Review 4: Heredity & Molecular Genetics
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Review 4: Heredity & Molecular Genetics
AP Biology
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Heredity & Molecular Genetics• Meiosis produces haploid gametes.• Different versions of same gene are called
alleles.• Mendelian inheritance• Non-Mendelian inheritance• Chi-square analysis• DNA & RNA• Central Dogma• Regulation of Genes• Mutations• Biotechnology
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Meiosis Produces Haploid Gametes
• Meiosis 1 separates homologous pairs: reduction division
• Meiosis 2 separates sister chromatids: produces 4 sex cells
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Different Versions of Same Gene are Called Alleles
• Dominant vs. Recessive• Homozygous vs. Heterozygous• Phenotype vs. Genotype
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Mendelian Inheritance• Monohybrid Crosses
-Aa x Az = 3:1 ratio-Law of SegregationAlternative alleles of a character segregate and remain distinct.• Dihybrid Crosses
-AaBb x AaBb = 9:3:3:1 ratio-Law of Independent AssortmentGenes that are located on different chromosomes assort independently during meiosis.• Test Cross
-Determine genotype of individual showing dominant phenotype.-Unknown (A_) x aa (homozygous recessive)
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Non-Mendelian Inheritance
• Incomplete Dominance (pink flower color)• Co-dominance (blood type)• Sex linked (mainly X-linked: color
blindness, hemophilia)• Epistasis (coat color)• Pleiotrophy (dwarfism, giantism)• Polygenic (skin color)
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Epistasis• The effects of one gene are modified by one or
several other genes
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Pleiotropy & Polygenic• A single gene influences multiple phenotypic
traits• Examples: Dwarfism, Gigantism
• Polygenic
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Chi-square analysis
• Determining if observed results are significantly different from expected results
• Know how to use formula when given & how to interpret results
-degrees freedom (1 less than number of classes of results)-less than p=.05, then difference can be due to random chance alone & null hypothesis is accepted
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DNA & RNA• DNA: ACTG nitrogen bases, double helix
- A:T, C:G• RNA: ACUG nitrogen bases, single helix
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Central Dogma• DNA -> RNA -> protein -> trait• Transcription (DNA -> mRNA)• Translation (mRNA -> protein)
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Transcription• Production of RNA copy of DNA sequence• In nucleus• RNA polymerase copies coding strand & produces
mRNA
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Translation
• mRNA -> protein• In cytoplasm• Codons on mRNA read by ribosome• Matched to anticodons of tRNA• tRNA carries amino acids to mRNA &
ribosome assembles polypeptide chain• Start codon (Met) & stop codons, redundancy
in code• Universal code (single common ancestor)
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Regulation of Genes• Operons
-Prokaryotes-Cluster of genes for enzymes in a pathway-Controlled by repressor protein-Repressible operon (synthesis pathway = tryp operon) vs. inducible operon (digestive pathway = lac operon)• Transcription Factors
-Proteins which enable bonding of RNA polymerase to gene
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Operons• Functioning unit of genomic material containing a
cluster of genes under the control of a single regulatory signal or promoter
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Mutations• Fuel for evolution = variation, genetic
change• Gene duplication, point mutation,
insertions, deletion
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Biotechnology
• Scientists can modify an organism’s genome by inserting foreign DNA.
• Techniques
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Modify Organism’s Genome
• Bacterial Transformation (human insulin gene in E. coli)
• Possible because of universal genetic code
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Techniques• Restriction digest: Restriction enzymes,
sticky ends• Transformation: Restriction enzymes,
sticky ends, ligase, amp selection, lacZ screening
• Gel electrophoresis: DNA moves in an electrical field (negative -> positive), small pieces move further
• PCR: DNA amplification• RFLP: DNA fingerprinting• Sanger sequencing: Human Genome
Project
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