ni and MgNi




2at any temperature




2Ni was





2and Mg

2Ni








2Ni





12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825


12occurred





00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




003

009 015

029

046

069 081

061

Liquid

Mole fraction (Y)

Mg-hcp

Y-hcpTe

mpe

ratu

re (K

)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

848K

875K

1060K

1211K

1052K

120576 = Mg24Y5

120574 = MgY

120575

120576

Y-hcp + 120574120575 + 120574120576 + 120575Mg-hcp + 120576

Y-120573

120574

120575 = Mg2Y


0000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Y)

minus40

minus80

minus120

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g)

Mole fraction (Y)

(b)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Y)

minus100

minus200

minus300

minus400

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(c)





Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K


Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni


Mg2Ni and MgNi




2at any temperature




2Ni was





2and Mg

2Ni








2Ni





12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825


12occurred





00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials






Mg2Ni Mg2Ni 180 1198756222 05140 05140 13220 [163]

MgNi2 MgNi2 227 11987563mmc 04815 04815 15802 [164]

Liquid

Ni-fcc

Mg-hcp

021

069

089

Mole fraction (Mg)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

1424K1379K

1033K


Mg-hcp + Mg2Ni


Mg2Ni and MgNi




2at any temperature




2Ni was





2and Mg

2Ni








2Ni





12 Ce2Mg17

and CeMg825


12occurred





00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




00 02 04 06 08 1

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

0 02 04 06 08 1

Activ

ity (M

g an

d N

i)

Mole fraction (Ni)

aMgaNi

(b)

72

77

82

87

92


Hea

t cap

acity

(kJm

olemiddot

K)

(c)

0000 02 04 06 08 10

Mole fraction (Ni)

minus60

minus120

minus180

minus240

minus300

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

emiddotat

om)

(d)



Mg2Ni and MgNi




LiquidZMg

MgNi = 2ZNi


Δ11989201MgNi = minus163456 + 126119879


= 37672


= 368350



MgNi2lowast

(Mg Ni)1(Mg Ni)2

o119866MgNi2MgMg = 83326 + 1265119879

o119866MgNi2MgNi =


MgNi2NiMg = 23 34337 + 466119879

o119866MgNi2NiNi = 4 90855 + 70119879






Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials







Mg2Ni




MgNi2





825has a body





12 Ce5Mg41 CeMg

3 CeMg CeMg

103


3 which melts



12at



12


and Ce5Mg41

as Ce5Mg39 On





2+ CeMg






2Nd was determined

as 11988811986524-Cu2Mg type Mg

3Nd as 11988811986516-BiF

3type Mg

41Nd5

as 11990511986892-Ce5Mg41


12type


2NdMg

3NdMg

41Nd5andMg

12Nd


Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




Liquid

CeMg

066063

084093

039

046

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

CeMg12

Ce5Mg41

Ce5Mg41


120574-Ce

120575-CeCeMg2898K

1072K

1023K

949K

771K

885K

721K

Mg-hcp+ CeMg12

Ce5Mg41+ CeMg3


Liquid

0040001

007008

011

0 004 008 012 016 02850

870

890

910

930

950

871K

890K884K

898K

L + Mg-hcp


Ce2Mg17


L + CeMg3

Mole fraction (Ce)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

CeMg12+ Ce5Mg41


000 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Ce)

minus3

minus6

minus9

minus12

minus15



Mg2Ni and MgNi

2 [74] times [76] ◻ [77] lowast [78]





3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials







3mmc 10350 10260 [141 165]


3mmc 03207 05210 [141 165]


PhaseParameters


ZMgMgCe = 2 Z

CeCeMg = 6


Δ11989201MgCe = minus8 3718


= minus24 4864120575-Ce 0119871


120574-Ce 0119871120574-Ce

= minus92770119879CeMg oΔ119867








CeMg = minus650


CeMg = minus540


CeMg = minus665



CeMg



CeMg3








(Mg) Mg 194 11987563mmc 03223 05219 [140 141]


3mmc 03659 11796 [140 141]

00070072

061

066

083 091

Nd-bcc

Nd-dhcp

MgNd

Mg-hcp

Liquid

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

822K 835K

1057K

1037K941K

1035K1077K

1046K

817K

Mg41Nd5

Mg3Nd

Mg2Nd

MgNd + Mg3Nd

MgNd + Nd-dhcp

Mole fraction (Nd)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)








3Nd



2Nd Mg

3Nd and




3Nd and





2Cu















MgCu2


2stoichiometry


2at 773K






2and Mg




2Cu and MgCu

2are listed in

Table 30



2Sn





Liquid

007022

059084

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1008K1063K

823K 841K760K

Cu-fcc + MgCu2

MgCu2


Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Mg)

Cu-fcc


00 02 04 06 08

Enth

alpy

of f

orm

atio

n (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Mg)

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 10

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol


minus10

minus30

minus50

minus70

minus90

minus110

minus130

(b)

0

02

04

06

08

1

00 02 04 06 08 10

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Cu

)

Mole fraction (Mg)

aCuaMg

(c)








Liquid

ZMgMgCu=4Z

CuCuMg = 2


Δ11989201MgCu = minus1352850

Mg-hcp 0119871Mg-hcp = 837160


Mg2Cu Δ119866119891= minus286200 + 003119879


0119866MgCu2CuCu = 1674320 0119866MgCu2

MgCu = minus37684260119866

MgCu2CuMg = 0

0119866MgCu2MgMg = 62787


0119871MgCu2MgCuMg = 1301135


0119871MgCu2MgMgCu = 659945












2Sn are listed in

Table 33

13 Summary






Mg2Cu


MgCu2





Mg2Sn CF2 225 1198651198983119898 06760 06760 06760 [137]


PhaseParameters


LiquidZMg

MgSn = 3 ZSn


10


Mg-hcp0119871

Mg-hcp= minus62 000

[∘119866Sn-hcp

= ∘119866Sn-bct

+ 5000]

Cu-fcc0119871

Sn-bct= minus20 000

[∘119866Mg-bct

= ∘119866Mg-hcp

+ 8360]










011003

091

Liquid

Sn-bct

Mg-hcp

0 02 04 06 08 1300

500

700

900

1100

1300

840K

1046K

472KMg-hcp + SnMg2

L + SnMg2

Sn-bct + SnMg2

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Mole fraction (Sn)


00 02 04 06 08 10

minus10

minus50

minus90

minus130

minus170

Enth

alpy

of m

ixin

g (k

Jmol

e)

Mole fraction (Sn)

(a)

00 02 04 06 08 1000

02

04

06

08

10

Mole fraction (Sn)

Activ

ity (M

g an

d Sn

)

aSnaMg

(b)





References

































































24Y5minus119909



















































between Mg2Zn11






























































2and


































2and MgNi









CuMg2and AuMg






















































2Si Mg

2Ge Mg

2Sn and Mg























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials



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