Rev. 6/30/03Chap. 4-Professional and Social Context of Design1 Engineering, Technology, and Society ...

Rev. 6/30/03 Chap. 4-Professional and Social Context of Design

1

Engineering, Technology, and Society

Science and Engineering

Science and Technology


2

Design Engineer’s Heritage

Structures

Machines

Networks

Processes


3

The Brooklyn Bridge

This image is not yet available.

Fig. 4.1


4

Sketch of Helicopter


Fig. 4.2


5

Other Roles of Engineers

The Engineer as Statesman

The Engineer as Artist

The Engineer as Humanitarian

The Engineer as Author


6

Characteristics of a Profession

The work involves exercising skills, judgment, and discretion which is not entirely routine or subject to mechanization.

Preparation requires extensive formal training.

Specialized organization exists to set standards and codes of practice.

Commitment to serve the public good.


7

Partial Listing of Professional Engr. Societies

Society MembersIEEE 274,000

ASME 121,000ASCE 110,000AIME 92,000NSPE 75,000SME 75,000SAE 60,000

ASHRAE 55,000AIAA 45,000

IIE 35,000SWE 16,000SHPE 6,000ACEC 5,500

Table 4.1


8

ASME Organization Chart*

Board of Governors

Council onEngineering

Council onCodes andStandards

Council onEducation

Council onMemberAffairs

Council onPublic Affairs


9

Organization Chart for the ASME Council on Engrg

RailTransportation

Aerospace

EnvironmentalEngineering

Solid WasteProcessing

Noise Controland Acoustics

Council onEngineering

BasicEngineering

EnergyConversion

EnergyResources

Environmentand

Transportation

Engineeringand Technology

ManagementManufacturing

Materialsand

Structures

Systemsand

Design

FluidsEngineering

AppliedMechanics

HeatTransfer

Tribology

Bioengineering

Fuels andCombustionTechnologies

InternalCombustionEngines

Power

NuclearEngineering

Petroleum

Solar Energy

Ocean,Offshore, &ArcticEngineering

AdvancedEnergySystems

Management

SafetyEngineeringand RiskAnalysis

Technologyand Society

MaterialsHandlingEngineering

ManufacturingEngineering

TextileEngineering

ProcessIndustries

Plant Engineeringand Maintenance

Materials

PressureVesselsand Piping

NDEEngineering

Pipelines

DynamicSystemsand Control

DesignEngineering

Computers &Information inEngineering

Electronic andPhotonicPackaging

Fluid PowerSystems andTechnology

NanotechnologyInstitute

InternationalGas Turbine

Institute

Fig. 4.3


10

Human Powered Vehicle Student Competition

Fig. 4.4


11

Professional Registration

Professional Engineer (PE): an engineer licensed to practice engineering in a state.

Fundamentals of Engineering Examination (FEE)

Principles and Practice Examination (PPE)

industrial exemption


12

A Model of a Retractable Roof Stadium

Fig. 4.5



13

Engineering Ethics

the study of the moral problems confronted by individuals and organizations involved in engineering.

A moral problem is a problem in which one's actions involve consideration of others.


14

Moral Theories

Utilitarianism

Duty-Based Morality

Rights-Based Morality

Virtue-Based Morality


15

Responsibilities of Engineers

A primary obligation to protect the safety and respect the right of consent of human subjects.

A constant awareness of the experimental nature of any project, imaginative forecasting of its possible side effects, and a reasonable effort to monitor them

Autonomous, personal involvement in all steps of a project

Accepting accountability for the results of a project


16

Sources of Ethical Dilemmas

Conflicts among two or more moral considerations

Concept of public interest


17

Engineering Codes of Ethics*

Professional Engineering Societies

NCEES Model Rules of Professional Conduct

State Rules of Conduct


18

ABET Code of Ethics

The Fundamental Principles

– Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor, and dignity of the engineering profession by:

I. using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare;

II. being honest and impartial, and serving with fidelity the public, their employers and clients;

III. striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession; and

IV. supporting the professional and technical societies of their disciplines.


19

ABET Code of Ethics (cont.)

The Fundamental Canons

1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in the performance of their professional duties.

2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence.

3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.

4. Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest.

5. Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merits of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others.

6. Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity of the profession.

7. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and shall provide opportunities for the professional and ethical development of those engineers under their supervision.


20

NCEES Model Rules

Preamble

Obligation to Society

Obligation to Employer and Client

NCEES Obligation to Other Registrants


21

NCEES Preamble

act only in area of competence

responsibility to public

objective and truthful

avoid conflict of interest

serve legitimate interests of employers and clients

establish reputation on merit

do not compete unfairly


22

NCEES Obligation to Society

foremost responsibility is to public welfare

only approve documents that meet engineering standards and protect public

notify employer/client when judgment is overruled and puts public at risk

objective, truthful, and complete in all reports and statements

public statements only in area of competence

Identify all parties with financial or other interests who influence your decision

No association with dishonest individuals or companies

report violations to State Board


23

NCEES Obligation to Employer and Client

only accept jobs for which you’re qualified

only approve work in field of competence and which you directly supervised

may coordinate project if each segment approved by responsible registrant.

protect proprietary information do not solicit or accept direct or indirect

valuable consideration reveal conflict of interest or appearance

thereof no multiple compensation for same work

unless agreed to in advance no work from govt. body on which

company is represented.


24

NCEES Obligation to Other Registrants

no misrepresentation of academic or professional credentials, or prior experience.

no valuable consideration in order to secure work

Shall not “bad-mouth” registrants or their work.


25

Action Alternatives

temptations or pressures for you to act unethically

witness or learn of unethical behavior by another


26

Course of Action

appeal within the system

resign

notify outside party

– professional society

– regulatory authority

– media


27

Risk

the potential for something of value (people, works of art, an animal species, an ecological habitat, etc.) being adversely impacted by an event.


28

Risk Analysis Framework

riskperception andcommunication

riskmanagement

riskassessment

sourceassessment

exposureassessment

effectsassessment

managementstrategies

managementtools

Fig. 4.6


29

Risk Assessment

describes the nature and magnitude of a risk.

unit time

eventfrequency

event

econsequencmagnitude

unit time

econsequencRisk

risk of being killed bylightning in a year

= risk of dying afterbeing struck by

lightning

x chance of beingstruck by lightning in

a year

750,000

1

4

1

3,000,000

1


30

Data Problems

Supralinear

Linear

Sublinear II

Sublinear I

Threshold

A

10 10 10 10 10 10

10

10

10

10

10

10

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

-1-2-3-4-5-6

B

Ris

k

Concentration Level (parts per million)

Fig. 4.7


31

Source Assessment (hazards analysis)

identifies the source and magnitude of the risk.

Source of Hazards and Their Effects

Agent Effects Description

natural/unknown agent largelybeyond human control

gradual, chronic infectious and degenerativediseases (flu, arthritis)

sudden, catastrophic natural disasters (floods,hurricanes, etc.)

unintentional design orsudden, dispersed discrete small-scale

accidentsmanufacturing defect,operational negligence, misuse,"human error"

sudden, concentrated failures of largetechnological system (hotelfire, plane crash, etc.)

gradual, chronic low level, delayed effect(asbestos, PCB, globalwarming, etc.)

anti-social behavior sociopolitical disruption(street crime, war, etc.)

Table. 4.2


32

Exposure Assessment

Analyzes who (or what) is exposed to the risk, and the nature and amount of that exposure.


33

Effects Assessment

Examines the consequences of the exposure.


34

Risk Assessment for Air Pollution from Coal Power Plant

Source assessment

– quantify the pollutants emitted from the smokestack

Exposure assessment

– measure the concentration levels of pollutants in the atmosphere within a given geographic area.

– Effects assessment

– measure the health effects from exposure to the polluted air.


35

Fault Tree Analysis

Graphical technique for displaying relationships between component failure and system failure


36

Definitions of FTA Symbols

Symbol Name Meaning

Output Event The resulting event due to prior events occuring lower in the tree

OR gate Output event immediately above OR gate occurs when at least one of the input events immediately below occurs

Independent Event An event that has no preceding events

Undeveloped Event An event that is not pursued in greater detail

AND gate Output event immediately above AND gate occurs only when all the input events immediately below occur

Transfer Symbol Used to make connections between different branches of the fault tree

Normal Event An event that is expected to occur during normal operation

Table. 4.3


37

Fault Tree for Failure of Lawn Mower Engine

Fig. 4.8

Carburetorfailure

Fueltank

empty

Engine doesnot start

2

Lack ofcompression

Lack ofspark

Lack offuel

Fueltank

blocked

Gasketleaks

Wornpistonrings

Sparkplug

failure

Wiringfailure

Piston doesnot move

Magnetofailure

Jammedpiston

No energyto turn over Broken

rod

Bearingsfrozen

Deadbattery

Pullcord

broken

1


38

Risk Perception

The interpretation and evaluation of the significance of a risk and the determination of whether a given level of risk is acceptable.


39

Hypothetical Comparative Risks for Travel Modes

Travel Mode Risk

(fatalities/year)

Magnitude

(fatalities/accident)

Frequency

(accidents/year)

Automobile 30,000 0.5 60,000

Airplane 3,000 100 30

Table. 4.4


40

Risk Perception Factors

degree of control over the activity

geographical and temporal dispersion

familiarity with agent

voluntary/involuntary exposure

timing, permanence, and certainty of the consequences

effect on sensitive populations

institutional trust


41

Rating Risks According to their Observability and Controllability

This image is not yet available

Fig. 4.7


42

Risk Management

refers to any action taken to eliminate or reduce a risk to an acceptable level.


43

Risk Management Strategies

Modify the Source

Reduce the Exposure

Reduce the Effects

Mitigate or Compensate for the Effects

Modify the Environment


44

Risk Management Tools

Tort and Other Common Law

Insurance

Voluntary Standards

Government Regulation


45

Risk-Benefit Tradeoffs

Cost of Risk Reduction

Value Of Human Life


46

Codes and Standards

Performance vs. Prescriptive Standards

Voluntary vs. Mandatory Standards


47

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

certifies standards making procedures used by other organizations.

initiates new standards making activities, either by inviting one of its member organizations to develop a standard, or developing it on their own. Many standards developed by ANSI member organizations carry identifying designations of both organizations, e.g., ANSI/ASME 32.3.

represents the U.S. on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).


48

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

ISO 9000

Section 4.4 of ISO 9001


49

Section 4.4 of ISO 9001

4.4.1 General

4.4.2 Design and development planning

4.4.3 Organizational and technical interfaces

4.4.4 Design input

4.4.5 Design output

4.4.6 Design review

4.4.7 Design verification

4.4.8 Design validation

4.4.9 Design changes


50

Professional and Product Liability

criminal vs. civil law evolution of liability law

– privity– negligence– strict liability


51

Architect's Rendering of Hyatt Walkways

Fig. 4.10


52

Original and Modified Support Configurations of Hyatt Walkway

uppersuspension

rodto ceiling

lower flange

washer

nut

continuation ofsuspension rodto second level

suspensionrod

to ceiling

upper flange

lowersuspension rodto second level

(b)(a)

Fig. 4.11


53

Load Transfer Between Support Beam and Suspension Rod

P2 + P4

P2

(a)

P2+P4

P2

(b)

P2P2+P4

Fig. 4.12


54

Legal Concepts

privity -engineers and manufacturers are responsible for harm done by their product or design only if they had an explicit contract with customer.

negligence -even without explicit contract, manufacturer (or engineer) must be careful and prudent. Negligence can be based on:

– the design created a concealed danger, or

– failure to incorporate appropriate safety devices, or

– the product was made from inadequate materials, or

– failure to warn user of the danger.


55

Three Forms of Negligence

Simple Negligence: failure to exercise prudent care and caution

Gross Negligence: intentional failure in reckless disregard of consequences

Criminal Negligence: such flagrant disregard or willful indifference that otherwise lawful action becomes a crime.


56

Strict Liability

The plaintiff does not have to prove negligence. Instead, the manufacturer is liable if

– the product was defective and unreasonably dangerous,

– the defect existed at the time the product left the defendant's control,

– the defect caused the harm, and

– the harm is appropriately assignable to the defect.

Compensation


57

Tow Truck with Lug, Block, and Tackle

Fig. 4.13


58

Sloping Back of Tow Truck with Four Lugs

Fig. 4.14


59

Failed Lower Left Lug

Fig. 4.15


60

Side Section View of Lug and Weld Area

lug

12o

back panel

top weld

bottom weld

1.0 in.

Fig. 4.16


61

Unreasonable Danger Balancing risks against benefits

– product’s usefulness

– availability of safer products to meet same need

– likelihood and probable seriousness of injury

– obviousness of danger

– public expectation of the danger

– avoidability of injury by care in usage,

including effect of instructions and warnings

– ability to eliminate danger without making it

useless or unduly expensive


62

The Patent Process

assessment of patentability and commercial potential

disclosure

patent rights and royalty agreements

patent application

patent awarded

licensing agreements


63

Patent Drawing of Hub-Mounted, Quick-Release, Wheelchair Shifting Mechanism

Fig. 4.17


64

Assembly Drawing of Wheelchair Shifting Mechanism

Fig. 4.18


65

Combination Cigarette Lighter and Perfume Dispenser

Fig. 4.19


66

Other Intellectual Property

Copyrights

Trademarks

Trade secrets


67

Government and Engineering Design

Professional Registration

Codes and Standards

Professional and Product Liability

Intellectual Property

Research and Development

Procurement

Incentives and Subsidies


68

This image is not yet available

Federal R&D Budget for FY 2002

Fig. 420

Rev. 6/30/03Chap. 4-Professional and Social Context of Design1 Engineering, Technology, and Society ...

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Transcript of Rev. 6/30/03Chap. 4-Professional and Social Context of Design1 Engineering, Technology, and Society ...