Review Article Coevolution between Cancer Activities and...

Review ArticleCoevolution between Cancer Activities and Food Structure ofHuman Being from Southwest China

Yawen Zeng1 Juan Du1 Xiaoying Pu1 Jiazhen Yang2 Tao Yang1

Shuming Yang1 and Xiaomeng Yang1

1Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Institute Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Kunming 650205 China2Kunming Tiankang Science amp Technology Limited Company Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan ProvinceKunming 650223 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Yawen Zeng zengyw1967126com

Received 9 June 2015 Accepted 26 July 2015

Academic Editor Pratheeshkumar Poyil

Copyright copy 2015 Yawen Zeng et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Yunnan and Tibet are the lowest cancer mortality and the largest producer for anticancer crops (brown rice barley buckwheattea walnut mushrooms and so forth) Shanghai and Jiangsu province in China have the highest mortality of cancers which areassociated with the sharp decline of barley

1 Introduction

Natural products are very popular to combat various phys-iological threats [1] Vegetables fruits spices herbs andbeverages have opened up new avenue for the role of phyto-chemicals in the prevention of human chronic diseases likecancer [2] Functional foods not only are natural bioactiveproducts with food value and promising cancer preventionand therapy [3] but also prevent diseases suppress agingenhance biodefense bioregulation and so forth [4] Thebiopolymers of edible mushrooms make them very goodcandidates for formulation of novel functional foods foranticancer and so forth [5] Greater consumption of fruits andvegetables as well as whole grain products appears to lowerthe risk of multimorbidity [6]

Cancer is becoming the most important public healthburden in the world Its incidence is varying among geo-graphical regions for example esophageal cancer high inChina lung cancer in USA and gallbladder cancer in Chile[7] Each year 11844 to 121442 additional cases of lung cancer9129 to 119176 cases of bladder cancer and 10729 to 110015cases of skin cancer worldwide are attributable to inorganicarsenic in food [8] A diet with higher total diversity mayreduce the risk of bladder cancer [9] The dietary factors

are the primary cause of nasopharyngeal cancer [10] Thephytochemicals for anticancer drug design from the greenhusk of Juglans regia L have gained attention worldwide [11]120573-glucans from the cell walls of barley oatmushrooms yeastseaweeds algae and bacteria are essential for new therapeuticstrategies against cancer [12]

Southwest China is the only geographical area wherefunctional crop production has significant anticancer effectson humans [13] Yunnan has not only the largest biodiversitycenter (higher plants gt18000 species over 500 cultivatedplants and 650 species of wild crops) but also the largestreserves of Al Pb Zn Ti Sn Cu andNi in China [14] and thelowest incidence and mortality of cancers in China Modernhumans originated from Africa between sim100 and 200KaAsia as early as sim130Ka and Northern Eurasia by sim50Ka[15] Hunger due to food shortage with climate change is thecause of early humansrsquo evolution from Africa to Asia andlater into Eurasia Hunger was the cause of migration forearly humansrsquo evolution however disease prevention of earlyhuman migrations was associated with food structure fromcenters of crop origin but coevolution between anticanceractivities and food structure of human based on crop origincenter from Southwest China is unclear

Hindawi Publishing CorporationBioMed Research InternationalVolume 2015 Article ID 497934 10 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015497934

2 BioMed Research International

2 Southwest Is the Lowest Mortality ofCancers in China

Theage-standardized incidence rate for cancers inChina dur-ing 1998sim2007 was 18586permil 20205permil inmen and 15915permilin women in urban areas but in rural areas it was 24434permiland 13790permil respectively [16] Cancer mortality in Chinaduring 2004-2005 was 13587permil cancer mortalities of sevenregions of China are stated in Table 1 East China (16688permil)gt Northeast China (13921permil) gt North China (13126permil)gt Central China (12426permil) gt South China (12281permil) gtNorthwest China (11433permil) gt Southwest China (09471permil)[17] (see Table 1) There are significant differences amongEast China and five other regions (I IV V VI or VII) formortality of major cancer the age-standardized rates of livercancer in China and world mortalities were 0184permil and0180permil respectively [18] There are significant differencesamong South China and six other regions (I II III IV VI orVII) formortality of nasopharyngeal cancer Nasopharyngealcarcinoma incidence and mortality were obviously higherin South China than in other regions and lowest in NorthChina and its crude incidence and mortality were 00316permiland 00153permil but world age-standardized incidence andmortality were 00244permil and 00118permil respectively [19]

There are significant differences among Northwest Chinaand six other regions (I II III IV V or VI) for mortalityof cervical cancer and gastric cancer Dietary habit was animportant factor contributing to gastric cancer especiallyregular consumption of fried grilled high-salt high-fatspicy food and drinking boiled brick tea [20]Wuwei a city inNorthwest China has high incidence of gastric cancer whichis because of the carcinogens due to lack of Vc infection ofHp atrophic gastritis and heritage [21]

There are significant differences among Northwest Chinaand three other regions (II V or VI) for esophageal can-cer (119901 lt 005) intake of dietary fiber is associatedwith a reduced risk of esophageal cancer for adults [22]whereas the risk is increased with red meat [23] Milletexhibits multiple biological activities including anticancerantioxidant immunomodulatory antifungal and antihyper-glycemia effects [24] the major genetic split for broomcornmillet divided the accessions into an eastern and a westerngrouping in Northwestern China [25]

There are significant differences among Southwest Chinaand four other regions (I II III or V) for mortality ofbreast cancer Mortality rates increased from Southwest toNortheast and from West to East in China from 1991 to2011 [26] There are significant differences among SouthwestChina and three other regions (I III or VII) for mortality ofleukemia There is a significant inverse association betweenhigh tea consumption and leukemia risk [27]The patterns ofsomatic mutation suggest relevant connections between thefunctional categories of genes driving acutemyeloid leukemia[28] Xuanwei and Fuyuan of Southwest China have strikinglyhigh incidence of lung cancer due to food with higher Cdand Ti contents [29] Southwest China is not only the regionwith lowest incidence and mortality of cancers in China [17](see Table 1) but also a geographical area richest in anticancercrop

3 The Lowest Cancer Mortality Associatedwith Anticancer Crops in Yunnan

Yunnanprovince inChina spans approximately 394000Km2It borders Vietnam Laos and Myanmar Kunming is theprovincial capital of Yunnan and its elevation is 1894m Yun-nan is not only the cradle of human childhood a transitionalregion among East Asia continent SouthAsian subcontinentand Indo-China Peninsula but also a core integration areaof Chinese culture Indian culture and Mid-south Peninsulaculture which all merge with the local culture [30] Yunnanprovince is renowned for three kingdoms of plants animaland nonferrous metals parallel evolution of crop adaptationto nonferrous metals and anticancer foods for human beingare mostly cultivated in this region

Yunnan is not only the region with lowest incidenceand mortality of cancers (0541permil) in China especiallyesophageal cancer gastric cancer liver cancer leukemiafemale breast cancer and cervical cancer [17] (see Table 1)but also the largest center of origin and diversity of cultivatedcrops [13] The foodsplant extracts of turmeric and Chinesegoldthread aremore likely to be beneficial against cancer [31]The cysteine-conjugated metabolites of shogaols are noveldietary colon cancer preventive agents [32] Consumption ofherbal tea is associated with reduced risk of colon cancerbut iced coffee increases rectal cancer risk [33] Yunnan isnot only a core integration area of Vavilovrsquos three centersof crop origin including Chinese Center Indian Centerand Central Asiatic Center but also the largest center oforigin and diversity of anticancer cropMajor anticancer foodstructures for crop are as follows

31 Association of Brown Rice with Anticancer Activities Riceoriginates from a single domestication 82ndash135 Kya in theSouthwest China [34] In 2013 global rice yield was 7007million tons but Chinese rice yield was 2033 million tonsYunnan is a region not only presenting great genetic diver-sity but also the center of genetic differentiation of indicaand japonica subspecies of Asian cultivated rice howeverpigmented rice with similar wild rice with 2384 accessionsaccounts for 451 of rice landrace in Yunnan [35] but whiterice for present day human consumption accounts for 95rice cultivars in ChinaMGN-3 from rice bran may representa novel adjuvant for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer[36] The momilactone B in rice bran caused G1 cell cyclearrest and apoptosis in U937 cells which may be related toanticancer activity [37] Atractylenolide I might contributeto the anticancer effect of germinated brown rice [38] Thepurple rice extract could be developed for functional foodsfor colon cancer prevention [39] Human HepG2 cell apop-tosis induced by Methanolic-Payao-Purple rice extracts andvinblastine was mediated through a mitochondrial pathway[40] 120574-Oryzanol proanthocyanidin and 120574-tocotrienol in redrice extract may have a potential to serve as food-derivedchemotherapeutic agents for cancer patients [41]Thai purplerice cooked under sterilization could be a potential sourceof protocatechuic acid exerting high antiproliferative activity[42] Treatments with peonidin-3-glucoside and cyaniding-3-glucoside from black rice extracts significantly reduced

BioMed Research International 3

Table1Geographicald

istrib

utionof

cancer

mortalityin

China[

17]

Provincem

unicipality

regionMajor

cancer

permilEsop

hageal

cancer

(permil)

Gastric

cancer

(permil)

Liverc

ancer

(permil)

Colon

cancer

(permil)

Lung

cancer

(permil)

Nasop

haryngeal

cancer

(permil)

Leuk

emia

(permil)

Femaleb

reast

cancer

(permil)

Cervical

cancer

(permil)

Beijing

13132

00876

00944

01699

0117

3040

09000

92004

4200956

00199

Tianjin

1244

300670

0114

101699

00782

044

3700079

006

0200851

00309

Hebei

13880

02962

02827

02099

00516

02854

00028

00337

00547

00264

Shanxi

14831

02439

04242

01606

00672

03141

00028

00470

00416

004

22InnerM

ongolia

11343

01438

01955

01795

00473

02810

00051

00360

00703

00172

I=North

China

13126

01677

02222

01780

007

23034

50000

56004

42006

95002

73Liaoning

14498

00914

02065

02237

00941

04614

000

4600374

00775

00162

Jilin

11325

00271

01891

03172

00478

04382

00037

00303

00762

00231

Heilong

jiang

15939

006

0001724

03512

00940

05101

00075

004

2000784

00210

II=NortheastCh

ina

1392

1005

9501893

029

74007

86046

99000

53003

66007

74002

01Shangh

ai21707

01432

03008

02465

02328

05151

00251

004

8301218

00177

Jiang

su19

363

02834

044

5203524

00828

03695

00119

004

8500574

00159

Zhejiang

17273

01122

03377

03506

01121

04184

00165

00382

00728

00303

Anh

ui15

738

02388

04133

02688

00739

02776

00136

00355

004

4000327

Fujian

14119

02736

01824

03190

00781

02627

00293

00411

004

2800191

Jiang

xi11986

00505

01726

02523

00945

02963

00301

004

0900579

00479

Shando

ng16

633

01062

03478

03177

00824

04565

00088

00479

00795

00155

III=

EastCh

ina

1668

801726

03143

030

1001081

03709

00193

004

29006

8000269

Henan

1444

003132

03031

02759

00572

02551

000

4400347

00556

00273

Hub

ei12

895

00893

02188

03299

00786

02798

00171

00312

00637

00275

Hun

an09943

00437

00977

01871

00765

02514

00228

00393

00617

00539

IV=CentralCh

ina

1242

601487

020

65026

43007

08026

2100148

00351

006

03003

62Guangdo

ng12

788

01441

01419

03175

00965

02748

00529

00359

00507

00205

Guang

xi11717

00411

01536

03377

00581

02607

00492

00347

00633

00282

Hainan

12339

00299

02492

02811

00857

02113

00718

00279

00760

00296

V=So

uthCh

ina

1228

1007

1701816

03121

008

01024

89005

8000328

006

3300261

Chon

gqing

14632

03004

02148

03189

00714

03244

00080

00322

004

6000117

Sichuan

13322

01682

02659

02890

00908

02709

00143

00357

004

4500174

Guizhou

07557

00195

01130

01415

00599

01693

00134

00310

00320

00379

Yunn

an05410

00139

00829

01023

004

8700996

00077

00320

00288

00167

Tibet

06433

00386

02830

02070

00077

00309

00026

00026

00299

00349

VI=

Southw

estC

hina

094

7101081

01919

02117

005

5701790

000

9200267

003

6200237

Shanxi

11652

01339

02836

02038

00383

01875

00059

00363

00542

004

68Gansu

12771

01572

044

2001946

00524

01568

00030

004

44004

6300756

Qingh

ai12

303

01156

03232

01982

00354

01994

00000

00507

00412

00291

Ningxia

11674

01008

02233

02268

00679

02345

00028

004

6200509

00382

Xinjiang

08764

01941

01950

01041

00201

01005

00036

00379

00326

00889

VII=Northwe

stCh

ina

11433

01403

029

3401855

004

2801757

000

31004

31004

50005

57Ch

ina

1358

701521

024

71026

26007

52030

8300146

003

85005

90002

80


the tumor size and volume in vivo [43] China and India arethe worldrsquos largest producers of rice which account for 26and 20 of all world rice production respectively ThereforeSouthwest China and North India have the lowest incidenceand mortality of cancers associated with origin center of riceespecially pigmented rice

32 Association of Barley with Anticancer Activities Barleyis the most important crop among functional foods [13]Yunnan is the center of second origin for two naked bar-leys and the largest diversity center in China [14] as wellas the largest Chinese producer All 120573-glucans differ bytheir length and branching structures which are consideredbiological response modifiers with health beneficial effectsincluding anticancer activities [44]The genotypes of vitaminE 315 120583gg dry weight while being of ascorbic acid equivalentantioxidant capacity 1581mg AEAC100 g fresh weight arepotential candidates for breeding of barley cultivars withhigh vitamin E content or antioxidant capacity at harvesteven after storage [45] The content (mgkg) of tocotrienolsfor anticancer activities in barley is higher that is barley(910) gt rice bran (465) gt oat (210) gt maize (200) gt wheatgerm oil (189) gt rye (92) [46] Green barley extract inducedpreferential antiproliferative and proapoptotic signals withinB-lineage leukemialymphoma cells [47] The bioactive com-pounds in germinated barley and other cereals may reducethe risk of diabetic agents and colon cancer [48] Protocat-echualdehyde present in barley suppressed cell growth andinduced apoptosis which may be a result of deacetylase2-mediated cyclin D1 suppression [49] Lunasin present inbarley has been observed to prevent skin cancer which couldplay an important role in the prevention of cancer in humans[50] Remarkably high reduction of tumorigenesis and induc-tion of apoptosis in the liver section were achieved in themouse models with barley-Shochu distillation remnants [51]Germinated barley foodstuff significantly increased the pro-duction of a tumor suppressor gene which showed promisingantineoplastic effects [52]

33 Association of Buckwheat with Anticancer ActivitiesYunnan is not only the center of origins and evolution forbuckwheat [13 14] but also the largest Chinese producer ofTartary buckwheat which accounts for 601 in China Rutin(22155mg100 g at 7 days) and quercitrin (23010mg100 gat 8 days) contents after sowing of buckwheat sprouts wereapproximately 35 and 65 times higher than those of buck-wheat seeds [53] Yunnan golden buckwheat has uniqueanticancer effects and its product ldquoWeimainingrdquo capsulesis the national second-class anticancer drug [54] TBWSP31from Tartary buckwheat water-soluble extracts is a novelantitumor protein and apoptosis inducer [55] and alsoquercetin from its seeds and bran exhibited the strongestcytotoxic effects against the human hepatoma cell line [56]Tatariside G may be an effective candidate for chemotherapyagainst cervical cancer [57]

34 Association of Tea with Anticancer Activities After watertea is the most widely consumed beverage [58] tea is

cultivated in Asia which is producing more than 91 of theworld Green tea and quercetin enhanced the therapeuticeffect of docetaxel in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells[59] Green tea polyphenols have strong antioxidants and theinhibition of 16 cancers [13] such as (minus)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells[60]The articles on the association of teawith cancer are 3214according to PubMed literature database Yunnan provincein China is center of origin for Camellia sinensis which has35 species and 3 varieties accounting for 766 of Camelliasinensis in the world [13 14 61] There are more than 500compounds identified Tea in Yunnan has 15 accessions for350ndash468 polyphenols and 14 accessions for 5 caffeine[61] Epigallocatechin-gallate in green tea has been shownto have antiproliferative activity in colon cancer cells [62]Catechins of green tea are flavanols which have many healthrelated characteristics they especially lower the cytotoxicityand cost of anticancer treatment inhibit proliferation ofbreast cancer cells and block carcinogenesis [1 63] Humanswould be able to achieve consistent cancer prevention effectsprovided there is timely intervention of green tea catechinsat appropriate high-dose levels [58] Green tea and coffeeconsumption has protective effects on esophageal cancer[64] Therefore green tea is the most economic and effectivemethod for anticancer treatment

35 Association ofWalnut with Anticancer Activities Yunnanis not only the center of origins and evolution for fruits whichhas 66 families 134 genus and 499 species [65] but alsothe Chinese largest producer of walnut (2679000 ha) whichaccounts for 502 of China in 2013 Walnuts are rich in120596-3 fatty acids tocopherols 120573-sitosterol and pedunculaginwhich slow down the growth of prostate colon breast andrenal cancers [66] The tumor size in mice having walnutin their diet was one-fourth than that of the control diet[67] The 120572-linolenic acid and 120573-sitosterol from walnutoil decreased proliferation of MCF-7 cells [68] Changesin the miRNA expression profiles likely affect target genetranscripts involved in pathways of anti-inflammation anti-vascularization antiproliferation and apoptosis [69] Wal-nuts decrease the risk of these chronic diseases (cancertype 2 diabetes cardiovascular disease and visceral obesityvia inflammation) [70] Dietary walnut can reduce cancergrowth and development by its anticancer mechanism ofsuppressing the activation of NF120581B [71] The dihydroxy-341015840-dimethoxyflavone and regiolone from walnut leaves caninduce apoptosis in human breast adenocarcinoma cells [72]The bioactive compounds in walnut green husks are capableof killing prostate carcinoma cells by inducing apoptosis [11]

36 Association of Mushrooms with Anticancer ActivitiesYunnan is richest in having species of wild mushrooms inChina which accounts for 902 in China and 441 inthe world It has 670 species of edible mushrooms whichaccounts for 724 in China including boletes (224 species)and edible boletes (144 species) accounting for 574 and724 in China respectively [73] The export of boletesand Tricholoma matsutake having anticancer activities from


Yunnan province is up to 91780000 and 57380000 USDin 2011 [13] Medicinal mushrooms have been used to treatcancer fungal infections hypertension diabetes inflam-mation and renal disorders [74] The most potent extractidentified from Ganoderma lucidum inhibited the growthof a gastric cancer cell line by interfering with cellularautophagy and cell cycle [75] Intake of mushrooms seems tobe inversely associatedwith the epithelial ovarian cancer [76]Polysaccharides from mushrooms have been widely usedin far Asia as antitumor immunostimulating antimicrobialhypocholesterolemic hypoglycemic and health-promotingagents [5] The water extract of Umbilicaria esculenta has agreat potential to be developed into an anticancer agent thattargets telomerase [77]

37 Association of Panax notoginseng with Anticancer Activi-ties Yunnan is the Chinese largest producer of Panax noto-ginseng which accounts for 97 of the production of Chinaand more than 400 products were made from it by 1302companies in China P notoginseng is a promising candidatein preventing and treating inflammation-associated coloncarcinogenesis [78] Macroporous resin from the leaves ofP notoginseng is enriched with low polarity PPD groupsaponins of 85 ethanol fraction which is a new alternativesource of anticancer saponins [79] A new protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 6-O-120573-d-glucopyranosyl-20-O-120573-d-gluco-pyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol-3-one (1) was isolatedfrom the roots of P notoginseng which exhibited cytotoxicactivity against five human cancer cell lines [80] Anarabinogalactan RN1 from flowers of Panax notoginseng hadan antiangiogenic effect via BMP2 signaling and could bea potential novel inhibitor of angiogenesis [81] The majorsaponins in P notoginseng saponin extract were ginsenosidesRg1 (311) and Rb1 (344) which may provide significantnatural defense against human colon cancer [82] In additionYunnan is the richest in species of Amorphophalms knojac(667) and its largest producer in China The konjac gluco-mannans are associated with a range of health applicationswhich include decreasing the risk of gut cancer and coloncarcinogenesis through reduced toxicity of faecal water andprecancerous risk factors of human colon cancer [83]

4 Lower Cancer Mortality Associated withAnticancerous Food in Tibet

Tibet in China spans approximately over 1200000Km2 Itborders Myanmar Bhutan and Nepal Tibetans have beenadapted to an altitude exceeding 3500m in the early UpperPaleolithic [84] Tibet is one of the regions with lowestcancer incidence and mortality of cancers (0643permil) inChina especially colon cancer lung cancer nasopharyngealcancer and leukemia [17] (see Table 1)Major anticancer foodstructures are as follows

41 Association of Naked Barley with Anticancer ActivitiesTibet and its vicinity are not only the centers of domesticationof cultivated barley [85 86] but also the worldrsquos largest pro-ducer of naked barley for major food Barley and its products

are good sources of antioxidants [87] especially anticancerThe most common anthocyanin in the purple barley iscyanidin 3-glucoside whereas delphinidin 3-glucoside is themost abundant anthocyanin in the blue and black groups[87] Himalaya 292 for barley mutant has high contents of 120573-glucan (97) and protein (164) as well as amylose starch(816) [88] The intrinsic differences of 120573-glucans in barleyand other cereals will elicit variable immune and anticancerresponses The molecular mechanisms of 120573-glucan-inducedsignaling in immune cells are essential for the design ofnew therapeutic strategies against cancer [12 89]120573-D-glucanfrom barley regulates breast cancer-relevant gene expressionand may be useful for inhibiting endocrine-resistant breastcancer cell proliferation [90] Whole hulless barley is afunctional food that can reduce the prevalence of metabolicsyndrome [91]

42 Association of Milk with Anticancer Activities Milk con-sumption is prevalent in daily diets and its lactase persistenceis likely to have an independent origin in Tibetans [92] Themilk protein 120572-casein would provide a more natural andnontoxic approach to the development of novel anticancertherapies [93]

In addition Guizhou is not only one of the regions oflower cancer incidence and mortality of cancers (0756permil) inChina but also one of the cradles of human childhood

5 The Highest Cancer Mortality Associatedwith Food in Some Province of China

Human chronic disease outbreak owes its origin to con-sumption of brown rice and barley which were the staplediet of the ancient people whereas white rice and wheatwhite flour are now consumed as staple foods of mod-ern people [13] Yunnan Province is the lowest mortalityof cancers (0541permil) in China [17] or all over the world[94] which associated with the largest production base forbarley and tea as well as walnut and so forth in ChinaEast China includes Shanghai Jiangsu Zhejiang ShandongAnhui Fujian and Jiangxi 7 provincescity and it is thehighest mortality of cancers (16688permil) and the most cancervillages (76) in China which mainly covers some lowerreaches of rivers including the Yellow River Huaihe Riverand Yangtze River and also appears near the Dongting Lakeand Poyang Lake the number of cancer villages in Chinais in turn East China (76) gt Central China (28) gt NorthChina (24) = South China (24) gt Southwest China (12)gt Northwest China (3) = Northeast China (3) [95] Thehighest cancer mortality associated with barley dropped insome provinces of China especially Shanghai Jiangsu andZhejiang Nanjing (1073mgkg) and Shanghai (9559mgkg)as well as Hanzhou (757mgkg) cities are the highest soilPb2+ concentrations in 35 cities for China [96] The lipid-transfer protein from barley grain has an affinity to bind Co2+and Pb2+ but has no affinity towards Cd2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ andCr3+ [97] Barley 120573-glucan is a radioprotective agent andit can enhance radioprotection in the human hepatoma cellline HepG2 [98] Barley with polyphenols possesses many


other anticarcinogenic activities and high epicatechin maybe related to a reduced risk of breast cancer [99] and coloncancer Consumption of lunasin from barley could play animportant role in cancer prevention [100] but the barleycultivated areas in China in 1935 (6380000 ha) were 51times than that in 2012 Shanghai city in 1986 was 60 timesbarley cultivated more than in 2012 Jiangsu province in 1957(1401400 ha) was 75 times than in 2012 however Zhejiangprovince in 1935 (283800 ha) was 95 times cultivated than in2012

Shanghai city has not only the highest cancer mortality(2171permil) in China especially colon cancer lung cancerand female breast cancer [17] (see Table 1) but also has thelowest diversity of cultivated crops and its elevation is 40mColorectal cancer increases by 42 annually in Shanghaiwhich is faster than the average increasing rate of the world[101] Lunasin from soybean cotyledon and barley a peptidewith 43 amino acid residues demonstrated chemopreventiveand anticancer properties against colon and breast cancers[100 102] The consumption of barley rice has certain pre-vention and adjunctive dietary therapy functions for diabetesmellitus cardiovascular disease and cancers [103] Breastcancer is the most common cancer among women in urbanChina such as Shanghai and so forth however soy foodconsumption is significantly associated with decreased riskof breast cancer and lung cancer [104] but cultivated area ofsoybean in Shanghai is the lowest in China Fruit intake isinversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer [105]but cultivated area of fruits in Shanghai is the lowest in ChinaThe high intake of fruits vegetables milk and eggs mayreduce the risk of breast cancer whereas high animal foodintake may increase the risk [106] Age seems to contributeto increased morbidity andmortality of colorectal carcinomain Yangpu district of Shanghai but the mortality of colorectalcarcinoma appeared higher than the incidence [107]

Jiangsu province has not only the highest cancermortality(1936permil) in China especially gastric cancer and liver cancer[17] (see Table 1) but also a province of lowest altitude(lt50m) in China The elevation of Nanjing in Jiangsuprovince is 156m The barley with anticancer cultivatedareas of Jiangsu province in China in 1957 (1401400 ha)was 75 times than in 2012 Cancer outbreak owes its originto consumption of barley of the ancient people which isreplaced by wheat white flour of modern people Cancervillages of main production regions of Chinese wheat are inturn Anhui (26) gt Shangdong (16) gt Henan (15) gt Jiangsu(14) gtHebei (12) [95] There are significant correlationsbetween topsoil Pb concentration and gastric cancer as wellas grain Hg concentration with liver cancer in humans [108]Natural lycopene shows a potential anticancer activity andreduces gastric cancer incidence [109]The tricin from younggreen barley leaves on melanin production in B16 melanomacells inhibits melanin biosynthesis with higher efficacy thanarbutin and it could be used as a whitening agent [110]The annual average crude incidence and age-standardizedincidence by world population were 252permil and 179permilrespectively but Jiangsu being an area with relatively low riskof female breast cancer presented cancer registry areas from2006 to 2010 as 0703permil and 0481permil respectively [111]

Zhejiang province has very high cancer mortality(1727permil) in China especially for liver cancer [17] (seeTable 1)The crude incidence of cancer registered in Zhejiangprovince in 2009 was 3202permil however age-standardizedincidence by Chinese and world standard population wasseparately 16199permil and 20792permil meanwhile the crudemortality rate was 17697permil and the age-standardizedmortality by Chinese and world standard population were07917permil and 10702permil respectively [112] The highest soilconcentrations in Zhejiang province were 7036mgkg forPb 4749mgkg for Cr 1351mgkg for As 073mgkg forCd and 067mgkg for Hg while Cd caused the greatestcancer risk [113] The bioaccumulation of heavy metals infood tubers carries a considerable risk for human cancers[114] The inhibition of cancer cell viability and apoptosisby protocatechualdehyde in barley leaves may be result ofactivating transcription factor 3 expression through ERK12and p38-mediated transcriptional activation [115]

6 Conclusion and Future Prospects

Chronic disease prevention of early human migrations wasassociated with food structures from crop origin centersespecially from Asia with four centers of crop origin whichaccount for 58 in the world population The early modernhuman of Southwest China was related to many ancestorsof Asians Southwest China richest in anticancer crop notonly is the most important evolution base of Asian andanticancer crops but also has the lowest mortality andincidence of cancers in China Yunnan richest in anticancercrops is the cradle of human childhood and the lowest cancerincidence as well as mortality of cancers (0541permil) in Chinaespecially esophageal cancer gastric cancer liver cancerleukemia female breast cancer and cervical cancer and alsothe largest center of origin and diversity of functional cropswith anticancer activities (brown rice barley buckwheattea walnut mushrooms Panax notoginseng Knojac etc)Tibet is not only one of the regions of lowest incidence andmortality of cancers (0643permil) in China especially coloncancer lung cancer nasopharyngeal cancer and leukemiabut also the largest center of origin and diversity of nakedbarley for major functional foods Shanghai and Jiangsu inChina have the highest mortality of cancers (1936sim2171permil)which are associated with barley cultivated areas droppedabout 65 times and 75 times respectively These resultsfurther support that Southwest China (especially Yunnan andTibet) is the center of lowest mortality of cancers (0643permil)in China based on coevolution between humanrsquos anticanceractivities and functional foods from crop origin center

Abbreviations

ALA Alpha-linolenic acidEPIYA Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-AlaHepG2 Liver hepatocellular cellsHp HaptoglobinKa 1000 yearsKm2 Square kilometresKya Thousand years ago


MCF-7 cells Human breast adenocarcinoma cell lineMGN-3 Arabinoxylan rice branNF120581B Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer

of activated B cellsSNPs Single nucleotide polymorphismsTBWSP31 Tartary Buckwheat Protein FractionUSA United States of AmericaUSD United States DollarVc Vitamin C

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interestswhatsoever to declare

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (no 31260326) China AgricultureResearch System (CARS-05) the Science and Technology toBenefit the People (2014RA060) and the Exploit of EmphasesNew Production (2014BD001) as well as the Yunnan Intro-duction and Foster Talent Program (2012HB050 2011CI059)from Yunnan Provincial Scientific and Technology Depart-ment Thanks are due to the professional editing team atEureka Science for language improvement

References

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[2] M Singh P Singh and Y Shukla ldquoNew strategies in cancerchemoprevention by phytochemicalsrdquo Frontiers in Biosciencevol 4 no 1 pp 426ndash452 2012

[3] E Ranzato S Martinotti C M Calabrese and G CalabreseldquoRole of nutraceuticals in cancer therapyrdquo Journal of FoodResearch vol 3 no 4 pp 18ndash24 2014

[4] T Mitsuoka ldquoDevelopment of functional foodsrdquo Bioscience ofMicrobiota Food and Health vol 33 no 3 pp 117ndash128 2014

[5] I Giavasis ldquoBioactive fungal polysaccharides as potential func-tional ingredients in food and nutraceuticalsrdquo Current Opinionin Biotechnology vol 26 pp 162ndash173 2014

[6] G Ruel Z Shi S Zhen et al ldquoAssociation between nutritionand the evolution of multimorbidity the importance of fruitsand vegetables and whole grain productsrdquo Clinical Nutritionvol 33 no 3 pp 513ndash520 2014

[7] J D Sharma M Kalit T Nirmolia S P Saikia A Sharmaand D Barman ldquoCancer scenario and relationship of differentgeographical areas of the globe with special reference to NorthEast-Indiardquo Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention vol 15no 8 pp 3721ndash3729 2014

[8] S Oberoi A Barchowsky and F Wu ldquoThe global burden ofdisease for skin lung and bladder cancer caused by arsenic infoodrdquo Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers amp Prevention vol 23no 7 pp 1187ndash1194 2014

[9] F Isa L-P Xie Z Hu et al ldquoDietary consumption and dietdiversity and risk of developing bladder cancer results from

the South and East China case-control studyrdquo Cancer Causesand Control vol 24 no 5 pp 885ndash895 2013

[10] M C Yu ldquoNasopharyngeal carcinoma epidemiology anddietary factorsrdquo International Agency for Research on CancerScience Publication no 105 pp 39ndash47 1991

[11] A A Alshatwi T N Hasan G Shafi et al ldquoValidation ofthe antiproliferative effects of organic extracts from the greenhusk of Juglans regia L on PC-3 human prostate cancercells by assessment of apoptosis-related genesrdquo Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2012 Article ID103026 8 pages 2012

[12] S H Albeituni and J Yan ldquoThe effects of120573-glucans on dendriticcells and implications for cancer therapyrdquoAnti-Cancer Agents inMedicinal Chemistry vol 13 no 5 pp 689ndash698 2013

[13] Y-W Zeng J-Z Yang X-Y Pu et al ldquoStrategies of functionalfood for cancer prevention in human beingsrdquo Asian PacificJournal of Cancer Prevention vol 14 no 3 pp 1585ndash1592 2013

[14] Y-W Zeng J-J Wang Z-Y Yang et al ldquoThe diversity and sus-tainable development of crop genetic resources in the LancangRiver Valleyrdquo Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution vol 48 no3 pp 297ndash306 2001

[15] H Reyes-Centeno S Ghirotto F Detroit D Grimaud-HerveG Barbujani and K Harvati ldquoGenomic and cranial phenotypedata support multiple modern human dispersals from Africaand a southern route into Asiardquo Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences of the United States of America vol 111 no20 pp 7248ndash7253 2014

[16] W-Q Chen R-S Zheng H-M Zeng et al ldquoTrend analysisand prediction of cancer incidence in Chinardquo Chinese Journalof Preventive Medicine vol 46 no 7 pp 581ndash586 2012

[17] M-G Zhou X-F Wang J-P Hu et al ldquoGeographical distribu-tion of cancer mortality in China 2004-2005rdquo Chinese Journalof Preventive Medicine vol 44 no 4 pp 303ndash308 2010

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[20] S Yan B Li Z-Z Bai et al ldquoClinical epidemiology of gastriccancer in Hehuang valley of China a 10-year epidemiologicalstudy of gastric cancerrdquoWorld Journal of Gastroenterology vol20 no 30 pp 10486ndash10494 2014

[21] H-Z Luo D-H Mi T-Z Jing et al ldquoRisk factors of gastriccancer in Wuwei Citymdashan endemic region of gastric cancerrdquoChinese Journal of Cancer vol 24 no 5 pp 563ndash566 2005

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[42] R Chatthongpisut S J Schwartz and J YongsawatdigulldquoAntioxidant activities and antiproliferative activity of Thaipurple rice cooked by various methods on human colon cancercellsrdquo Food Chemistry vol 188 pp 99ndash105 2015

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[44] E Aleem ldquo120573-glucans and their applications in cancer therapyfocus on human studiesrdquo Anti-Cancer Agents in MedicinalChemistry vol 13 no 5 pp 709ndash719 2013

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[47] E Robles-Escajeda D Lerma A M Nyakeriga et alldquoSearching in mother nature for anti-cancer activity anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect elicited by green barley onleukemialymphoma cellsrdquo PLoS ONE vol 8 no 9 Article IDe73508 2013

[48] O N Donkor L Stojanovska P Ginn J Ashton and T Vasil-jevic ldquoGerminated grainsmdashsources of bioactive compoundsrdquoFood Chemistry vol 135 no 3 pp 950ndash959 2012

[49] J B Jeong and S-H Lee ldquoProtocatechualdehyde possesses anti-cancer activity through downregulating cyclin D1 and HDAC2in human colorectal cancer cellsrdquo Biochemical and BiophysicalResearch Communications vol 430 no 1 pp 381ndash386 2013

[50] B Hernandez-Ledesma C-C Hsieh and B O de LumenldquoLunasin a novel seed peptide for cancer preventionrdquo Peptidesvol 30 no 2 pp 426ndash430 2009

[51] M Ohgidani H Ichihara K Goto Y Matsumoto and RUeoka ldquoAnticancer effects of residual powder from Barley-Shochu distillation remnants against the orthotopic xenograftmouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma in vivordquo Biologicalamp Pharmaceutical Bulletin vol 35 no 6 pp 984ndash987 2012

[52] O Kanauchi KMitsuyama A Andoh and T Iwanaga ldquoModu-lation of intestinal environment by prebiotic germinated barleyfoodstuff prevents chemo-induced colonic carcinogenesis inratsrdquo Oncology Reports vol 20 no 4 pp 793ndash801 2008

[53] O Sytar ldquoPhenolic acids in the inflorescences of differentvarieties of buckwheat and their antioxidant activityrdquo Journal ofKing Saud UniversitymdashScience vol 27 no 2 pp 136ndash142 2015

[54] J-Y Wang Y-Z Wang Y Zeng and J-T Li ldquoSpectrometricdetermination of trace elements in anticancer new medicineFagopyrum dibotrysrdquo Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis vol 31no 1 pp 253ndash255 2011

[55] X Guo K Zhu H Zhang and H Yao ldquoAnti-tumor activity ofa novel protein obtained from tartary buckwheatrdquo InternationalJournal of Molecular Sciences vol 11 no 12 pp 5201ndash5211 2010

[56] Y Li S DuanH Jia C Bai L Zhang and ZWang ldquoFlavonoidsfrom tartary buckwheat induce G

2M cell cycle arrest and

apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cellsrdquo Acta Biochimica etBiophysica Sinica vol 46 no 6 pp 460ndash470 2014


[57] Y Li S-J Wang W Xia et al ldquoEffects of tatariside G isolatedfrom Fagopyrum tataricum roots on apoptosis in human cervi-cal cancer HeLa cellsrdquo Molecules vol 19 no 8 pp 11145ndash111592014

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[61] H-SWangMXu J Zhang et al ldquoVolume teardquo inYunnanCropGermplasm Resources X Q Huang Ed pp 622ndash762 YunnanScience and Technology Press Kunming China 2007

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[64] J-S Zheng J Yang Y-Q Fu T Huang Y-J Huang and D LildquoEffects of green tea black tea and coffee consumption on therisk of esophageal cancer a systematic review andmeta-analysisof observational studiesrdquoNutrition andCancer vol 65 no 1 pp1ndash16 2013

[65] W-B Zhang J-R Zhang X-L Li et al ldquoVolume fruitrdquo inYunnan Crop Germplasm Resources X Q Huang Ed pp 1ndash236 Yunnan Science and Technology Press Kunming China2007

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[67] R J Reiter D-X Tan L C Manchester et al ldquoA walnut-enriched diet reduces the growth of LNCaP human prostatecancer xenografts in nude micerdquo Cancer Investigation vol 31no 6 pp 365ndash373 2013

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[69] M A Tsoukas B J Ko T R Witte F Dincer W E Hardmanand C S Mantzoros ldquoDietary walnut suppression of colorectalcancer in mice mediation by miRNA patterns and fatty acidincorporationrdquoThe Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry vol 26no 7 pp 776ndash783 2015

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[72] M Salimi M H Ardestaniyan H M Kandelous et al ldquoAnti-proliferative and apoptotic activities of constituents of chloro-form extract of Juglans regia leavesrdquo Cell Proliferation vol 47no 2 pp 172ndash179 2014

[73] G-Y Zhang ldquoVolume edible fungirdquo inYunnanCropGermplasmResources X Q Huang Ed pp 1ndash433 Yunnan Science andTechnology Press Kunming China 2007

[74] D H Lee and H W Kim ldquoInnate immunity induced by fungal120573-glucans via dectin-1 signaling pathwayrdquo International Journalof Medicinal Mushrooms vol 16 no 1 pp 1ndash16 2014

[75] M Oliveira F S Reis D Sousa et al ldquoA methanolic extractof Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body inhibits the growth of agastric cancer cell line and affects cellular autophagy and cellcyclerdquo Food amp Function vol 5 no 7 pp 1389ndash1394 2014

[76] A H Lee M Pasalich D Su L Tang V D Tran and CW Binns ldquoMushroom intake and risk of epithelial ovariancancer in Southern Chinese womenrdquo International Journal ofGynecological Cancer vol 23 no 8 pp 1400ndash1405 2013

[77] B Xu C Li and C Sung ldquoTelomerase inhibitory effectsof medicinal mushrooms and lichens and their anticanceractivityrdquo International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms vol 16no 1 pp 17ndash28 2014

[78] X Wen C Wang C Yu et al ldquoPanax notoginseng attenu-ates experimental colitis in the azoxymethane dextran sulfatesodiummousemodelrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 28 no 6 pp892ndash898 2014

[79] Q Miao Y Li S-L Li J Yang P-H Zhang and Q WangldquoChemical profiles and anticancer effects of saponin fractions ofdifferent polarity from the leaves of Panax notoginsengrdquoChineseJournal of Natural Medicines vol 12 no 1 pp 30ndash37 2014

[80] H-Z Fu R-J Zhong D-M Zhang and D Wang ldquoA newprotopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside from the roots of Panaxnotoginsengrdquo Journal of AsianNatural Products Research vol 15no 10 pp 1139ndash1143 2013

[81] P-P Wang L Zhang J Yao Y Shi P Li and K Ding ldquoAnarabinogalactan from flowers of Panax notoginseng inhibitsangiogenesis by BMP2SmadId1 signalingrdquoCarbohydrate Poly-mers vol 121 pp 328ndash335 2015

[82] N-W He Y Zhao L Guo J Shang and X-B Yang ldquoAntioxi-dant antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of a saponinextract derived from the roots ofPanax notoginseng (Burk) FHChenrdquo Journal of Medicinal Food vol 15 no 4 pp 350ndash3592012

[83] W-T Wu and H-L Chen ldquoEffects of konjac glucomannan onputative risk factors for colon carcinogenesis in rats fed a high-fat dietrdquo Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 59 no3 pp 989ndash994 2011

[84] X Qi C Cui Y Peng et al ldquoGenetic evidence of paleolithiccolonization and neolithic expansion ofmodern humans on theTibetan plateaurdquoMolecular Biology and Evolution vol 30 no 8pp 1761ndash1778 2013

[85] F Dai E Nevo D Wu et al ldquoTibet is one of the centers ofdomestication of cultivated barleyrdquo Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences of the United States of America vol 109 no42 pp 16969ndash16973 2012

[86] X Ren E Nevo D Sun and G Sun ldquoTibet as a potentialdomestication center of cultivated barley of Chinardquo PLoS ONEvol 8 no 5 Article ID e62700 2013

[87] M-J Kim J-N Hyun J-A Kim et al ldquoRelationship betweenphenolic compounds anthocyanins content and antioxidantactivity in colored barley germplasmrdquo Journal of Agriculturaland Food Chemistry vol 55 no 12 pp 4802ndash4809 2007

[88] G Mann E Leyne Z Li and M K Morell ldquoEffects of anovel barley Himalaya 292 on rheological and breadmakingproperties of wheat and barley doughsrdquo Cereal Chemistry vol82 no 6 pp 626ndash632 2005


[89] G C-F Chan W K Chan and D M-Y Sze ldquoThe effects ofbeta-glucan on human immune and cancer cellsrdquo Journal ofHematology amp Oncology vol 2 article 25 2009

[90] Z M T Jafaar L M Litchfield M M Ivanova B N Radde NAl-Rayyan and C M Klinge ldquo120573-D-glucan inhibits endocrine-resistant breast cancer cell proliferation and alters gene expres-sionrdquo International Journal of Oncology vol 44 no 4 pp 1365ndash1375 2014

[91] L Gong L Gong and Y Zhang ldquoIntake of Tibetan hull-lessbarley is associated with a reduced risk of metabolic relatedsyndrome in rats fed high-fat-sucrose dietsrdquo Nutrients vol 6no 4 pp 1635ndash1648 2014

[92] M-S Peng J-D He C-L Zhu S-F Wu J-Q Jin and Y-PZhang ldquoLactase persistence may have an independent originin Tibetan populations from Tibet Chinardquo Journal of HumanGenetics vol 57 no 6 pp 394ndash397 2012

[93] G Bonuccelli R Castello-Cros F Capozza et al ldquoThe milkprotein 120572-casein functions as a tumor suppressor via activationof STAT1 signaling effectively preventing breast cancer tumorgrowth andmetastasisrdquo Cell Cycle vol 11 no 21 pp 3972ndash39822012

[94] Y-W Zeng J Du X-Y Pu et al ldquoCoevolution between humanrsquosanticancer activities and functional foods from crop origincenter in the worldrdquo Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Preventionvol 16 no 6 pp 2119ndash2128 2015

[95] C-Y Dong Y-L Tan M-L Luo and Y Zhai ldquoSpatial aggrega-tion pattern of lsquocancer villagersquo in ChinardquoGeographical Researchvol 33 no 11 pp 2115ndash2124 2014

[96] X-P Li J Liu S-N Xia et al ldquoSpatial distribution patternof lead in urban soil and in childrenrsquos blood Chinardquo ChineseJournal of Soil Science vol 46 no 1 pp 226ndash232 2015

[97] S Gorjanovic D Suznjevic M Beljanski and J HranisavljevicldquoBarley lipid-transfer protein as heavy metal scavengerrdquo Envi-ronmental Chemistry Letters vol 2 no 3 pp 113ndash116 2004

[98] L Ghavami B Goliaei B Taghizadeh and A Nikoofar ldquoEffectsof barley120573-glucan on radiation damage in the human hepatomacell line HepG2rdquo Mutation Research Genetic Toxicology andEnvironmental Mutagenesis vol 775-776 pp 1ndash6 2014

[99] J Luo Y-T Gao W-H Chow et al ldquoUrinary polyphenols andbreast cancer risk results from the Shanghai Womenrsquos HealthStudyrdquo Breast Cancer Research and Treatment vol 120 no 3pp 693ndash702 2010

[100] H J Jeong J B Jeong C C Hsieh B Hernandez-Ledesmaand B O de Lumen ldquoLunasin is prevalent in barley and isbioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studiesrdquoNutrition and Cancer vol 62 no 8 pp 1113ndash1119 2010

[101] D-SWan ldquoEpidemiologic trend of and strategies for colorectalcancerrdquo Chinese Journal of Cancer vol 28 no 9 pp 897ndash9022009

[102] S Jia S Zhang H Yuan and N Chen ldquoLunasin inhibitscell proliferation via apoptosis and reduces the production ofproinflammatory cytokines in cultured rheumatoid arthritissynovial fibroblastsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2015Article ID 346839 9 pages 2015

[103] J Jin W Long Y Zhou et al ldquoEvaluation for nutritional andhealthy effects of barley rice on sale amp prevention and treatmentof related chronic epidemicsrdquo Food Science and Technology vol40 no 2 pp 191ndash196 2015

[104] G Yang X-O Shu H-L Li et al ldquoPrediagnosis soy foodconsumption and lung cancer survival in womenrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 31 no 12 pp 1548ndash1553 2013

[105] E Vogtmann Y-B Xiang H-L Li et al ldquoFruit and vegetableintake and the risk of colorectal cancer results from theShanghai Menrsquos Health Studyrdquo Cancer Causes and Control vol24 no 11 pp 1935ndash1945 2013

[106] P-P Bao X-O Shu Y Zheng et al ldquoFruit vegetable and animalfood intake and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor statusrdquoNutrition and Cancer vol 64 no 6 pp 806ndash819 2012

[107] X Han C Huang J Zhao et al ldquoIncidence and survival ofcolorectal carcinoma among permanent residents in Yangpudistrict of Shanghai from 2002 to 2012rdquo Chinese Journal ofEpidemiology vol 35 no 3 pp 289ndash294 2014

[108] Q Zhao Y Wang Y Cao et al ldquoPotential health risks of heavymetals in cultivated topsoil and grain including correlationswith human primary liver lung and gastric cancer in Anhuiprovince Eastern Chinardquo Science of the Total Environment vol470-471 pp 340ndash347 2014

[109] M J Kim and H Kim ldquoAnticancer effect of lycopene in gastriccarcinogenesisrdquo Journal of Cancer Prevention vol 20 no 2 pp92ndash96 2015

[110] T X Meng N Irino and R Kondo ldquoMelanin biosynthesisinhibitory activity of a compound isolated from young greenbarley (Hordeum vulgare L) in B16 melanoma cellsrdquo Journal ofNatural Medicines vol 69 no 3 pp 427ndash431 2015

[111] L-Z Wu R-Q Han J-Y Zhou et al ldquoIncidence and mortalityof female breast cancer in Jiangsu Chinardquo Asian Pacific Journalof Cancer Prevention vol 15 no 6 pp 2727ndash2732 2014

[112] H-Z Li W-M Mao X-H Wang et al ldquoIncidence andmortality of cancer in Zhejiang province in 2009rdquo ChineseJournal of Preventive Medicine vol 47 no 7 pp 592ndash596 2013

[113] X Liu Q Song Y Tang et al ldquoHuman health risk assessmentof heavy metals in soil-vegetable system a multi-mediumanalysisrdquo Science of the Total Environment vol 463-464 pp530ndash540 2013

[114] S Stasinos C Nasopoulou C Tsikrika and I Zabetakis ldquoThebioaccumulation and physiological effects of heavy metals incarrots onions and potatoes and dietary implications for Crand Ni a reviewrdquo Journal of Food Science vol 79 no 5 ppR765ndashR780 2014

[115] J R LeeMH LeeH J Eo et al ldquoThe contribution of activatingtranscription factor 3 to apoptosis of human colorectal cancercells by protocatechualdehyde a naturally occurring phenoliccompoundrdquo Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 564pp 203ndash210 2014

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of


2 Southwest Is the Lowest Mortality ofCancers in China

Theage-standardized incidence rate for cancers inChina dur-ing 1998sim2007 was 18586permil 20205permil inmen and 15915permilin women in urban areas but in rural areas it was 24434permiland 13790permil respectively [16] Cancer mortality in Chinaduring 2004-2005 was 13587permil cancer mortalities of sevenregions of China are stated in Table 1 East China (16688permil)gt Northeast China (13921permil) gt North China (13126permil)gt Central China (12426permil) gt South China (12281permil) gtNorthwest China (11433permil) gt Southwest China (09471permil)[17] (see Table 1) There are significant differences amongEast China and five other regions (I IV V VI or VII) formortality of major cancer the age-standardized rates of livercancer in China and world mortalities were 0184permil and0180permil respectively [18] There are significant differencesamong South China and six other regions (I II III IV VI orVII) formortality of nasopharyngeal cancer Nasopharyngealcarcinoma incidence and mortality were obviously higherin South China than in other regions and lowest in NorthChina and its crude incidence and mortality were 00316permiland 00153permil but world age-standardized incidence andmortality were 00244permil and 00118permil respectively [19]

There are significant differences among Northwest Chinaand six other regions (I II III IV V or VI) for mortalityof cervical cancer and gastric cancer Dietary habit was animportant factor contributing to gastric cancer especiallyregular consumption of fried grilled high-salt high-fatspicy food and drinking boiled brick tea [20]Wuwei a city inNorthwest China has high incidence of gastric cancer whichis because of the carcinogens due to lack of Vc infection ofHp atrophic gastritis and heritage [21]

There are significant differences among Northwest Chinaand three other regions (II V or VI) for esophageal can-cer (119901 lt 005) intake of dietary fiber is associatedwith a reduced risk of esophageal cancer for adults [22]whereas the risk is increased with red meat [23] Milletexhibits multiple biological activities including anticancerantioxidant immunomodulatory antifungal and antihyper-glycemia effects [24] the major genetic split for broomcornmillet divided the accessions into an eastern and a westerngrouping in Northwestern China [25]

There are significant differences among Southwest Chinaand four other regions (I II III or V) for mortality ofbreast cancer Mortality rates increased from Southwest toNortheast and from West to East in China from 1991 to2011 [26] There are significant differences among SouthwestChina and three other regions (I III or VII) for mortality ofleukemia There is a significant inverse association betweenhigh tea consumption and leukemia risk [27]The patterns ofsomatic mutation suggest relevant connections between thefunctional categories of genes driving acutemyeloid leukemia[28] Xuanwei and Fuyuan of Southwest China have strikinglyhigh incidence of lung cancer due to food with higher Cdand Ti contents [29] Southwest China is not only the regionwith lowest incidence and mortality of cancers in China [17](see Table 1) but also a geographical area richest in anticancercrop

3 The Lowest Cancer Mortality Associatedwith Anticancer Crops in Yunnan

Yunnanprovince inChina spans approximately 394000Km2It borders Vietnam Laos and Myanmar Kunming is theprovincial capital of Yunnan and its elevation is 1894m Yun-nan is not only the cradle of human childhood a transitionalregion among East Asia continent SouthAsian subcontinentand Indo-China Peninsula but also a core integration areaof Chinese culture Indian culture and Mid-south Peninsulaculture which all merge with the local culture [30] Yunnanprovince is renowned for three kingdoms of plants animaland nonferrous metals parallel evolution of crop adaptationto nonferrous metals and anticancer foods for human beingare mostly cultivated in this region

Yunnan is not only the region with lowest incidenceand mortality of cancers (0541permil) in China especiallyesophageal cancer gastric cancer liver cancer leukemiafemale breast cancer and cervical cancer [17] (see Table 1)but also the largest center of origin and diversity of cultivatedcrops [13] The foodsplant extracts of turmeric and Chinesegoldthread aremore likely to be beneficial against cancer [31]The cysteine-conjugated metabolites of shogaols are noveldietary colon cancer preventive agents [32] Consumption ofherbal tea is associated with reduced risk of colon cancerbut iced coffee increases rectal cancer risk [33] Yunnan isnot only a core integration area of Vavilovrsquos three centersof crop origin including Chinese Center Indian Centerand Central Asiatic Center but also the largest center oforigin and diversity of anticancer cropMajor anticancer foodstructures for crop are as follows

31 Association of Brown Rice with Anticancer Activities Riceoriginates from a single domestication 82ndash135 Kya in theSouthwest China [34] In 2013 global rice yield was 7007million tons but Chinese rice yield was 2033 million tonsYunnan is a region not only presenting great genetic diver-sity but also the center of genetic differentiation of indicaand japonica subspecies of Asian cultivated rice howeverpigmented rice with similar wild rice with 2384 accessionsaccounts for 451 of rice landrace in Yunnan [35] but whiterice for present day human consumption accounts for 95rice cultivars in ChinaMGN-3 from rice bran may representa novel adjuvant for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer[36] The momilactone B in rice bran caused G1 cell cyclearrest and apoptosis in U937 cells which may be related toanticancer activity [37] Atractylenolide I might contributeto the anticancer effect of germinated brown rice [38] Thepurple rice extract could be developed for functional foodsfor colon cancer prevention [39] Human HepG2 cell apop-tosis induced by Methanolic-Payao-Purple rice extracts andvinblastine was mediated through a mitochondrial pathway[40] 120574-Oryzanol proanthocyanidin and 120574-tocotrienol in redrice extract may have a potential to serve as food-derivedchemotherapeutic agents for cancer patients [41]Thai purplerice cooked under sterilization could be a potential sourceof protocatechuic acid exerting high antiproliferative activity[42] Treatments with peonidin-3-glucoside and cyaniding-3-glucoside from black rice extracts significantly reduced


Table1Geographicald

istrib

utionof

cancer

mortalityin

China[

17]

Provincem

unicipality

regionMajor

cancer

permilEsop

hageal

cancer

(permil)

Gastric

cancer

(permil)

Liverc

ancer

(permil)

Colon

cancer

(permil)

Lung

cancer

(permil)

Nasop

haryngeal

cancer

(permil)

Leuk

emia

(permil)

Femaleb

reast

cancer

(permil)

Cervical

cancer

(permil)

Beijing

13132

00876

00944

01699

0117

3040

09000

92004

4200956

00199

Tianjin

1244

300670

0114

101699

00782

044

3700079

006

0200851

00309

Hebei

13880

02962

02827

02099

00516

02854

00028

00337

00547

00264

Shanxi

14831

02439

04242

01606

00672

03141

00028

00470

00416

004

22InnerM

ongolia

11343

01438

01955

01795

00473

02810

00051

00360

00703

00172

I=North

China

13126

01677

02222

01780

007

23034

50000

56004

42006

95002

73Liaoning

14498

00914

02065

02237

00941

04614

000

4600374

00775

00162

Jilin

11325

00271

01891

03172

00478

04382

00037

00303

00762

00231

Heilong

jiang

15939

006

0001724

03512

00940

05101

00075

004

2000784

00210

II=NortheastCh

ina

1392

1005

9501893

029

74007

86046

99000

53003

66007

74002

01Shangh

ai21707

01432

03008

02465

02328

05151

00251

004

8301218

00177

Jiang

su19

363

02834

044

5203524

00828

03695

00119

004

8500574

00159

Zhejiang

17273

01122

03377

03506

01121

04184

00165

00382

00728

00303

Anh

ui15

738

02388

04133

02688

00739

02776

00136

00355

004

4000327

Fujian

14119

02736

01824

03190

00781

02627

00293

00411

004

2800191

Jiang

xi11986

00505

01726

02523

00945

02963

00301

004

0900579

00479

Shando

ng16

633

01062

03478

03177

00824

04565

00088

00479

00795

00155

III=

EastCh

ina

1668

801726

03143

030

1001081

03709

00193

004

29006

8000269

Henan

1444

003132

03031

02759

00572

02551

000

4400347

00556

00273

Hub

ei12

895

00893

02188

03299

00786

02798

00171

00312

00637

00275

Hun

an09943

00437

00977

01871

00765

02514

00228

00393

00617

00539

IV=CentralCh

ina

1242

601487

020

65026

43007

08026

2100148

00351

006

03003

62Guangdo

ng12

788

01441

01419

03175

00965

02748

00529

00359

00507

00205

Guang

xi11717

00411

01536

03377

00581

02607

00492

00347

00633

00282

Hainan

12339

00299

02492

02811

00857

02113

00718

00279

00760

00296

V=So

uthCh

ina

1228

1007

1701816

03121

008

01024

89005

8000328

006

3300261

Chon

gqing

14632

03004

02148

03189

00714

03244

00080

00322

004

6000117

Sichuan

13322

01682

02659

02890

00908

02709

00143

00357

004

4500174

Guizhou

07557

00195

01130

01415

00599

01693

00134

00310

00320

00379

Yunn

an05410

00139

00829

01023

004

8700996

00077

00320

00288

00167

Tibet

06433

00386

02830

02070

00077

00309

00026

00026

00299

00349

VI=

Southw

estC

hina

094

7101081

01919

02117

005

5701790

000

9200267

003

6200237

Shanxi

11652

01339

02836

02038

00383

01875

00059

00363

00542

004

68Gansu

12771

01572

044

2001946

00524

01568

00030

004

44004

6300756

Qingh

ai12

303

01156

03232

01982

00354

01994

00000

00507

00412

00291

Ningxia

11674

01008

02233

02268

00679

02345

00028

004

6200509

00382

Xinjiang

08764

01941

01950

01041

00201

01005

00036

00379

00326

00889

VII=Northwe

stCh

ina

11433

01403

029

3401855

004

2801757

000

31004

31004

50005

57Ch

ina

1358

701521

024

71026

26007

52030

8300146

003

85005

90002

80



























Abbreviations







Acknowledgments


References






























































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


Table1Geographicald

istrib

utionof

cancer

mortalityin

China[

17]

Provincem

unicipality

regionMajor

cancer

permilEsop

hageal

cancer

(permil)

Gastric

cancer

(permil)

Liverc

ancer

(permil)

Colon

cancer

(permil)

Lung

cancer

(permil)

Nasop

haryngeal

cancer

(permil)

Leuk

emia

(permil)

Femaleb

reast

cancer

(permil)

Cervical

cancer

(permil)

Beijing

13132

00876

00944

01699

0117

3040

09000

92004

4200956

00199

Tianjin

1244

300670

0114

101699

00782

044

3700079

006

0200851

00309

Hebei

13880

02962

02827

02099

00516

02854

00028

00337

00547

00264

Shanxi

14831

02439

04242

01606

00672

03141

00028

00470

00416

004

22InnerM

ongolia

11343

01438

01955

01795

00473

02810

00051

00360

00703

00172

I=North

China

13126

01677

02222

01780

007

23034

50000

56004

42006

95002

73Liaoning

14498

00914

02065

02237

00941

04614

000

4600374

00775

00162

Jilin

11325

00271

01891

03172

00478

04382

00037

00303

00762

00231

Heilong

jiang

15939

006

0001724

03512

00940

05101

00075

004

2000784

00210

II=NortheastCh

ina

1392

1005

9501893

029

74007

86046

99000

53003

66007

74002

01Shangh

ai21707

01432

03008

02465

02328

05151

00251

004

8301218

00177

Jiang

su19

363

02834

044

5203524

00828

03695

00119

004

8500574

00159

Zhejiang

17273

01122

03377

03506

01121

04184

00165

00382

00728

00303

Anh

ui15

738

02388

04133

02688

00739

02776

00136

00355

004

4000327

Fujian

14119

02736

01824

03190

00781

02627

00293

00411

004

2800191

Jiang

xi11986

00505

01726

02523

00945

02963

00301

004

0900579

00479

Shando

ng16

633

01062

03478

03177

00824

04565

00088

00479

00795

00155

III=

EastCh

ina

1668

801726

03143

030

1001081

03709

00193

004

29006

8000269

Henan

1444

003132

03031

02759

00572

02551

000

4400347

00556

00273

Hub

ei12

895

00893

02188

03299

00786

02798

00171

00312

00637

00275

Hun

an09943

00437

00977

01871

00765

02514

00228

00393

00617

00539

IV=CentralCh

ina

1242

601487

020

65026

43007

08026

2100148

00351

006

03003

62Guangdo

ng12

788

01441

01419

03175

00965

02748

00529

00359

00507

00205

Guang

xi11717

00411

01536

03377

00581

02607

00492

00347

00633

00282

Hainan

12339

00299

02492

02811

00857

02113

00718

00279

00760

00296

V=So

uthCh

ina

1228

1007

1701816

03121

008

01024

89005

8000328

006

3300261

Chon

gqing

14632

03004

02148

03189

00714

03244

00080

00322

004

6000117

Sichuan

13322

01682

02659

02890

00908

02709

00143

00357

004

4500174

Guizhou

07557

00195

01130

01415

00599

01693

00134

00310

00320

00379

Yunn

an05410

00139

00829

01023

004

8700996

00077

00320

00288

00167

Tibet

06433

00386

02830

02070

00077

00309

00026

00026

00299

00349

VI=

Southw

estC

hina

094

7101081

01919

02117

005

5701790

000

9200267

003

6200237

Shanxi

11652

01339

02836

02038

00383

01875

00059

00363

00542

004

68Gansu

12771

01572

044

2001946

00524

01568

00030

004

44004

6300756

Qingh

ai12

303

01156

03232

01982

00354

01994

00000

00507

00412

00291

Ningxia

11674

01008

02233

02268

00679

02345

00028

004

6200509

00382

Xinjiang

08764

01941

01950

01041

00201

01005

00036

00379

00326

00889

VII=Northwe

stCh

ina

11433

01403

029

3401855

004

2801757

000

31004

31004

50005

57Ch

ina

1358

701521

024

71026

26007

52030

8300146

003

85005

90002

80



























Abbreviations







Acknowledgments


References






























































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of



























Abbreviations







Acknowledgments


References






























































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of






Acknowledgments


References






























































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of




































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of

Review Article Coevolution between Cancer Activities and...

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