The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx

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THEREVOLUTIONARYIDEAS OFKARL MARX

ALEX CALLINICOS

London and Sydney

BOOKMARKS

The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx – Alex CallinicosFirst published 1983. Second edition published 1995. Reprinted with corrections 1996.

Second reprint 1999. Third reprint 2004.

Bookmarks Publications Ltd, c/o 1 Bloomsbury Street, London WC1B 3QE

Bookmarks, PO Box A338, Sydney South, NSW 2000, Australia

Firts Urdu edition published 2004 (translated from third reprint of second edition 2004) by

International Socialist Publications, PO Box 8404 Karachi, Pakistan

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Cover by Noel Douglas

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Marxism and Philosophy(1983), Making History(1987), Against Postmodernism(1989), The Revenge of History (1991), Theories and

Narratives (1995) and An Anti-Capitalist Manifesto (2003).

The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx

AD Engels, Anti-Dühring(Moscow, 1969)

C Marx, Capital: i (Harmondsworth, 1976), ii (Moscow, 1956),

iii (Moscow, 1971)

CW Marx and Engels, Collected Works, 50 vols published or in

preparation (London, 1975- )

CWF Marx, The Civil War in France(Peking, 1966)

G Marx, Grundrisse(Harmondsworth, 1973)

SC Marx and Engels, Selected Correspondence(Moscow, 1965)

SW Marx and Engels, Selected Works, 3 vols (Moscow, 1973)

TSV Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, 3 vols (Moscow, 1963-72)

V Value: Studies by Marx(London, 1976)

G-8

(another

world)

www.swp.org.uk - www.marxists.org

('grand narratives')

SW iii 162

SW iii 163

.....

(SW iii 261)

(CW iii 181)

(CW i 220)

(CW iii 144)

(CW iii 355)

(CW iii164)

(CW iii 186)

(CW iii 183, 187)

(CW iii 280)

(CW iii 202)

(CW vi 341)

(CW vi 481)

(CW vii 144, 147)

(SW iii 166

(SW iii 166)

(CW ix 467)

(CW x 279)

(CW x 614)

.....

(CW x 510)

' '

petites miseres

au fond

tres peu endurant .....

..... quelque peu dur

(surplus value)

(ADAV)

ADAV

(C ii 3-4)

'

'

(GIII)

‘Mankind is shorter by a head, and that the greatest head of our time.’

(Terror)

1620

feminism

( r e a s o n ) (socialist)

(centralized)

(CW vi 515)

object subject

(SC 69)

(TSV ii 118)

(G 754)

(G 754)

(CW vi 174)

(dialectic)

(quality) (quantity)

alienation

(SW iii 339)

(G 101)

(C i 103)

(SW iii 344)

(species being)

(CW v 41)

(SW i 503)

(CW v 24)

(SC 100)

.....

(CW v 4)

(V 217)

'(species being) ' ' ' .....

(CW v 8)

(CW iii 333) ' ' .....

(CW iii 277)

(CW iii 276)

(CW v 31)

sordid

(CW iii 333)

(CW iii 275)

' '

.....

(CW v 39)

(CW v 43)

(G 83)

..... (G

84)

capital

(C i 92)

(CW iii 235)

(CW iii 297)

Absolute Spirit

(SW iii 444)

Logic

(C i 102) :

(CW v 31)

(C i 433)

(C iii 817)

(TSV ii 165-166) )

(

- ( )

(TSV ii 174)

(G101)

(G 100)

(G 101)

(CW vi 166-167)

(CW vi 162)

(CW vi 165)

(G ..... 462)

(CW vi 174) (CWvi168)

(CW xii 132)

(CW xii 222)

(CW v 36)

(CW v 37)

(CW v 5)

(CW v 30)

(CW v 7)

(CW v 4)

(SW ii 19)

(CW xi 103)

absolute spirit)

CW V31

(C i 283)

(object)

C i 286

..... .....

.....

(C i 290)

(C ii 36-37)

(C i 344-345)

(AD

217-218)

..... (CW v 329)

(CW vi 156)

(C iii 791)

.....

(CW vi 483-485)

.....

(SC 69)

(SW i 504)

(C i 325)

(C i 346)

(G 507)

(CW vi 166)

(CW vi 348-249)

1550 1300

(SW i 503-504)

(CW v 74)

(SW i 503-504)

(SW i 503-504)

..... (SC 417)

.....

(SW i 504)

(CW xi 103-104)

(CW xi 104-105)

(CW v 59)

(CW vi 486) (CW vi 505)

(SW iii 326-327)

(SW iii 327-328)

(CWF 162-163)

(CW vi 212)

(G 227)

(CWF 230-231)

(C i 899)

(CW xiv 53-54)

Capital)

(C i 92)

labour process

(use

value)

(exchange value)

(C i 126)

(C i 129)

(C i 137)

.....

(TSV iii 131, 138)

(SC 209)

.....

..... (C i 171)

..... ..... .....

(C i 170)

(C i 165-166)

(C i

131)

(C i 129)

..... .....

(TSV iii 130)

(C i 175 n34)

(communal) .....

(TSV iii 129)

.....

(SC

209-210)

(G 101)

C C-M-C M

M-C-M'

M M' (surplus value)

..... ..... .....

(G 267)

(C i 277)

(C i 300-301)

..... (C i .....

272-273)

(C ii 33)

(C i 279-280)

capital

(C) (M) M-C-M

(M')

variable capital constant capital

100 4:4

150 100 6:4 4:4

9 12

(C i 342)

(C i 376)

(C i 344)

(consumer)

6:2

300 100

.....

(C i 1021)

(C i 1024)

(C i 490)

(C i 1034-1035)

(C i 1039-1040)

(C i 492)

.....

(G 449)

(C iii 791)

(G 414)

..... .....

.....

(C iii 26)

(G 657)

(C i 949 ff)

(C iii 195-196)

..... (C iii 209)

..... (C iii 196-197)

.....

(TSV ii 29)

(C

iii 198)

.....

(TSV ii 434)

= + +

+ + = + +

= + + =

+ +

(C iii 180)

(C iii 161)

C iii 164-165 )

(C iii 26)

(TSV ii 191)

(C i 742)

.....

(C i 739)

..... General Theory of

70 ( )Employment, Interest and Money

CMC

(Cii 499)

(G 748)

(C iii 212)

(C i

..... 436)

(C iii 873)

.....

(C iii 264-265)

(G 749)

(G 749)

(C i 790)

..... .....

(C iii 240)

(TSV ii 415-416)

C-M M-C

(TSC ii .....

527)

70

(C iii 249)

(TSV ii 496)

(C iii 249)

(C ii 414-415)

..... (C i

785)

.....

(CW vi 487)

(C i 345)

(C i 349, 355)

(C iii 259)

(TSV iii 117-118)

.....

(G 410)

(C iii 250) (G 749-750)

(TSV ii 479 n)

.....

(CW vi 496)

40

(SC 327)

(CW vi 212)

(CW vi 210-211)

(CW v 49)

(CW i 797)

(CW vi 494) 10

.....

(CW xi 187)

(CW xi 191)

(CWF 75, 77)

(CW v 214)

(CW vi 211)

..... (SW ii 71-72)

.....

(SW ii72-73) .....

(CW xii 169)

.....

(SC 293) .....

(SW ii 73)

(SW ii 75-76)

(SW ii 75)

(C i 412-413)

(SW ii 73)

(SW ii 17)

(SC 270-271)

(SW ii 75)

(CW x 281-282)

(CW x 318)

(CW vi 497)

(CW x 626)

(SC 474)

.....

(SC 396, 399)

..... (SC 398)

(C i 929)

(CW xi 103)

(CW vi 483)

(CW vi 505)

(CW vi 504)

5 5

(CW xi 185) (CW xi 186)

(CW xi 185)

(SC 262-263)

(CW x 127)

(CW vi 504)

(CWF 17-18)

(CWF 72)

.....

(CWF 67-68)

(SW iii 327)

(SW ii25)

(CWF 70)

(CWF 69)

(CWF 64)

d e l ' a u d a c e ,

(CW xi 85-86) del'audace, encore del'audace!

(SW ii 293) ..... .....

(C i 113)

(CWx298)

(C iii 110) (G 408)

(C i 915)

.....

.....

(CW v 49)

.....

(CW vi 351-352)

(CW vi

519)

(SC

179)

.....

.....

(CW viii 363)

(CW vi 549)

(CW viii 367)

(CW viii 232)

-

.....

(SC236-237)

Communism

(SC 69) (SW i 504) .....

(SC iii 26)

(CW vi 498)

(CW x 78)

.....

..... (C iii 851)

(SW iii 19)

.....

..... (SW iii 17-18)

(SW iii 18)

(SW iii 19)

(CW vi 506)

(CW

vi 505-506)

.....

(AD 332-333)

(CW v 47)

(G 692)

(G 700)

.....

(C iii

820)

(AD 336)

(SC 313)

(SW i 100)

(C i 915-916)

(CW xviii 99)

-

(G 657)

(CW viii 162)

(CW x 281)

-

..... .....

.....

(C i 929)

(C iii 436-437)

(laisse faire)

(G 128)

.....

.....

(C i 644)

(C i 1039-1040)

(C i 1041)

(C iii 292)

(TSV ii 566)

FURTHER READING

THE WRITINGS OF MARX AND ENGELS

One negative consequence of the collapse of Stalinism has been that Progress Publishers in

Moscow no longer churns out cheap editions of Marx and Engels in vast quantities. Some of

this output is still available, in Britain through Lawrence & Wishart, which publishes the two

best selections of Marx’s and Engels’ writings in English in one and three volumes respectively.

Lawrence & Wishart is also publishing the monumental 50-volume Marx-Engels Collected

Works, begun in 1975 and now nearing completion. Penguins Classics publishes, in association

with New Left Review, an excellent three-volume selection of Marx’s Political Writings

(The Revolutions of 1848, Surveys from Exile and The First International and After), the

Grundrisse and a good modern translation of the three volumes of Capital. These editions, and

those published by Lawrence & Wishart, are to be preferred since, on the whole, they

provide complete works rather than selected fragments of Marx’s and Engels’ writings which

can be highly misleading. The Chinese regime still publishes cheap separate editions of many of

the most important works in English, though these are not always easy to get hold of.

The best place to start in trying to understand Marx is with The Communist Manifesto (London,

2003). Engels’ Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (London, 1993) sets Marx’s ideas in their

historical context and briefly summarises them.

Marx’s materialist conception of history is concisely stated in his 1859 Preface to A

Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy.This text is to some extent a summary of Part

1 of The German Ideology, where historical materialism first took shape in something like its

mature form. (Part 1 has been published separately by Lawrence & Wishart with some other

useful short texts; the rest of The German Ideology, Volume 5 of the Collected Works, should

be avoided like the plague by all except those interested in Marx’s obscure quarrels with the

Young Hegelians.) Marx’s Wages, Price and Profit is the best introduction to the labour theory

of value; Wage Labour and Capital is also a good starting point (published together by

Bookmarks, 1996). Those who wish to sample Capital, and it is after all Marx’s life-work,

should try Volume 1, which is far more historical and concrete than the others. The Penguin

edition is the best. Readers intimidated by the opening chapter on commodities might try

skipping Part 1 of the book, having first read Wages, Price and Profit, and come back to Part 1

after reading the rest of Volume 1.

Marx’s skills as a writer and an anatomist of bourgeois society are nowhere better displayed

than in his writings on France and especially The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. His

theory of the state is developed much further, however, in The Civil War in France (the Beijing

edition contains Marx’s important drafts of the final Address), and in Engels’ The Origin of the

Family, Private Property and the State. It is more difficult to suggest what to read on Marx’s

method since it has to be gleaned chiefly from his longer writings, but the three most

important texts are probably The Poverty of Philosophy, the Introduction to the Grundrisse and

the Afterword to the 2nd German edition of Capital Volume 1. Engels’ Anti-Dühring is an

important attempt to state and defend Marx’s method.

Finally, the publication of Volumes 30-34 of the Collected Works means that the second rough

draft of Capital, usually known as The Economic Manuscript of 1861-63, is now available in

English. It includes Theories of Surplus Value, Marx’s critical history of bourgeois economics

(also available separately from Lawrence & Wishart), along with much other interesting

material. But it is one of his more difficult works.

GENERAL INTRODUCTIONS

Chris Harman’s How Marxism Works (London, 4th edition, 1993) is an excellent short basic

introduction. The best book-length introduction in print is still probably Isaiah Berlin’s Karl

Marx (Oxford, 1978) which, although unsympathetic to its subject, manages to convey the

quality of Marx’s intellectual, political, and cultural context better than any other work I know.

The latest edition corrects the worst factual howlers committed in earlier versions. Of the more

demanding general treatments two long out of print works, Sidney Hook’s Towards an

understanding of Karl Marx (London, 1933) and Karl Korsch’s Karl Marx (London,

1938) stand out. Jon Elster’s Making Sense of Marx (Cambridge, 1985) is a detailed, erudite,

intelligent but destructive discussion of Marx’s writings. His more basic An Introduction to

Marx (Cambridge, 1986) has all the vices and none of the virtues of the longer book.

CHAPTER 1

THE LIFE OF A REVOLUTIONARY

Franz Mehring’s Karl Marx (London, 1936), the classic Marxist biography, is now badly dated.

David McLellan has written a good modern biography, Karl Marx (London, 1973), although he

is not a reliable guide to Marx’s thought. The 1995 edition has an extensive and up to

date bibliography. More recent is Francis Wheen’s lively and very readable Karl Marx (London,

1999), although again it is weaker on Marx’s ideas. Marx Without Myth by Maximilien Rubel

and Margaret Manale (Oxford, 1975) is a detailed chronology of Marx’s life and works.

August Nimtz’s Marx and Engels: Their Contribution to the Democratic Breakthrough (New

York, 2000) is an excellent discussion of the two revolutionaries’ actual political practice.

Engels comes vividly alive in Gustav Meyer’s Friedrich Engels (London, 1936). The

Revolutionary Ideas of Frederick Engels, a special issue (2:65) of International Socialism to

mark the centenary of his death in 1995, contains valuable articles on different aspects of

Engels’ life and thought by Lindsey German, John Rees, Chris Harman and

Paul McGarr. The philosophical background to Marx’s intellectual development

is provided by Karl Löwith’s From Hegel to Nietzsche (London, 1965) and Herbert Marcuse’s

Reason and Revolution (London, 1968).

The two best studies of Marx’s development in English are Hal Draper’s Karl Marx’s Theory of

Revolution Volume 1 (London, 1977) and Sidney Hook’s From Hegel to Marx (Ann Arbor,

1971). What Marx was like as a person can be gleaned from a variety of sources. Among these

are contemporary witnesses, for example Karl Marx: Interviews and Recollections (London,

1982) edited by David McLellan, and his letters, either in the Selected Correspondence

(Moscow, 1965) or in the Collected Works from Volume 38 onwards. Perhaps best of all are S S

Prawer’s Karl Marx and World Literature (Oxford, 1978) and the first volume, Family Life, of

Yvonne Kapp’s Eleanor Marx (London, 1973).

CHAPTER 2

SOCIALISM BEFORE MARX

Three books by Eric Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire (Harmondsworth, 1969), The Age of

Revolution (London, 1973) and The Age of Capital (London, 1977) provide the essential

historical background to Marx’s epoch. Unfortunately, apart from Engels’ Socialism: Utopian

and Scientific, G D H Cole’s A History of Socialist Thought Volume 1 (London, 1953) and

Frank and Fritzie Manuel’s Utopian Thought in the Western World (Oxford, 1979), there is not

much in English that is any good on the Utopian socialists. This is a pity because they merit

serious, if critical, attention.

CHAPTER 3

RICARDO, HEGEL AND FEUERBACH

Isaak Rubin, a first rate Marxist economist murdered by Stalin, wrote the excellent A History of

Economic Thought (London, 1979) outlining the development of economics before Marx.

(Ignore the highly pretentious Afterword by a French academic socialist.)

Engels’ Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of German Classical Philosophy is a lucid discussion of

both Hegel and Feuerbach. But there is no getting round the fact that Hegel is very difficult.

Charles Taylor’s Hegel (Cambridge, 1975) and the same author’s more concise Hegel

and Modern Society (Cambridge, 1979) represent a serious attempt to make sense of this highly

obscure philosopher. If you want to sample Hegel himself, try The Philosophy of History

(London, 1956) or, if you’re feeling braver, The Logic of Hegel (Oxford, 1975). His greatest

work is The Phenomenology of Spirit (Oxford, 1977) whose Preface gives probably the best

statement of Hegel’s philosophy.

CHAPTER 4

MARX’S METHOD

Marxist philosophy isn’t the most accessible of subjects either, in part because of the obscure

vocabulary practitioners often use, in part because it is dogged by controversy. I have tried to

provide an overview in Marxism and Philosophy (Oxford, 1983). Undoubtedly the greatest

work of Marxist philosophy is Georg Lukács’ History and Class Consciousness (London, 1971),

though it is not easy reading. John Rees’s book The Algebra of Revolution (New Jersey, 1997)

provides an excellent treatment of the whole subject of the dialectic. The relationship between

Marx’s early writings and his later work has been a source of much debate since Louis Althusser

argued in For Marx (London, 1969) that there was a ‘break’ between them. The opposite

case is defended strongly in Istvan Meszaros’s Marx’s Theory of Alienation (London, 1970) and

Bertell Ollman’s Alienation (Cambridge, 1971). C J Arthur’s Dialectics of Labour (Oxford,

1986) is a good study of the 1844 Manuscripts. Norman Geras’s Marx and Human Nature

(London, 1983) and Ali Rattansi’s Marx and the Division of Labour (London, 1982) are two

important discussions of issues covered in this chapter.

CHAPTER 5

HISTORY AND THE CLASS STRUGGLE

Marx’s theory of history has also been much debated in Britain over the last 20 years or so. The

origins of this debate go back to the attempt by Louis Althusser and Etienne Balibar in Reading

Capital (London, 1970) systematically to reconstruct historical materialism. Contributions

include Edward Thompson’s The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London, 1978), G A

Cohen’s Karl Marx’s Theory of History: A Defence (Oxford, 1978), Perry Anderson’s

Arguments Within English Marxism (London, 1980), Chris Harman’s ‘Base and

Superstructure’ in International Socialism 2:36 (1986) and my Making History (Cambridge,

1987).

British Marxists have also produced some marvellous historical studies. I am thinking of the

writings of, for example, Edward Thompson, Christopher Hill, G E M de Ste Croix, Rodney

Hilton, George Rudé, Maurice Dobb, Brian Manning, Eric Hobsbawm and Perry Anderson.

Ste Croix’s The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World (London, 1981) is particularly

important as a demonstration of historical materialism’s ability to comprehend pre-capitalist

societies.

CHAPTER 6

CAPITALISM

Paul Sweezy’s The Theory of Capitalist Development (London, 1968), though wrong in places

and largely mistaken politically, is still unequalled as a guide to Marxist political economy.

Isaak Rubin’s Essays on Marx’s Theory of Value (Detroit, 1972) and Roman Rosdolsky’s The

Making of Marx’s ‘Capital’ (London, 1977) are the best commentaries on Capital. Two books

by authors from Communist Party backgrounds, Ben Fine and Lawrence Harris’s Rereading

Capital (London, 1979) and John Weeks’s Capital and Exploitation (London, 1981), provide

sophisticated theoretical responses to attacks on Marx by orthodox economists. My account of

his theory of crises is heavily indebted to these two books, and to Chris Harman’s Explaining

the Crisis (London, 1984). Chris Harman has also written a much more recent and

popular exposition, Economics of the Madhouse (London, 1995).

CHAPTER 7

WORKERS’ POWER

Marx and Engels’ conception of the revolutionary party is outlined and critically discussed in

Chris Harman’s Party and Class (London, 1983) and John Molyneux’s Marxism and the Party

(London, 1986). Lenin’s approach is also sketched out in these works. Harman’s essay is now

reprinted in an excellent collection, Party and Class (London, 1996), also including important

essays by Tony Cliff, Duncan Hallas and Leon Trotsky. For a much more detailed study, see

especially the first volume, Building the Party (London, 1986), of Tony Cliff’s Lenin.

Lenin’s The State and Revolution is essentially a study and development of Marx’s and Engels’

theory of the state. Two of the best academic studies are Hal Draper’s Karl Marx’s Theory of

Revolution (4 volumes, New York, 1977, 1978, 1986, 1990) and Alan Gilbert’s Marx’s

Politics (Oxford, 1981). Chris Harman’s ‘The State and Capitalism Today’ in International

Socialism 2:51 (1991) is an important contribution to the Marxist theory of the state.

The question of the relationship between the class struggle and various forms of

oppression—sexual, racial, etc—is only touched on in this book. Some pointers to this vast and

controversial subject can be found in Lindsey German’s ‘Theories of Patriarchy’ in International

Socialism 2:12 (1981) and Sex, Class and Socialism (London, 1989), Chris Harman’s

‘Women’s Liberation and Revolutionary Socialism’ in International Socialism 2:23 (1984),

Johanna Brenner’s and Maria Ramas’s ‘Rethinking Women’s Oppression’ in New Left Review

144 (1984), Tony Cliff’s Class Struggle and Women’s Liberation (London, 1984) and my Race

and Class (London, 1993).

CHAPTER 8

MARX TODAY

Tony Cliff’s State Capitalism in Russia (London, new edition, 1996) is basic to an

understanding of the self-styled ‘socialist’ countries. Chris Harman extended this analysis in

Class Struggles in Eastern Europe 1945-83 (London, 1983) and used it to explain the East

European revolutions in ‘The Storm Breaks’ in International Socialism 2:46 (1990). I discuss

the significance of 1989 in The Revenge of History (Cambridge, 1991) and in the first chapter

of Theories and Narratives (Cambridge, 1995).Chris Harman’s Explaining the Crisis (London,

1984) is the bestsingle Marxist account of post-war capitalism. He restates and updates his

analysis in ‘Where is Capitalism Going?’ in International Socialism 2:58 and 2:60 (1993). The

articles reprinted in Alex Callinicos, John Rees, Chris Harman and Mike Haynes, Marxism and

the New Imperialism (London, 1994) analyse different aspects of the world situation after the

Cold War.The class structure of contemporary capitalism is explored in Alex Callinicos and

Chris Harman, The Changing Working Class (London, 1987), and by Lindsey German in A

Question of Class (London, 1996). Harry Braverman’s study of the 20th century working class,

Labor and Monopoly Capital (New York, 1974), is a modern socialist classic.

INDEX

Appian: Monopoly capital:

Wage labour: Wages, Price and Profit:

Wages: Argentina:

Aristotle: Urquhart, David:

Spartacus: Spinoza, Benedictus de:

Spain: Exploitation:

Strachey, John: Stalin, Joseph:

Stirner, Max: Steuart, Sir James:

Stewart, Michael: Scottish historical school:

Smith, Adam: , Commodity fetishism::

Generalised commodity production: Surplus product: Surplus labour:

Inflation: Afghanistan:

Plato: American Civil War:

Anarchism: India:

Human nature: Revolutions of 1848:

Revolutionary party: English Revolution (1640):

Condition of the Working Class in England: Annenkov, Paul: Odger, George:

Owen, David: Owen, Robert:

Aeschylus:

Adorno, Theodor: Iran:

Anti-Dühring: Engels, Friedrich:

Oppression: ‘Species being’:

‘Socialism in one country’: Population:

Automation: Freedom:

Austria: Ireland:

Einstein, Albert: Idealism:

Babeuf, Gracchus:

Bakunin, Mikhail: Balzac, Honoré de:

Bolsheviks: Balfour, Arthur: Bauer, Edgar: Bauer, Bruno:

Bahro, Rudolph: Crises:

Bukharin, Nikolai: Brazil:

Brittan, Samuel: Britain:

Bernstein, Eduard: Burns, Mary:

Bruno, Giordano: Bismarck: Insurrection:

Blanqui, Auguste:

Blanc, Louis: Belgium:

Blumenburg, Werner: Base and superstructure:

Boyle, Robert: Boiardo, Matteo Maria:

Bourgeois democratic revolution: Bourgeoisie:, Bonapartism:

Bonaparte, Louis (Napoleon III): Bonaparte, Napoleon

Bois, Guy: Boem-Bawerk, Eugen von:

Bohemia: Bebel, August:

Alienation: Internationalism:

Bureaucracy: Unemployment:

Parliament:

Pascal, Blaise: Prawer, S S: Portugal:

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph: Prussia:

Proletarian revolution: Dictatorship of the proletariat:

Proletariat: see working class Plekhanov, Georgi:

Poland: Pompey:

Hague Congress of (1872): First International (International Working Men’s Association):

First World War:

Prices of production: Productive and unproductive labour:

Relations of production: Forces of production:

Production: Paris Commune (1871):

Pan-Slavism:

materialist conception of: see historical materialism

Historical materialism: History:

Transformation problem: Abstract social labour:

Abstraction: Turkey:

Contradiction: Distribution:

Technological change: Thompson, E P: Thiers, Auguste:

Thatcher, Margaret:

Trotsky, Leon:

Turgot, A R: Trade union bureaucracy:

Trade unions: Concrete private or useful labour:

Japan:

Feudalism: Dialectic:

The German Ideology: Germany:

Democracy: General Union of German Workers (ADAV):

South Africa: Southern Slavs:

South Korea: Joyce, James:

Jacobins:

Chartism:

Chile: Chinese Revolution (1949):

China:

Motion:

Ruling class:

Passive revolution:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State: Family:

God: Women’s liberation:

Dante Alighieri:

Reproduction, simple and extended: Dostoyevsky, Fyodor: Second International: Second World War:

Darwin, Charles:

Danton, Georges:

Draper, Hal: Deutsche-Französische Jahrbücher:

Dühring, Eugen: Descartes, Réné:

Demuth, Frederick: Demuth, Hélène:

Rheinische Zeitung:

Ruge, Arnold:

Roosevelt, Franklin D:

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: Russian Revolution (1905): Russian Revolution (1917):

Russia: Enlightenment:

United States of America (USA): State capitalism:

State: Reform League:

Reformation: Ricardo, David: Reagan, Ronald:

‘Robinsonades’:

Means of production:

Money: Enclosures:

Silesian weavers’ revolt (1844):

Imperialism: Scientific revolution:

Scientific method: Serbia:

Primitive accumulation of capital: Accumulation of capital:

Centralisation and concentration of capital: Organic composition of capital:

Capitalism: Capital in general and many capitals:

Capital: Service industries:

Cervantes, Miguel de:

White collar workers: Socially necessary labour time:

Social value: see market value Sorge, Friedrich:

Socialism (see also Communism): Social Democratic Party (Britain)

Social Democratic Party (Germany) (SPD): Social Democratic Workers Party (Eisenachers):

Civil society: Switzerland:

Soviets: Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy:

Preface to: Political economy:

Saint-Simon, Comte de: Say, Jean-Baptiste:

‘Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League’: ‘Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy’:

Tendency of rate of profit to fall:

counteracting influences: Rate of surplus value:

Rate of profit: Shakespeare, William:

Schelling, F W:

Industrial revolution:

Necessary labour:

Black Death: Class struggle:

Class consciousness: Class and classes: Mode of production: Supply and demand:

World economy:

Universal suffrage: Iraq:

Christianity:

Slavery:

The Civil War in France:

The Class Struggles in France: French Revolution (1789):

France: Franco-Prussian War:

Ferguson, Adam: Free Press:

Frederick the Great: Friedrich Wilhelm IV:

Fisher, Hal:

‘Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature’

Nature: Naturphilosophie: Welfare state: Phalansteries: 49

The Poverty of Philosophy:

Philosophy: Filmer, Robert:

Fourier, Charles: Factory Acts:

Feuerbach, Ludwig: ‘Theses on Feuerbach’:

Theories of Surplus Value:

Surplus value: Exchange value:

Value: Primitive communism:

Credit: Labour power:

Nationalism: Nationalisation:

Cabet, Etienne:

Carlyle, Thomas: Working day:

Kautsky, Karl:

Kepler, Johann:

Multinationals: Crosland, Anthony:

Rent: Peasantry:

Classical German philosophy: Totality:

Kampuchea: Principles of Communism:

political movement: Communism:mode of production:

Manifesto of the Communist Party: Communist Correspondence Committee (Brussels committee):

Communist League: Separation of ownership and control:

Copernicus, Nicolas: Kugelmann, Ludwig:

Condorcet, Marquis de:

Capital:

Keynes, John Maynard: Cuba:

Absolute surplus value: ‘Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne’:

Gramsci, Antonio:

Circulation: Grundrisse:

Gladstone, William: Critique of the Gotha Programme:

Galileo:

Lassalle, Ferdinand:,

Lafargue, Paul:

Lafargue, Laura (see Marx): Longuet, Jenny (see Marx): Liebknecht, Wilhelm:

Lebanon: Lissagaray, P-O: Lumpenproletariat:

Lucraft, B:

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte: Louis-Philippe: 18, 23

Labour Party: League of the Just:

Lenin, Vladimir: Leon, Daniel de:

Materialism: Marx, Edgar:

Marx, Eleanor: Marx, Jenny (see von Westphalen):

Marx, Franziska: Marx, Heinrich:

Malthus, Thomas:

Mayer, Gustav:

Unity of opposites: Variable capital:

Departments, I, II and III: Labour process:

Division of labour: Labour theory of value:

Labour: self-emancipation of:

Working class: Equality:

Permanent arms economy: Permanent revolution:

Constant capital: Uneven and combined development:

Collectivisation: Collective worker: Luddites:

Use value: Absolute(or Absolute spirit):

Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844: Competition:

The Holy Family: Purpose: 43, 59

General rate of profit: Profit:

Market price: Market value (or social value):

Mexico: McCulloch, J R:

McLellan, David:

Mendel, Johann: Mensheviks:

‘Western Marxism’:

Relative surplus value:

Theory and practice: Ideology:

Negation of the negation: Politisch-Oekonomisch Revue:

Neue Rheinische Zeitung:

Young Hegelians:

Nechev, S G: Nicholas I, Tsar:

Newton, Issac: Neolithic revolution: ‘New middle class’:

Voltaire:

Weitling, Wilhelm:

Wolff, Wilhelm:

Vietnam: Weydemeyer, Joseph:

West Indies: Westphalen, Ludwig von:

Weston, John:

Hobbes, Thomas:

Holbach, Baron d’: Hallische Jahrbücher:

Holland: Hyndman, H M:

Huygens, Christian:

Hitler, Adolf: Herr Vogt:

Herzen, Alexander: Strikes: Hungary:

Holy Alliance: Homer:

Hess, Moses:

Heine, Heinrich: Introduction to:

Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right:

Hegel, Georg: Helvetius:

Utopian socialism:

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR): ‘On the Jewish Question’: