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not lg ag w facd -du bai a hy ughppuii ha wuld h a qual fig wih

. Gig back a qua cuy,iqualiy bw w ad wawidly appai uiiy cla,i h wkplac, ad i h. sich, h li f w ad gil aud hwld ha ipd daaically i aypc. I cuiich ad dl-pighy a gig chl , liiglg, gig b jb, ad acquiig lgaligh ad pci.

Bu lag gd gap ai. Wad gil a likly di, lai ad by, i ay lw- ad iddl-ic cui ha hi cupa iich cui. W a l ad a lcically pduci ha alywh ac h wld. Ad w

ha l ppuiy hap hi li adak dcii ha d .

Accdig h Wld Bak 2012 WorldDevelopment Report: Gender Equality andDevelopment, clig h gd gap a- f dlp ad plicyakig.Ga gd qualiy ca hac c-ic pduciiy, ip dlpuc f h x gai, ad akiiui ad plici pai.

may gd dipaii ai a cui dlp, which call f u-aid ad fcud public aci. Cci

plici will yild ubaial dlppayff if hy fcu pi gdiqualii ha a f wlfa. tb ffci, h au u ag h cau f iqualiy wihu igigh dic pliical cy.

Mixed progress

ey apc f gd qualiyacc ducai ad halh, cic pp-uii, ad ic wihi huhld adciyha xpicd a ixd pa fchag h pa qua cuy. I aa, uch a ducai, h gd gap hacld f al all w; bu pgha b lw f h wh a p adfac h diadaag, uch a hiciy. Ih aa, h gap ha b lw cl ag wll-ff w ad i cuiha ha hwi dlpd apidly.

I piay ducai, h gd gap

ha cld i al all cui, ad i ihikig quickly i cday ducai.Idd, i al -hid f dlp-ig cui, gil w uub by icday chl. th a yugw ha i uiii i w-hid f h cui f which h adaa: w day p 51 pc fh wld uiiy ud ( Cha 1).Y ha 35 illi gil d adchl i dlpig cui, cpadwih 31 illi by, ad w-hid f hgil a b f hic iii.

Closing gender

gaps benefts

countries as a

whole, not just

women and girls

Ana Revenga and Sudhir Shetty

Women farmers in their paddy fields near Bagabar village in the Maharai Gani district of India.

Is Smart Economics

WomenEmpowering

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sic 1980, w ha b liig lg ha i allpa f h wld. Bu ac all dlpig cui, w ad gil ill di a yug ag lai ad by, cpad wih ich cui. A a ul f hixc fal aliy, abu 3.9 illi gil ad wud 60 a iig ach ya i dlpig cui (abl). Abu w-fifh f h a b, -ixh dii aly childhd, ad ha -hid di duig hipduci ya. Fal aliy i gwig i ub-saha-a Afica, pcially f w f childbaig ag ad ih cui hi had by h HIv/AIDs padic (WldBak, 2011, Chap 3).

m ha half a billi w ha jid h wldlab fc h pa 30 ya, ad w w accuf ha 40 pc f wk wldwid. o af icad wkfc paicipai i a upcddduci i filiy i dlpig cui a di aBagladh, Clbia, ad h Ilaic rpublic f Ia, algwih ip i fal ducai. Y w y-wh d a l ha (Wld Bak, 2011p-cially Chap 5). th a a aid. W a

likly ha wk a upaid faily lab i hifal c. W fa culia all pl adl pfiabl cp ha al fa. Ad w p-u pa all bui i l lucai c.

A f igh ad ic, al y cuy i h wldha w aifid h Ci h eliiai f AllF f Diciiai Agai W. Y, i aycui, w (pcially p w) ha l ay ha wh i c dcii ad uc i hi hu-hld. W a al uch likly uff dic

ilci dlpig ad ich cui. Ad i all cu-i, ich ad p alik, fw w paicipa i falpliic, pcially a high ll.

Gender equality and development

Gd qualiy i ipa i i w igh. Dlpi a pc f xpadig fd qually f all pplal ad fal (s, 2009). Clig h gap i wll-bigbw al ad fal i a uch a pa f dlpa i ducig ic py. Ga gd qualiy alhac cic fficicy ad ip h dlp- uc. I d i h ai way:

Fi, wih w w pig 40 pc f hglbal lab fc ad ha half h wld uiiyud, all pduciiy will ica if hi kill adal a ud fully. F xapl, if w fa- ha h a acc a pduci ucuch a lad ad filiz, agiculual upu i dlp-ig cui culd ica by a uch a 2.5 4 pc(FAo, 2011). eliiai f bai agai w wk-ig i cai c ccupai culd ica upuby aiig w paicipai ad lab pduciiy bya uch a 25 pc i cui hugh ballcai f hi kill ad al (Cub ad tigi-Baqu, 2011).

scd, ga cl huhld uc byw, ih hugh hi w aig cah af,ca hac cui gwh ppc by chagig pd-ig i way ha bfi child. eidc f cui a

aid a Bazil, Chia, Idia, suh Afica, ad h UidKigd hw ha wh w cl huhldicih hugh hi w aig hugh cahafchild bfi a a ul f pdig fd ad ducai (Wld Bak, 2011). Fially, pwig w a cic, pliical, ad

cial ac ca chag plicy chic ad ak iiu-i pai f a ag f ic. I Idia, giig

pw w a h lcal ll ld ga pii f

Girlsdisadvantaged

Girlsdisadvantaged

Boysdisadvantaged

Boysdisadvantaged

Mendisadvantaged

Womendisadvantaged

Secondary education Tertiary education100

80

60

40

20

00 20 40 60 80 100

Primary education

100

80

60

40

20

00 20 40 60 80 100

100

80

60

40

20

00 20 40 60 80 100

East Asia and Pacic South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

High-income countries

Europe and Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa

Netschoolenrollment(girls)

Net school enrollment (boys) Net school enrollment (boys) Gross school enrollment (men)

Netschoolenrollment(girls

)

Grossschoolenrollment(wom

en)

Chart 1

Off to school

Gender parity has been achieved in primary and secondary enrollments, while tertiary enrollments favor young women.

(percent)

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database.Note: The 45 line in each panel shows gender parity in enrollments. Any point above that line means more women are enrolled than men.

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public gd, uch a wa ad aiai, which ad w (Baa ad h, 2011).

Gearing up development

Hw gd qualiy l a dlp pcd cab b udd hugh h p f huhld

h fuciig ad ucu f ak ad iiuibh fal (uch a law, gulai, ad dliy f g- ic) ad ifal (uch a gd l, ,ad cial wk).

mak ad iiui hlp di h ici,pfc, ad cai facd by diff idiiduali a huhld, a wll a hi ic ad bagaiig pw.I hi way, huhld dcii akig, ak, ad f-al ad ifal iiui iac di gd-lad uc. thi fawk al hlp hw hwcic gwh (high ic) ifluc gd u-c by affcig hw ak ad iiui wk adhw huhld ak dcii. th ipac f cic

gwh i hw i Cha 2 by h gwh aw ha uh ga i h dici f ga gd qualiy. thgd qualiy aw hw hw clig gd gap iu ca cibu high gwh.

thi fawk hlp da why h gd gapi ducai ll ha cld quickly. I hi ca,ic gwh (by lig budg cai hu-hld ad h public auy), ak (by pig wply ppuii f w), ad fal iiu-i (by xpadig chl ad lwig c) ha cgh ifluc huhld dcii i fa f duca-ig gil ad yug w ac a ag f cui.

th fawk al hlp xplai why p w illfac izabl gd gap, pcially h wh xpic

ly py bu al h f f xclui, uch a li-ig i a aa, big a b f a hic i-iy, uffig f a diabiliy. I Idia ad Pakia, fiac, whil h i diffc bw h ubf by ad gil lld i ducai f h ich fifhf h ppulai, h i a gap f al fi ya f h

p fifh. th illiacy a ag idigu wi Guaala i wic ha ag idigu wad 20 pcag pi high ha f idigu .mak igal, ipd ic dliy iiui, adhigh ic, which ha gally fad h ducaif gil ad yug w, fail ach h ly diad-

aagd ppulai.

Policy implications

t big abu gd qualiy, plicyak d fcuhi aci fi cla piii: ducig h xcaliy f gil ad w; liiaig aiig gddiadaag i ducai; icaig w acc c-

ic ppuiy ad hu aig ad pduciiy; giigw a qual ic i huhld ad cii; ad lii-ig h aii f gd iqualiy ac gai.

To reduce the excess mortality of girls and women,i i cay fcu h udlyig cau a achag. Gi gil high ucpibiliy (lai by) iifacy ad aly childhd wab ifciu di-a, ipig wa upply ad aiai, a via had, i ky ducig xc fal aliy i hi aggup (Wld Bak, 2011). Ipig halh ca dliy xpca h, a si Laka did aly i i dlppc ad tuky ha d cly, i ciical. I h

aa f ub-sahaa Afica affcd by h HIv/AIDspadic, bad acc aiial dug ad duc-

ig h icidc f w ifc-i u b h fcu. t cux-lci abi ha lad fw fal bih, a-bly i Chia ad h Idia,h cial alu f gil u bhacd, a Ka ha d.

To shrink education gaps icui wh hy pi, ba-i acc bcau f p-y, hiciy, ggaphy u

c dw. F xapl, whdiac i h ky pbl (a iual aa f h Ilaic rpublicf Afghaia), chl i aa ca duc h g-d gap. Wh cuizd lu-i a had ipl cly, dad-id ii,uch a cah af cdiid chl adac, ca hlp ggil f p faili chl.such cdiial cah af

ha uccdd i icaig gil

Where are they?

About 4 million females were missing in 2008.

(excess female deaths, thousands)

At birth Under 5 514 1549 5059Total

(under 60)

1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008

China 890 1,092 259 71 21 5 208 56 92 30 1,470 1,254

India 265 257 428 251 94 45 388 228 81 75 1,255 856Sub-Saharan Africa 42 53 183 203 61 77 302 751 50 99 639 1,182

High HIV prevalencecountries 0 0 6 39 5 18 38 328 4 31 53 416

Low HIV prevalencecountries 42 53 177 163 57 59 264 423 46 68 586 766

South Asia(excluding India) 0 1 99 72 32 20 176 161 37 51 346 305

East Asia and Pacific(excluding China) 3 4 14 7 14 9 137 113 48 46 216 179

Middle East andNorth Africa 5 6 13 7 4 1 43 24 15 15 80 52

East and Central Asia 7 14 3 1 0 0 12 4 4 3 27 23

Latin America andCaribbean 0 0 11 5 3 1 20 10 17 17 51 33

Total 1,212 1,427 1,010 617 230 158 1,286 1,347 343 334 4,082 3,882

Source: World Development Report 2012 team estimates based on data from the World Health Organization and the Population Division of the United

Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

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ll a i cui a di a mxic, tuky, adPakia (Wld Bak, 2011).

To broaden womens access to economic opportunity, hby ducig al-fal dipaiy i aig ad c-ic pduciiy, a cbiai f plici i calld f.slui iclud fig up w i hy ca wkuid h hf xapl, hugh ubidizd childca, a i Clbia; ipig w acc cdi, a

i Bagladh; ad uig acc pduci ucpcially lada i ehipia, wh ji lad il a wgad wi ad hubad. Addig lack f ifaiabu w pduciiy i h wkplac ad liiaigiiuial bia agai w, f xapl by iduc-ig qua ha fa w jb plac pga a iJda, will al p up cic ppuiy w.

To diminish gender differences in household and societal

voice, plici d add h cbid ifluc f cial ad blif, w acc cic ppuii,h lgal fawk, ad w ducai. mau haica w cl huhld uc ad lawha hac hi abiliy accuula a, pcially by

ghig hi ppy igh, a ipa. mccc faily law f ghd w ppyigh by qualizig hubad ad wi whip igh ppy acquid duig aiag. Way gi wa ga ic i ciy iclud pliical pai qu-a, aiig f fuu w lad, ad xpadig wil i ad ui ad pfial aciai.

To limit gender inequality over time, achig adl-c ad yug adul i ky. Dcii ad duig hiag f lif di kill, halh, cic ppui-i, ad apiai i adulhd. t u ha gd gapd pi i, plici u phaiz buildig

hua ad cial capial (a i malawi wih cah af

gi dicly gil ih ay i u chl);aig h aii f chl wk (a wih jb ad lifkill aiig pga f yug w i Ugada); adhifig apiai (by xpig gil uch l dl aw pliical lad i Idia).

Dic plicy aci i cucial, bu h iaial

cuiy ca cpl ff i ach f h piiyaa. thi will qui w addiial aci uliplf cbiai f fudig, cdiadff f iai ad laig, ad ffcipahip. Fudig huld b dicd paiculaly hp cui ff duc xc dah f gil adw (hugh i i cla wa ad aiaiad aal ic) ad duc pi ducaigd gap. Pahip u al xd byd hbw g ad dlp agci icludh pia c, ciil ciy gaizai, ad acadiciiui i dlpig ad ich cui.

Ad whil uch ai b d, i ay way h

wld ha alady chagd by fially cgizig ha gdqualiy i gd f bh w ad . m ad ,w a all alizig ha h a ay bficicad hha will ul f clig gd gap. A af Hai, via, f huad f ppl uydf h World Development Report, bd, I hik wwaday icaigly jy qualiy wih . thyca d wha jb hy lik. thy a y g. I faili h wif i h pwful p. I gal, ill dia, bu w iuai ha galy ipd.equal cpai bw hubad ad wif i happi. Ihik happi i wh qualiy xi bw a cupl. Ana Revenga is Sector Director, Human Development, Europeand Central Asia; and Sudhir Shetty is Sector Director, PovertyReduction and Economic Management, East Asia and Pacic,both at the World Bank.

Tis article is based on the Wld Dlp rp 2012: Gd

equaliy ad Dlp, published by the World Bank in 2011. Te

evidence and analysis reerred to are cited in the relevant sections o the report.

Reerences:

Beaman, Lori, Raghadendra Chattopadhya, Esther Dufo, Rohini

Pande, and Petia opalova, orthcoming, Political Reservation and

Substantive Representation: Evidence rom Indian Village Councils, 2011,

in Idia Plicy Fu 201011, ed. by Suman Bery, Barry Bosworth,

and Arvind Panagariya (Washington: Brookings Institution and National

Council o Applied Economic Research).

Cuberes, David, and Marc eignier-Baqu, 2011, Gender Equality

and Economic Growth, Background Paper or the Wld Dlp

rp 2012.

Food and Agriculture Organization o the United Nations (FAO), 2011,

T sa f Fd ad Agiculu 201011: W i Agiculu

Clig h Gd Gap f Dlp (Rome).

Sen, Amartya, 2009, Dlp a Fd (New York: Anchor Books).

World Bank, 2011, Wld Dlp rp 2012: Gd

equaliy ad Dlp (Washington).

POLIC

IES

Source: World Bank, 2011, World Development Report 2012.

Chart 2

Shifting into high gear

Gender outcomes result from interactions between households,

markets, and institutions.