Rethinking the Zoological Park: The 21st Century Zoo as a Sustainable Fixture.

The Miami MetroZoo. Miami, Florida

A Thesis Statement submitted to the Faculty of the Architectural Department in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Architecture

At

The Savannah College of Art and Design

By:

Mario Estanislao Pozzo

Savannah, Georgia.

May, 2008.

IntroductionDocument Abstract 1Social Impact 2-3Concept Statement 4-5

Nature’s Cities: The Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem 6-17Analysis of a Global Issue 18-21MetroZoo’s History 22-24MetroZoo’s Future 25

Project Brief:Outcome, Scope, Constraints, Dependencies 26-28Master plan Goals 29Circulation and Immersion Study 30-33User Needs and Interface Study 34Proposed Infrastructure 35

Visitor Interface: 36-39

Immersion Scheme 40-41Climatic Conditions 42Eco-regions and Climatic Zones Study 43

Animal Interface: 44-45

Nepal 46-50Mekong River System 51-55The Heart of Borneo 56-59Programming Requirements 63-65

Keeper Interface: 60-62

Private Circulation and Functions Study 62Natural Systems Study 66-70

Conceptual Definition:Geographic juxtaposition and Natural systems 71Masterplan overlay 72Form and Thematic structure 73Preliminary design studies 74-76

Schematic Design and DocumentationConceptual Design Synthesis and Programming 77-79Code Analysis 80

Final Design and DocumentationFinal Design and building design 81-97Architectural Synthesis 88-91Visitor Experience 92-97

Project Conclusion 98

This document represents the findings and studies conducted for the proposed

expansion and remodel of the Miami MetroZoo, with a concentration on the Asian

lobe regions on the North Western portion of the site. Defined in the document

is the proposed regions of the Mekong River system and the southern rainforests

of Thailand, Cambodia and Laos with a transitions into Borneo and Nepal. This

proposal will discuss and explore the Rainforest ecosystem, exhibit sequence

options, immersion studies, animal lists, general storyline and exhibit sizes along

with site analysis and context studies which pertain to the project. There are

three possible phases which will be programmed and sited alongside the new

approved master plan by the Portico Group to create a continuous geographic

themed storyline and zones. The document will conclude with the overall

geographic ecosystems structure and definition of program to house potential

species. The document will conclude with the final design of the enlightenment

path which will take visitors through an adventure through the infrastructure of

the rainforests of the world.

Pg. 1

For as long as man has existed on this planet we have had an innate

attraction to the natural world surrounding us. We have used nature for our own

personal and social growth, and as our species expanded throughout the world and

became aware of our surroundings we have had a growing attraction to natures

resources, companionship and often looked to her to answer questions of our very own

existence.

Animals have been collected by humans since the earliest moments of our

history. Exotic animals have been taken from far away places by social leaders,

scientists and travelers and though these animals have been used many times for

savage reasons, or though they were kept under inhumane standards their impact on

societies knowledge and appreciation of the natural world is immeasurable. Much of

our modern attraction to the natural world can attributed to the early specimens

collected by the zoological parks and menageries of our recent past. [1]

Pg. 2 [1] Zoo: A history of zoological gardens in the west, Eric Baratay and Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier, Reaktion Books 2002

Today we find ourselves in a position

where we no longer need to collect wild

specimens for the zoo, in fact many of the

animals housed at modern zoo stand as a

genetic insurance policy for the species

survival. However these captive animals

are far from the realities of their wild

cousins and their ability to survive in a

wild environment is severely impacted by

their captivity. Due to the growing issues

of human expansion and declining levels

of global resources, pressure has been put

on all of the remaining ecosystems of the

world. The issues behind extinctions and

habitat degradation are complicated in

nature, but its solution can have global

repercussions that will change the way

humans exist on this planet.

Pg. 3Fig. 1.1

The Miami Metro-Zoo, in this new century should strive to connect the creatures and

ecosystems of the natural world to the current global condition. The park will serve as an

example of how man and animal can co-exist, through conservation, education and

scientific inquiry. The park will utilize sustainable building practices and site design as a

canvas to easily frame the relation between the urban fabric of our cities and the

intertwined webs of the wild. The tropical climate of the site is uniquely suited to recreate

the important rainforest ecosystems of the world.

Circulation problems, visitor comfort and the captivity of wild animals have surfaced to

become important issues affecting zoos around the globe. Captive surroundings can never

replace an animal’s natural home, but their design can strive to keep animals happy and

healthy, visitors engaged, educated and visiting. With recent advances in habitat research,

and with a better understanding of the ecological web and its effect on the natural world,

zoos are ready to move into a new century.

Pg. 4

There are many ways of experiencing the interface between animals and humans, from the

small menagerie style cages of the 19th century to observation towers on the edge of

wilderness to recreated constructed habitats designed to paint the image of un-built natural

space. History shows us that exhibition alone is not enough to educate the public, however

new technologies and educational tools allow us to easily frame out an image of how

timelessness and modernity can co-exist together. The design will focus on the interface that

occurs between three user groups and their respective interfaces to show how man can grow

sustainable in rhythm with the wild.

Pg. 5

Fig. 1.2

The rainforest holds the greatest

diversity of any ecosystem on earth, though

these forests cover only 3% of the earth’s

surface, estimates show that they hold 50% of

all documented species on earth.[1] When the

typical person enters the forest, the

overwhelming density of vegetation at all levels

of the forest is overwhelming. Due to this

density the only signs of life are usually

auditory, bird and monkey calls echo through

the leaves of the forest as their location is kept

secret by the branches. The canopy of the

forest holds many secrets entangled throughout

the limbs of the trees, they support life from the

ant colonies through the large predatory cats.

The density of life in the rainforest far surpasses

the life that we see in the largest of our

cities.[2] [1] Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the Worlds Wildlife, Smithsonian Institution, DK Books 2005[2] WWF Annual Review, 2006, WWF International (pg 2)

Pg. 6

Fig. 1.3

Rainforests only occur between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer, this region of

the world maintains stable temperatures and most importantly high humidity. The 12 hours

of sunshine maintain optimum conditions for plants to grow year round. The annual rainfall

needed to maintain the diversity of the forest must be at least 8 1/4 feet evenly distributed

throughout the year[1] though as much as 20% of the rainfall is caused by the

Photorespiration of the surrounding vegetation.[2] Photorespiration occurs when water

evaporates from the leaves of the plant to help in the absorption of carbon dioxide and

release of oxygen from the leaf structure. This process is not well understood by scientists

however the importance of photorespiration to the climatic stability of the forest is beginning

to be widely accepted. The stable climate in these regions of the world has allowed the forests

to grow relatively uninterrupted for millions of years. Since all aspects of the climate will

have an effect on the evolution of the forest, one of the most important variables is the

elevation at which the forest grows. For example as the forest moves from an area of low

elevation to a high elevation the variety of plants begins to shrink. Large trees will change

from being close to 200 feet at a low elevation where the same tree will only grow to be 6-8

feet at a high elevation.[3] Biodiversity will also differ as the elevation rises forcing animals

to adapt to the wet conditions. As the forest moves above the clouds and remain shrouded in

the fog, amphibians and other moisture loving creatures are not tied down to forest ponds

and rivers. Elevation, Humidity, Light, Temperature and rainfall are the climatic variables

that will shape the form, structure and biological diversity of the rainforest.

[1] Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the Worlds Wildlife, Smithsonian Institution, DK Books 2005

[2] http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/07/040723093305.htm accessed 10/15/07.

[3] Planet Earth, Alastair Fothergill, University of California Press, Section 9 (pg 234-6)11 Pg. 7

Life evolved out of the need to survive, the density and diversity of the forest ultimately

forced rainforest life into a battle for all available resources. As plants compete for

light, nutrients and space their differing survival techniques leave room for only the

strongest and most specialized to survive. The thick vegetation maintains the stability

of the entire rainforest ecosystem feeding, sheltering and distributing resources over

vast areas.[1] The 3 dimensional structure of the forest canopy is invaluable to

thousands of animal species which depend on the layers of plant life encrusted on all

the surfaces of the forest to survive. If we cut sections of the forest and examine their

density we find that the intertwined web of vegetation is noticeably denser at the

highest levels of the canopy or where levels of light are the highest. The physiology of

plants restricts their maximum growth to a programmed height, these size differences

create a range of ecosystems which can be separated into four vertical groups.

[1] Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the Worlds Wildlife, Smithsonian Institution, DK Books 2005 pg 46

Pg. 8

Emergent

Canopy

Under Story

Forest Floor

The lowest ecosystem occurs on the ground and

becomes the largest home for the decomposers. The

forest floor is nourished by constant organic litter that

falls from the upper stories of the canopy. Here the

levels of light are minimal, humidity is high and

temperatures are stable, but these conditions nourish,

feed and support all the major infrastructure of the

rainforest.[1]

Whenever direct light reaches the forest

floor seeds of all types begin their race towards the

light. Hardwoods for example will germinate much

faster than other plants, thus becoming the first to

become established.[2] Once they reach sapling size

growth slows as they make their way into the under

storey.

The under story is made up of a shade

tolerant and young trees. Where light filters through

the leaves, a glimmering play between the lights and

the darks in the textures of the space define depth and

camouflage residents. Vines reach from massive trunk

to massive trunk becoming tangled webs sometimes

reaching 850’ long.[1] As the vines move ever higher

into the light we begin to enter the canopy of the trees. Pg. 9[1] Animal: pg 46

[2] Planet Earth pg 234

Fig. 1.4

The Forest Canopy holds the highest density of life in the forest Lichens, Orchids and Cacti

hang from niches created between the branches of the trees becoming additional layers and

micro-ecosystems for many creatures. The thickness of the canopy can reach 65’ before any

individual tree is able to break through from the grasp of the surrounding vegetation.[2]

Palms and Hardwoods are the only families of trees that can achieve this difficult task. Once

a tree penetrates the thick canopy of the forest it enters the emergent layer and is considered

a giant.

The Emergent layer is the least dense of all the forest layers, the massive buttressed roots seen

on the forest floor are far from this incredible aerial world. This layer is made up of an ever

shrinking number of hardwood trees sometimes 245’ in height and hundreds of years old. The

sheer size and quality of the specimens makes them prime nesting sites for many Apes,

predatory birds and many other species who seek them for their highly prized nighttime refuge.

[2] Unfortunately the emergent’s are also highly priced by the logging community since growing

demand of exotic hardwoods and their ever shrinking numbers are driving their prices higher and

higher. Due to this fact illegal logging in most protected forests remains a serious threat. [3]

[1] Animal pg 46

[2] Planet Earth pg 258

[3] WWF Annual Report 2006 pg5Pg. 10

Fig. 1.5

The global distribution of life on earth is a result of a variety of functions on earth.

The tectonic movements of our planet and its ever changing surface distributed Animal

Families onto different continents. Examples such as the Tapir’s of South America and

Malaysia are unique to their ecosystems but are separated by the vast Pacific Ocean.

Mountains and climate change caused some animals to migrate or adapt such is the case

of Indian and African Elephants who evolved alongside ancient Mammoths and have

adapted uniquely to different climates and ecosystems. Scientific inquiry and

Biogeography show that historically these processes have always been at play.[1] But it

is also understood that life writes its own evolution, that is to say that it was the

conscious movements, behaviors, adaptations and actions of the individual animal that

write the animals evolutionary past and future. These changes in global diversity

typically occur over a very long time allowing animals to adapt efficiently from the

predator to the prey, however as we have seen man is also a factor.

Pg. 11

Fig. 1.6

Movement and circulation are the first behaviors learned by all animals of the

rainforest. The means by which animals move are directly proportionate to

its size, but the style of movement employed is directly attributable to its

ancestry and classification. The most utilized style of movement and

circulation is flight. Insects, birds, amphibians and some small mammals have

mastered this skill gaining relative freedom from the existing infrastructure of

the forest for their circulation.[2] Flight was first mastered by the

invertebrate world and in order to follow their prey landlocked reptiles

evolved into the flying ancestry of the birds we see today. Some animals

have simply mastered the art of gliding or controlled falling to move through

the forest canopy. Adaptations typically occur in sequence with changes in

food sources, creating specializations which become essential to the

populations survival and sometimes forming an important partnership

between creatures.[1]

The animal life of the rainforest is dependent on its ability to move, unlike

vegetation animals cannot absorb energy from their environment, however

immobile plants often rely on the mobility of animals for their reproduction

and evolution. For example the Fig tree is the most plentiful fruit available to

all rainforest animals and the tree depends on animals but especially birds to

eat its fruit and later deposit its seeds far from its origin. As a result of this

symbiotic relationship the fig tree is found in all the rainforests of the world

and is the most important food source for many animals.[3]

Pg. 12

[1] Animal pg 16

[2] Ibid pg 24

[3] WWF Annual Report 2006 pg5

Fig. 1.7

Fig. 1.8

gravity and can virtually walk on any surface without falling and allowing them to carry over

eight times their body weight without being crushed or losing mobility.[6] But the larger a

species becomes, its chances of injuries as a result of falls or trauma are greatly increased.

Like movement, the routes and ways of path-finding of the animals through the rainforest are as

diverse as its species, the importance of sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste are important to

most animals though each have varying degrees of utility to each sense. Some animals have

developed specialized senses unique to their species survival demands.[7] Such is the case with

bats reliance on echolocation to move through the forest to find prey. Jungles are home to the

specialist, these specializations are the key to survival here and are responsible for the jungles

diversity.

Walking is the most efficient and

most diverse mode of circulation

seen from the smallest invertebrate

to the largest predators in the

forest. By using the ground or the

existing structure of the canopy to

move around energy can be

conserved and can result in a

longer lifespan.[5] The smaller an

animal is the easier it can circulate

through the environment, ants for

example feel few effects from

Pg. 13[5] Planet Earth pg 246

[6] Animal pg 24

[7] Ibid pg25

Fig. 1.9

The food chain is the final organizing feature of the rainforest ecosystems. The

relationships of the five Kingdoms of life and the vertical chain of energy create a situation

where the top needs the bottom and the bottom needs the top. The food chain begins

with the most essential elements on earth water and energy. Through photosynthesis

plants convert light energy into food and form the base for the food chain. Herbivores and

insects feed on these plants, converting their sugars and cellulose into small amounts of

caloric energy which can be used or stored in their tissues. Herbivores typically consume

large amounts of vegetation to obtain their dietary and caloric needs where omnivores will

supplement their diet with much needed protein. The food chain rarely contains more

than six links since predators can only absorb about 10% of an animal’s total generated

energy or biomass.[1] The high levels of energy consumed by the living creatures of the

rainforest must be maintained by the predators in order to keep healthy vegetation stocks.

A collapse of the food chain from either end eventually result in a steep decline in density

as balance is broken. The loss of a top predator can result in a lethal blow to the overall

diversity of life in the forest, when controls are removed and certain species overwhelm

the sensitive balance of life all levels of life are affected on a global scale.[2]

[1] Animal (pg 15)[2] Ibid (pg 31)

Pg. 14

One of the giants at the heart of Borneo, a 250 year old mahogany tree stands high as

a steady wind rustles through its leaves. Its branches are encrusted in an exotic garden of

Orchids cacti and bromeliads, each of them supporting ecosystems of their own. There is an

entire world within the branches of this tree as an Orangutan feeds its newborn baby in the

canopy of the massive tree. Ants return to their colony in the roots of the orchids bearing

food for their queen and birds feed throughout its branches. Smoke rising over the horizon

precludes our incoming presence, and as the sounds of chainsaws gets closer the animals

become startled and hide. Suddenly the tree snaps away and begins to accelerate pulling

down surrounding vines and trees. A loud crash echoes through the thick forest as the tree

hits the moist ground, the mother Orangutan lays motionless on the ground as its infant

hangs from her lifeless body. Farmers are clearing land to make way for their growing palm

oil industry in Borneo. As the trees are cut, light floods the forest floor and vegetation is

shaken from the canopy, its residents scramble for cover. The cleared vegetation is set on

fire in an attempt to release the nourishing carbons and minerals back into the infertile land.

[1] The now orphaned ape is picked up by the farmers who will later sell it on the illegal

wildlife trade as he will never return to his shrinking home.

Today the rainforest accounts for an estimated 20% of all carbon emissions released

into our atmosphere which contribute to climate change, all due to their destruction at the

hand of man.[2] The balance that has existed for the last 65 million years can today be easily

destroyed with chainsaws and gasoline. The destruction of the rainforest ensures that the

balance which maintains thousands of species is permanently broken. Rainforest do not grow

back once they are destroyed, the density which has ensured evolution is never regained and

the animal species which reside between their branches quickly disappear. [1] WWF Annual Review, 2006, WWF International[2] Ibid (pg 3)

Pg. 15

Planet earth is currently on the edge of a mass extinction, according to the IUCN

over 5400 animal species and 6000 plants face a high risk of extinction in the near future.

It is important to recognize that the IUCN can only keep limited or estimated count, due to

poor knowledge and viable research available of most creatures on earth. Reliable

Mammal and Bird counts do show us that nearly one in four mammals and one in eight

bird species are currently on the brink of collapse. The International Union for

Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources was founded by the United Nations to

maintain a running count of animal and plant populations and density. Their figures show

that severe levels of habitat destruction due to human interference have accelerated

extinction levels to one hundred times the natural rate.[1] The role and support of zoo’s in

the organization of programs and fundraising for the protection of biologically important

sites is a necessary for the overall success of many of the existing animal protection

agencies. However we must first understand the underlying reasons for the ongoing

destruction of these important natural resources to examine the approach of the zoo in its

protection and education.

[1] WWF Annual Review, 2006, WWF InternationalPg. 16

Work Cited

Animal: The Definitive Guide to the Worlds Wildlife, Smithsonian Institution 2005.

Planet Earth: as you’ve never seen it before, Alastair Fothergill 2006.

World Wildlife Fund Annual Report 2006, WWF International, 2006.

Online Sources

IUCN Red List, http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlist_archive/redlist2000/news.html Accessed 11/03/07

Rainforest Facts www.rain-tree.com/facts.htm accessed 10/21/07.

World Wildlife Fund, www.panda.org accessed 11/03/07

Image Sources

World Wildlife Fund, www.panda.org accessed 11/12/07

Pg. 17

To accurately disseminate the

issues behind extinctions and

habitat loss and to formulate a

solution it is important to define

the underlying causes of this

trend. The issues facing the

natural world today are the

result of three main issues which

have had global implications as

serious as those of extinctions.

Poverty, Climate Change and

Environmental degradation are

three issues that are closely tied

to each other and ultimately are

a result of each other.

This is to say that it is

impossible to successfully

protect the remainder of the

natural world without resolving

these issues in sequence with

each other. Pg. 18

Fig. 2.1

It is known and understood that the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the poorest 48 nations (i.e. a quarter of the world’s countries) is less than the wealth of the world’s three richest people combined. [1]

It is the three top developed nations in the world that produce over 50% of the worlds carbon emissions. The United States, China and the European Union are the world’s top three polluters and consumers. [2]

It is in the most biologically rich and biodiverse areas of the world that the vast majority of the rural poor live, and their survival often depends on the quality and availability of natural resources such as fuels, biomass, arable land and fresh water. [3]

Falling levels of resources have triggered political unrest and wars in which millions of people and countless species have been directly affected. The most recent crisis stemming from these issues are still occurring in Ethiopia and most notably Sudan, whose levels of fresh water and ongoing desertification have caused unrest and political instability which led to a civil war and the death of thousands of people.[4]

Recent natural disasters have shown us that it is the worlds poorest who are affected most widely and severely by natural disasters. Climate change threatens our world with increased flooding, worsening draught, rising seas, fires and severe storms, all of which are affecting developing nations and the environment most severely. [5]

The growth of industrialized nations in the last 150 years (most notably the top three players) has placed the most pressure on the world’s global resources and has had the largest impact on the ongoing climatic changes and environmental degradation. These industrial techniques must be reevaluated to shrink the carbon footprint of its citizens and processes. [6]

Pg. 19

[1] Ignacio Ramonet, The politics of hunger, Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1998 [2] http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.htm#3 International Monetary Fund

[3] WWF, http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/climate_change/problems/people_at_risk/index.cfm[4] International Federation of the Red Cross http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr2004/chapter1.asp

[5]International Federation of the Red Cross, http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr2004/chapter1.asp [6] International Monetary Fund, http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.htm

Remaining Forests Global GDP

WWF’s 200 Global Eco-regions

Pg. 20World Wildlife Fund, www.panda.org accessed 01/12/08

Fig. 2.3

Fig. 2.4 Fig. 2.5

The issues highlight the unified

relationship between the environment, the

wellbeing of people and the

responsibilities of the industrialized world

to the natural world. It is mean to create

a path towards a sustainable world in

which the richest reexamine their

technologies and commitments, the poor

are introduced to modern amenities and

techniques necessary for growth, health

and sustainability. And allowing these

important ecosystems can be protected by

the people who live within them under the

leadership of the people studying and

leading these efforts. It is in the

developing world that sustainability can

have the largest impact. Not only could

people be brought out from the brink of

environmental and social collapse easily

with just a few brushstrokes, but establish

them as the guardians of their land, living

a happy and healthy existence.Pg. 21

Fig. 2.6

The Miami MetroZoo began as the Crandon Park

Zoo on Key Biscayne just south of Miami Beach. In 1948 a small

road menagerie broke down near Miami and the owner sold his

three monkeys, two black bears and goat for $270 to officially

create the zoo. By 1967 the zoo had grown to over 1200

animals to include the first captive birth and rearing of an

Aardvark. The zoo was nearly destroyed by hurricane Betsy in

1965 when over three feet of water covered the entire zoo killing

over 250 of the animals at the park. However by 1968 it was

rated among the countries 25 best zoo’s and its collection

included a rare white Tiger who was only the second such animal

to enter the U.S.

After the sheer devastation of Betsy, the Zoological

Society began to play with the idea of the construction of a new

Zoo for Dade County. On December 11, 1970 county officials

applied for the acquisition of a 600 acre parcel of land that used

to house the Richmond Naval Air Station. By 1975 the

construction of the new master plan designed by painter T.A.

Strawser in 1971 had begun, but it would take until December

1981 before the first section of the Zoo was officially open.Pg. 22

Fig. 2.7

Fig. 2.8

Fig. 2.9

The Asian lobe covered a total of 200 acres and

contained 28 exhibits of animals from the mainland and Asiatic

Islands. By 1982 an additional 25 acres and six new African

exhibits would open to the public along with the brand new

MetroZoo monorail which gave visitors a new way to move

through the zoo and a safe way to preview future exhibits under

construction. By August 1990 the zoo had seen a growth to over

300 developed acres, they had opened the award winning 1.6

acre Wings of Asia aviary which contained nearly 300 birds of

over 50 species. The completion of the African exhibits and

Asian River life habitats attracted over 800,000 people per year

and plans continued on the proposed South American sections of

the park.

It was August 24, 1992 when the winds of

hurricane Andrew shattered the goals of the MetroZoo. The

category 5 storm ripped through the park, destroying over 5000

trees and completely collapsing the majestic aviary. By the time

the winds died down 20 large animals and over 100 rare birds

were dead and 200 were missing, workers quickly worked to

recover the surviving birds and amazingly were able to capture

all the birds and distribute the animals among other zoo’s.

Pg. 23

The destruction left a deep scar on the park, visitor numbers plummeted

to under 200,000 people per year and the recovery of the exhibits had

just begun. It took until 1995 with the arrival of the zoo’s Koala’s for

the zoo to recover its collection, by 1996 the Falcon Bachelor Komodo

Dragon Encounter was opened as an extension to the Asian River life

exhibits.

On May 3, 2003 over ten years after Andrew the new

American Bankers Family, Wings of Asia aviary re-opened to the public.

The new aviary is the largest aviary on the East coast and cost over 13.5

million dollars. This exhibit can hold between 150 and 300 birds within

its three zones, the Canopy, uplands and the wetlands. This aviary was

designed to be able to stand hurricane force winds, its coiled metal

screen canopy flexes in the wind over the entire 70 foot high structure.

The aviary introduced an exhibit which draws the evolutionary

relationship between birds and dinosaurs through immersions in the

aviary and interactive exhibits including a theatre, a fossil digging pit for

children and a series of bones which show the similarities between the

bones of these extinct reptiles and modern birds. The completion of the

aviary consisted of Phase 1 of the zoo’s total redesign, the second phase

is set to open in late 2008 and will consist of 27 new acres of the never

completed Tropical America lobe. Amazon and beyond will house

keystone species such as the Anaconda, Giant River Otters and Harpy

Eagles. Pg. 24 Miami MetroZoo, www.miamimetrozoo.com/history

Amazon and Beyond was designed by Seattle based Jones & Jones

Architects who set as a goal the creation of a fun and informative scientific experience

while motivating the public to act responsibly after leaving the zoo. Their design is set

to be one of the largest and among the first LEED accredited structures in South Florida

which includes many interior conditioned spaces. The overall master plan calls for a

geographically accurate transition from North America at the entry to the park and

moving further into the Caribbean, Central and South America.

The next phases to follow will reformat the existing Asian, Australian and

African lobes and will integrate the storyline begun by the Amazon and Beyond project

and wings of Asia aviary to eventually create a cohesive, educational and impactful

experience.

Miami MetroZoo, www.miamimetrozoo.com/future

Pg. 25

Fig. 2.10

The Miami Metro-Zoo is among the nations top five zoo’s, today it is a sprawling

park with a unique collection of animals all living free from bars under the warm

south Florida sun. However the zoo fails to create successful narratives of its

themes and biological concepts. Over the last 5 years the first three phases of the

21 phase redevelopment of the zoo have been completed. These new areas of the

zoo have introduced new ways of housing these animals and provide new and

exiting ways for visitors to experience these amazing creatures.

The purpose of this project is to evoke a sense of admiration for both the

achievements of man and the wonder of nature her creatures and systems. It is an

exploration of the interface that occurs between man and beast from wilderness to

city. The MetroZoo will play host to the conservation and preservation goals of

many existing institutions. Its design will draw from the needs of the Animals that

reside within its walls, the visitors that fill its walkways and the keepers that keep it

functioning. As generators of space these users will define program, circulation and

axiom.

Pg. 26

The projected outcome of the MetroZoo redevelopment will strive to lead the visitors

through a narrative of the existing condition of our natural world. The zoo will

expose issues surrounding extinctions and habitat loss through the use of

interactive immersion exhibits. Solutions to these issues will be presented by the

built environment and interactive sensory programming throughout the park. The

ever evolving experience will increase attendance as the natural surroundings

trigger natural behaviors in the animals.

The Miami MetroZoo is the only existing sub-tropical zoo in the nation, due to this

fact the site is a prime location for the re-creation of natural tropical environments.

The importance of these vulnerable natural environments for the biodiversity of the

planet are undeniable. The zoo is a total of 740 acres, of which only 300 have been

developed since its opening in 1981. This project will maintain a focus on the Asian

sections of the new master plan and set goals and aspirations for the remaining

sections of the park.

Pg. 27

The Miami MetroZoo is among the top five zoo’s, as judged by the American Zoo

Association. The AZA maintains a close relationship with all the zoo’s around the nation,

and they manage the collections at all accredited facilities. The AZA maintains a strict

set of guidelines for the design of all zoo exhibits, and master plans. Zoo’s go through

regular re-certification processes through the association and in return the AZA

maintains and oversees all breeding and reintroduction programs. City and State

restrictions also exist which restrict collections and exhibitions of wild or exotic animals.

The Miami MetroZoo is run and maintained by

the Parks and Recreations department of the

city of Miami. The park is a public entity under

the larger umbrella of the AZA, most funds are

provided by the city, however the zoo is

dependent on profits made by ticket sales,

food, fundraising, merchandise and donations

to cover daily operations and expansions.

Many private companies have come forward as

sponsors to the zoo and many of the existing

and planned exhibits have been funded by such

companies. Possibilities for increased funding

and profit opportunities should always be

explored.Pg. 28

The master plan calls for

eight distinct zoogeographical

regions from around the

world to be created

throughout the zoo. These

regions range from the

Florida everglades to the

shores of Patagonia, and

from the African savannah’s

to a saltwater swimming

lagoon on a tropical Asian

island. Each region is

unique, immersing visitors in

a special educational

experience. Within these

regions themed villages will

provide shelter, refreshment

and a variety of other

opportunities and

experiences.

By the Portico Group, property of Dade County

Parks and Recreation Dept. Pg. 29

Fig. 3.2

No Hierarchy

Incremental growth of

the park has created

an inefficient

circulation that can be

unpleasant and

disorienting. The

many circulation

options can cause

visitors to miss many

of the exhibits.

Central Axis.

Having a central

distribution path gives

visitors an efficient

circulation experience.

The elongated plan

gives more

opportunities for

maximized themed

exhibit opportunities.

Multiple Loop

Hierarchy.

When a single

circulation space is

used opportunities

arise for visitors to

explore at their own

speed. This visitor

friendly scheme also

allows for service to

occur on the periphery

thus minimizing visitor

contact.

Unique Loop

Hierarchy

When unique themes

are used throughout

the park the ability to

use a single main loop

is a good solution for

small zoo’s. However

in larger parks, this

layout creates exhibit

spaces which are

excessively long. Gustavo Sariego (2004)Pg. 30 Fig. 3.3-3.6

Pg. 31

Pg. 32

The Heart of Borneo

Asian River life

Majestic Nepal

Wings of Asia

Tiger Exhibit

The Mekong River System

Hanging Gardens of Asia

A common solution at many

zoo’s is to place themed

exhibits parallel to each other

along the circulation path.

This strategy destroys the

ability for themed immersions,

since the viewer will be

exposed to two, often

conflicting themes and/or

environments. Attempts at

interpretation of parallel

storylines are doomed to

failure.

Another solution allows

visitors to pass through one

theme on a unique loop, this

loop will then take them

through a second theme.

This presents the

unfavorable problem when

one returns to the original

distribution point, where it

will become necessary to

pass through the originating

theme.

The most successful solution is

to place one theme at the

beginning of the habitat

followed by a transition zone,

or ecotone. Then taking

visitors through a second zone

themed zone. This concept

can be repeated with as many

zones as is practical.

Gustavo Sariego (2004) Organización de Circulaciones

en Zoológicos.www.zoolex.org/research.html

Pg. 33

Fig. 3.7-3.9

Pg. 34

The design of the zoo is a

delicate balance between the

needs of the animals, visitors

and keepers. It is the interface

between these three users that

creates the excitement, conflict

and magic of the zoo. These

three user groups have unique

and particular needs, each

becoming critical

to the success

of the exhibits

and the

mission of

the zoo.

Pg. 35

The experience of walking through the zoo

grounds should fully immerse visitors within an

accurate depiction of the animals natural

habitat. Once immersed, audio and visual

resources will educate the public of the natural

behavior, social hierarchy and physiological facts

consistent with current updated information

regarding the species unique situation.

Contemporary Architecture will serve as a

contrast to the natural exhibits breaking the

relation between wild nature and constructed

nature and taking visitors through a journey

through the ecosystems of the world.

Visitors will be introduced to a constructed version of

nature built to house wild animals. There is no way of

fully recreating a natural ecosystem which could

replace the critical relationships and communities

found within a natural ecosystem. However all

opportunities for mixed species and exhibit rotation

should be used to maintain ecosystems and plant life. Pg. 36

Fig. 4.1-4.2

Pg. 37

Fig. 4.3-4.12

The existing mode of exhibition and

circulation at the zoo places visitors

at eye level with animals. Paths

across from habitats are paved and

usually have benches and some

shaded areas. Moats, depressions

and short fences separate the

visitors from the animals.

Husbandry and caretaking occurs

behind the scenes via private paths

and buildings.

Pg. 38

This mode of exhibition restricts the opportunities

for multiple viewpoints which are necessary for the

study and exploration of an ecosystem. The large

separation between the exhibits, its support

spaces and the public is a good option for safety

but can be functionally inefficient.

Pg. 39

Pg. 40

This diagram represents a collage

of functions that would have to

occur in an immersion exhibit with

hidden support spaces. The

diagram represents four potential

themes, aquatic, terrestrial, and

arboreal, each with the opportunity

for complementary species at either

side of the exhibit and changing

levels through the structure of the

forest.

Pg. 41

0123456789

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

Precipitation(in) 1971-2000

0102030405060708090

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

Miami AverageTemperatures

Statistics by National Climatic Data Center, NOAA http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov

Pg. 42

Pg. 43

To recreate the regional and geographical qualities

of specific locations of high diversity values through

the use of contemporary architecture. These built

natural habitats will simulate natural ecosystems in

a controlled manner to showcase co-dependent

species and show the natural hierarchy and

biological structure of the environment. The

relationship between predator and prey can be used

for enrichment if the design of the habitat allows for

controlled contact between the two species.

Although the recreated habitats may not have

functioning ecosystems, the illusion of an

ecosystem should be established for both the health

of the animals but also for the education of the

public. The design of the animal interface must

work in sequence and balance with the interface of

the visitors and keepers for both maximization of

views but also for the health and safety of all users.

Pg. 44

Fig. 5.1

Pg. 45

Fig. 5.2-5.10

The majesty of Nepal’s

geographic diversity creates environments

that are as diverse as the areas culture.

However Nepal’s forest is disappearing at an

alarming rate, ever since Malaria was

eradicated in the 1960’s and the lowlands

were opened up for agriculture Nepal has lost

over 2/3’s of its wildlife habitats. This

development has also caused the remaining

habitats to become fragmented throughout

the country. Wwf

The Tiger is the top predator of

most of South-eastern Asia and is one of the

first affected by habitat loss and external

predation of its prey, recent accounts place

the five tiger species at the top of the IUCN

red list Based on estimates of density and

geographic range (Nowell and Jackson 1996,

Seidensticker et al. 1999), the tiger’s total

effective population size is estimated at

below 2,500 mature breeding individuals.

Pg. 46Fig. 5.11

With a declining trend due to habitat and

prey base loss and persecution, and with no subpopulation

containing more than 250 mature breeding individuals it is

evident that the Tiger and its associated species are in

turmoil. (IUCN) The power and grace of this species is the

first to be encountered by the visitors of the park, though

their presence may not always be seen it is always felt.

Motion-activated cameras within the thick underbrush

preclude his emergence as visitors gain views directly into

his world as they watch from the safety of the path.

The thick vegetation of the Tigers habitat

obscures him from most of the visitors until this beautiful

animal begins to emerge from the darkness of his forest.

The presence of this majestic creature attracts not only

the attention of the public but also of creatures living

nearby. The Hanuman Langur’s spot the Tiger from the

trees opposite of the exhibit and begin to warn their

group. Their agitated calls reveal to the Spotted Deer (the

tigers main prey item) that their nemesis has emerged.

The natural cooperation and behavior of

these two species helps to protect both groups and is

important for avoiding capture and certain death.

However this is no longer the case, since Spotted Deer

have been hunted heavily by humans and has drastically

reduced the Tigers access to food in the wild, along with a

steep decline in suitable habitats the Tiger and all

associated species have seen a decline in population. Pg. 47

Fig. 5.12

Fig. 5.13

Pg. 48

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Jan Feb Mar Arp May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Avg Temp

Hours of Sun

Rainfall

Days of Rain

Nepal’s climate is as diverse as its animals, it ranges from dry and cold North of

the Himalayan mountains to hot and humid in the lowlands. The sheer change in

elevation of the land causes clouds condense and release moisture the higher the

elevation becomes. The result is a lush tropical green environment from India to

Thailand, and dry barren deserts beyond the mountain chain.Pg. 49

Fig. 5.14

Pg. 50

Snow pack melt from the Himalayas pours down

the steep and rocky slopes of the mountains,

coming together into fast moving streams of frigid

water. To the locals and wildlife this area is of

immeasurable importance since these streams

quickly grow into the massive river known as the

Mekong River. The Mekong River is the tenth

largest river in the world, its turbulent waters

originate high in the alps of the Tibetan Plateau

over 4900 meters above sea level. Torrential

rains fall along the eastern front of the Himalayas

turning its landscapes lush and green with each

drop joining the previous irrigating the lands and

flowing into the rivers. Streams and tributaries

flow through the dramatic gorges of China’s

Yunan Province before flowing into the “Golden

Triangle” between the borders of Burma, Laos

and Thailand. All countries along the path of

this river depend on the rivers water for its

resources, transportation and economic benefits.

Pg. 51Fig. 5.15

Mekong stingrays, Large tooth Sawfish and the giant

Carp have all been left defenseless against the ongoing

sprawl of humans and all look towards a very uncertain

future. The ongoing construction of hydroelectric

damns and the effects of overfishing and pollution are

quickly destroying this ecosystems ability to regenerate

and survive. Visitors will experience the Mekong River

from the perspective of these creatures as they

progress through a series of underground habitats

meant to bring humans right into their natural

environments. Interactive displays and exhibits will

educate the public of both the environmental and

sociological issues surrounding the Mekong river system

and how a sustainable future is the only way to

guarantee these ecosystems survival.

WWF. The Mekong River: An unknown and threatened kingdom.Story by Zeb Hogan, Produced by Save Cambodia's Wildlife

Pg. 53

Fig. 5.16-5.20

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Avg Temp

Hours of Sun

Rainfall

Days of Rain

The climate along the path of the Mekong river is quite stable once it enters

the flatlands of the “golden triangle” as it approaches the sea, the climate is

hot and humid with a wet season between May and November. Temperatures

remain above 70 degrees year-round with constant morning sun and

afternoon shower. Here we see the WWF’s main Mekong Catfish protection

area in an area where high levels of sediment provide good conditions for

aquatic vegetation to grow.

Pg. 54 Fig. 5.21

As the Mekong falls over Khone falls sediments in

the water turn the river deep shades of umber

before its fertile waters enter the delta of “Nine

tails of the Dragon” before its waters flow into the

South China Sea.

The diversity of life within this river is only second

to that of the Amazon River in South America, it is

thought to contain over 1300 species of fish and is

one of the most important and diverse fresh water

ecosystems in the world. The most impressive of

all freshwater fish call this river home; the

Mekong Giant Catfish is thought to be the largest

freshwater fish in the world. Growing to over 10

feet in length and weighing in at 650 pounds this

fish was once an important food resource for

people of the area, however in the last decade

stocks of this extreme fish have dropped by over

90%. The largest contributor to the decline of the

Mekong Catfish has been the uncontrollable

human expansion and spread that has occurred in

the area. This once migratory fish could be

spotted all along the length of the river until

twenty-five years ago when damning projects

began to block the rivers paths.

Pg. 52

Fig. 5.22

Fig. 5.23

Pg. 55

Borneo is the third largest island in the world, at

nearly 289,000 square miles it represents one of

the most important biodiversity centers of the

world. Of 200 world eco-regions Borneo contains 5

including the Lowland Dipterocarp forest which

consists of Oak’s, Chestnut, and Myrtle trees which

are over 200 ft tall and can support over 1000

species of Insects per tree. The Heart of Borneo

has been made famous by its ability to support

Elephants, Orangutans and Rhino’s in the same

environment (this is the last place on earth that this

occurs) Within Lambir Hills National Park in

Sarawak the highest concentration of tree species

were found, within a 52-hectare plot 1,175 species

of tree were documented, the highest such diversity

in the world. The interior of the island also

supports a population of about 4 million Dayak or

indigenous people who rely on the forest for most of

their resources.

Pg. 56

Fig. 5.24

Fig. 5.25

In 2006 scientists working in Borneo

discovered a total of 52 new species never

before seen which adds to the impressive

200 birds, 100 mammals, 150 reptiles &

amphibians endemic species already

identified on the island.

Despite the unique biodiversity of the

island, Borneo also holds the highest rates

of deforestation on earth. Between 1985

and 2005 an average of 850,000 hectares

of forests were cut down yearly.

The largest contributor to the

deforestation is the ongoing conversion of

the land to plantations for commercial

production of Palm Oil, Rubber and Pulp

production. Today there are nearly 1.6

million hectares which have been

converted to Palm Oil production alone.

Palm oil has now surpassed Soybean as

the most widely produced vegetable oil.

New uses including Bio-fuel production are

threatening to expand the operations to

un-sustainable levels effectively

destroying its ecosystems.

Pg. 57

Fig. 5.26

Fig. 5.27

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Jan Feb Mar Arp May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Avg Temp

Hours of Sun

Rainfall

Days of Rain

In the years of 1997 and 1998 severe forest

fires begun by people ripped through the

Kalimantan region of the island. The fire

destroyed over 6.5 million hectares of prime

Orangutan habitat and undeniably killed

hundreds of these creatures along with

thousands of others species. The fire

released considerable amounts of CO2 into

the atmosphere and resulted in Indonesia's

jump to third largest CO2 contributor in the

world for the year.

Constant hot and humid conditions keep

Borneo’s forest lush and green, average

rainfall on the island is over 12” per month

and rain occurs nearly every day.

Temperatures remain well over 75 degrees

year-round and have the ability to support

very complex ecosystems including Tropical

Rainforests, Mangrove Forests, Peat swamps

and freshwater swamps. The shrinking

rainforest still cover nearly 30% of the total

area of the island.

Pg. 58WWF. Forests of Borneo: Forest areas and Key facts.

Pg. 59

To create a sequence of spaces for the support

structure of the modern zoo where keepers can

have easy and efficient contact with both the

animals and the visitors. By consolidating of some

of the keepers roles through the habitat’s design,

we can minimize contact with the animals

environment and maximize time spent on animal

enrichment and visitor education.

AZA standards for curatorial responsibilities and

contact with animals must be adhered to, life

safety issues must also be supplemented beyond

those specified by the building code. However

physical resources such as graphics and

audio/visual exhibits can fill the educational

requirements in visitor areas where little keeper

impact occurs. Areas where high levels of

security must occur visitor contact will diminish.

Pg. 60

Fig. 5.29-5.32

Pg. 61

Fig. 5.33-5.39

Pg. 62

15 ft - 25 ft12 ft deep

215 sf + 50sf/ adult

Mixed Species161 sf/ + 50sf/ adult of Land

FishEndangeredGharial

10 ft 190 – 300 lb

8.5 ft deep

2150 sf/4 adults

Min 3 individual draining pools.

2150 sf/4 adults

FishVulnerableRiver Dolphin

1300 lb –2200 lb

-------Running WaterOn exhibit

8700 sf / pair + 550 sf / adult

HerbivoreVulnerable

Gaur/Water Buffalo.

4000 lb –6000 lb

-------Pool & Mudbath

550 sf/ Adult10800 sf / pair + 10%/ adult

HerbivoreEndangered

Indian Rhinoceros

9000 lb –11000 lb

-------Pool & Mudbath

550 sf/ Adult33,000sf / 3 adult females or

1 Male

HerbivoreEndangered

Asian Elephant

220 lb – 550 lb

16 ft w turn-back

Pool or Moat

160 sf/ Pair5400 sf/ PairCarnivore

EndangeredBengal Tiger

25 lb10 ftPool

On exhibit1000 sf / 5

adultsHerbivore

Least ConcernEndangered

Hanuman or Douc Langur

6.5 lb10 ftRunning Water

On exhibit215 sf/ PairOmnivore

Near Threatened

Indian Hornbill

13 lb – 15 lb16 ftMoat322 sf / Pair

optional on exhibit

860 sf / Pair + 10% / Adult

Herbivore

Critically Endangered

Gibbons & Siamangs

(White-Handed, Crested)

SizeExhibit Height

Water Access

Indoor/Den Space

Outdoor Space

DietStatusSpecies

Pg. 63

5ft - 10 ft6 ft deep215 sf + 50sf/

adult in water

Mixed Species161 sf/ + 50sf/ adult on Land

Carnivore

Critically Endangered

Siamese Crocodile

6lb - 14lb8.5 ft high walls

Running Water

Min 3 individual draining pools.

450 sf/pair + 20%/adult

Herbivore

EndangeredLesser/Red Panda

26 lb – 53 lb

17 ftRunning Water

322 sf / Pair on exhibit5300 sf/5

Adults

HerbivoreEndangered

Proboscis Monkey

330 lb –660 lb

-------PoolOn exhibit3300 sf/ Adult

Herbivore

Endangered SSP

Lowland Anoa

10 ft 550 – 650

lb

10 ft deep2150 sf/4 adults

saltwater

Min 3 individual draining pools. 2150 sf/4

adults

HerbivoreVulnerable

Dugong

140 lb –330 lb

16 ft w/ turn-back

Pool or Moat

On exhibit3250 sf/ Pair

Omnivore

VulnerableAsian Black Bear

145 lb-------PoolOn exhibit3250 sf / adult.

SolitaryCarniv

oreVulnerableSun Bear

66 lb –180 lb

14 ft w/ turn-back

Running Water

On exhibit5400 sf/ Pair + 550 sf/ Adult

Carnivore

Least Concern

Leopard

33 lb – 50 lb

13 ft net cover

Running Water

322 sf / Pair optional on

exhibit

2150 sf / Pair + 550 / Adult

Carnivore

VulnerableClouded Leopard

SizeExhibit Height

Water Access

Indoor/ Den Space

Outdoor Space

DietStatusSpecies

Pg. 64

15 ft - 25 ft12 ft deep

Running Water

In exhibit215 sf/ PairHerbivore

EndangeredPalm Cockatoo

10 ft 190 – 300 lb

8.5 ft deep

Running Water

In exhibit215 sf/ GroupNectarLeast Concern

Rainbow Lory

4.5 lb – 8 lb15 ftRunning

WaterIn exhibit850 sf / pair + 50 sf / adult

InsectivoreVulnerable

Owston’sCivet

4000 lb –6000 lb

-------Running Water

550 sf/ Adult10800 sf / pair + 10%/ adult

HerbivoreEndangered

Small clawed Otter

9000 lb –11000 lb

-------Pool & Mud bath

550 sf/ Adult33,000sf / 3 adult females

or 1 Male

HerbivoreEndangered

Malayan Tapir

220 lb – 550 lb

16 ft w turn-back

Pool or Moat

160 sf/ Pair5400 sf/ PairCarnivore

EndangeredShrews

25 lb10 ftRunning waterOn exhibit

1000 sf / 5 adults

HerbivoreEndangered

Flying Lemur

6.5 lb10 ftRunning Water

On exhibit215 sf/ PairOmnivore

Near Threatened

Greater Flamingo

13 lb – 15 lb16 ftMoat322 sf / Pair

optional on exhibit

860 sf / Pair + 10% / Adult

Herbivore

Critically Endangered

SaurusCrane

SizeExhibit

Height

Water Access

Indoor/Den Space

Outdoor Space

DietStatusSpecies

Program recommendations by The WAZA (World Association of Zoo’s and Aquariums.) Pg. 65

Photosynthesis and Plant TectonicsPlants make up the base of the worlds entire food chain

and a huge proportion of the worlds oxygen. Their ability

to convert the energy of the sun into food is unique to the

earth. By spreading and aiming their leaves into the rays

of the sun they collect light which stimulates Chlorophyll

and its absorption of Carbon Dioxide. Using water as a

transportation system the plant stores this energy and

releases Oxygen as a byproduct.

Passive CommunitiesCoral reef systems are made up of millions of individual

polyps, each of these polyps is dependent on the recycled

bones of its ancestors for a home. Though the polyps life

may be short, its body will become a part of this structure

and further the growth of new polyps. These coral

colonies live their life passively in the oceans, feeding from

tiny particles of organic matter in the currents. As time

passes and the colonies grow, more and more creatures

become dependent on these unique structures and they

effectively make up the base of all coral reef ecosystems.

Pg. 66

Active SenseThe Venus Flytrap is one of those plants that makes

us rethink all that we know of the passive nature of

plants. These amazing organisms have evolved

from their infertile environment and have developed

the ability to hunt prey. This diagram shows the

mechanics behind this adaptation, where a small

amount of liquid at the joint of the flower sits

dormant until a fly or other stimulus trips over one

of its sensitive fibers, once triggered the plant

instantly releases the liquid allowing the flower to

quickly close and effectively trap its prey. Slowly

the prey will die and release nutrients which the

plant can consume.

Annual GrowthOf all the plants on earth none are more known or

visible as the trees of the earth, these massive

organisms take decades to reach their mature size.

Every year a tree is alive it records facts about its

environment that year, effectively writing a climatic

journal of its life. Scientists use these rings to

gauge and study changes in the climate of each

individual specimen.

Pg. 67

Modular GrowthBy examining the growth patterns of certain cacti we can

isolate the growth of each individual segment that makes

up the surface of the plant. These segments originate at

the top of the plant, where the soft fresh tissues are

protected by the growth of the previous segment. As the

segments grow and new ones emerge they move

downward adding to the size of the plant and create a

reinforced system of modules which protect the water

within its frame.

Spiral GrowthThe geometry of the pinecone is made up by two inversed

spirals running from its base to its tip which distribute

scales along its entire surface. The seeds are mostly small

and winged for wind-dispersal, but other types are larger

and have only a vestigial wing, and are bird-dispersed. At

maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds, but

in others, the fire climax pines, the seeds are stored in

closed cones for many years until a forest fire kills the

parent tree. These stored seeds are then released in huge

numbers to re-populate the burnt ground. Pg. 68

Water and its TectonicsWater is the basic building block of all life on earth, it is

the prevalent cover of the earth and the primary

ingredient in our bodies. This diagram shows the most

basic of waters tectonics as rain. As a single drop of

water condenses high in the atmosphere and falls onto

the still surface of a lake, the reaction creates

concentric waves which radiate from its epicenter. This

diagram is meant to remind us of the importance and

uniqueness of our liquid planet.

Rhythmic PartnersAll beings on earth have developed some sort of a

circulatory system, here we see the basic rhythm held

between the heart and the lungs. It is the essential

piece which connects the being with the global system,

absorbing oxygen into the blood and releasing Carbon

Dioxide back into the system.

Pg. 69

Plate TectonicsOf all the systems of the planet the most impressive,

destructive and responsible for life and geographical

uniqueness of our planet are the actions of the ground

right below our feet. This study shows the effects of two

plates engaged in immeasurable forces. As the two pieces

come together each must give, one is forced into the

molten core of our planet the other is forced high into the

sky. The result of these forces create mountains, valleys

and expend massive amounts of energy in the form of

earthquakes.

Evolution, Genetics and the Environment.This diagram is a simple representation of a phylogenetic

tree which traces the lineage of every living being on

earth. The earth and environment supports the “tree”

whose length symbolizes time, its branches are made up

of an extensive system of species each evolving from the

previous. Each main branch makes up an ever expanding

family. Extinctions would abruptly end the process of

evolution or growth of the tree.

Pg. 70

Geographic Juxtaposition and Natural Systems

Symmetry

Balance

Harmony

Pg. 71

An overlay of the

zoogeographical regions

was placed over the

proposed masterplan for

the Metrozoo

redevelopment plan. In

this study we can examine

how different climatic

zones should be

interwoven into the

infrastructure of the park.

By creating differing zones

from the lush jungles of

the Amazon through the

arid regions of the Sahara

in a manner that reflects

the natural transitions

between these climatic

regions, both animals and

visitors can experience a

more realistic and

comprehensive experience.

Maserplan Overlay

Pg. 72

In a study performed by the American Zoo

Association entitled “Why zoo’s matter,”

visitors of zoo’s were divided into five

taxonomies which define the reasons why

so many people visit zoo’s today. These

definitions were used to create spaces that

would embrace each taxonomy.

“Explorers” are curiosity-driven and seek to learn more about whatever they might encounter at the institution.

“Facilitators” are focused primarily on enabling the experience and learning of others in their accompanying social group.

“Professional/Hobbyists” feel a close tie between the institution’s content and their professional or hobbyist passions.

“Experience Seekers” primarily derive satisfaction from the fact of visiting this important site.

“Spiritual Pilgrims” are primarily seeking a contemplative and/or restorative experiences.

The design of the masterplan takes into account the needs and desires of these five visitors taxonomies.

Within the three spaces of the Southeast Asian lobe, visitors will be given an opportunity to explore their own

individual goals for their visit of the zoo. In an effort to further enhance the visit the Village design and

programming will support the endeavors of the main exhibit spaces and freely adapt to changing exhibits and

missions of the zoo.

Pg. 73

Form and Thematic

Structure

To accurately represent the current

condition of Asian ecosystems the

design must take into account the

relationship between our urban cores

and their dependence on the natural

resources available from the forests. A

perceived and drastic sense of transition

between the village and the jungle

ecosystem will be useful to convey the

message of conservation and

stewardship. The enlightenment trail

will transport visitors and expose them

to both the issues facing man and

nature and will begin to outline the

reasons for these issues while outlining

sustainable solutions and giving them

the tools to become stewards of the

planet.

A series of studies were performed to

examine different modes of both animal and

human circulation through the aviary space.

This study uses parallel plains held together

by tensile cords, the circulation weaves

between wall panels as it takes visitors

through each individual animal module.

This scheme though effective in human

circulation and thematic transitioning failed

to allow smaller animals passage throughout

the length of the exhibits. Pg. 74

Preliminary Design studies.

In this study an examination of existing techniques in exhibit design were utilized to simulate a dually

thematic exhibit. In this scheme we find two separate circulation paths, one above the constructed

terrain in the form of a path and the second filling the space left by the constructed mound. Though

this scheme succeeds in its animal spaces, the human spaces may loose the quality of the thematic

portrayals within the spaces and experience a loss of connection with exterior zones. Pg. 75

A final study examined the axis of the river and canopy themes with the village and theatre.

This scheme used the theatre as the main tensile anchor of the structure and effectively divided

the aviary into two portions. This scheme drove the theatre to detach from the structure and

evolve into a freestanding gem within the aviary structure.

Pg. 76

Conceptual Design Synthesis and Programming

Pg. 77

This figure shows the quantification and juxtaposition of the zones and functions critical to the

design. The enlightenment path passes through the village and under the monorail station before it

divides evenly between the sub zones in figure eight form. The theatre becomes the central

organizing feature between the two zones, it represents the assault that nature endures at the hand

of man but stands in reverence and balance with the exhibit and content.

Integrated within the programming of the village will be an artisan shop that will sell a variety of fair trade

gifts and souvenirs from the region. A themed café will allow visitors to sit and enjoy a healthy meal

composed of organic ingredients grown locally or onsite and cooked with traditional southeastern Asian

recipes. “ZooHotel” rooms would provide an accurate architectural expression of accommodations from the

region, these rooms may range from double occupancy up to 4 person bunk rooms. Classroom spaces will

allow for both educational, exhibit or rental spaces, while utilizing biological concepts and subjects based to

the current theme to further encourage overnight stays and camps at the zoo.

Facilities management spaces will contain control and surveillance equipment alongside, Restrooms and

mechanical/storage spaces. Standing between the rock garden and the mekong station will be Dr. Wilde’s

Asian cultural center which will contains a concise collection of Asian artifacts and cultural exhibits which tie

the resource demands of the people to the natural areas of the world while presenting alternatives that

better preserve resources and protect wildlife. Opposite of the Cultural center is the biology center, in this

space visitors will be shown some examples of conservation projects which the zoo has embarked on and will

give visitors the opportunity to join in the zoo’s projects.

Exhibit and performance

Space

Public3000sf1

Dr. Wilde’s Asian cultural

center

Transportation and storage

Public1000sf1

Mekong Station

Eco-lodge Support

Public1200sf1

Café

Overnight Visitor roomsPrivate

300sf6

Eco-lodge rooming house

Security and First Aid

Private/ Restricted

500sf1

Facilities Management

SalesPublic1200sf1

Gift Shop

Storm shelterPublic500sf2

Restrooms

MultiSemi-private500sf3

Classrooms

PurposeClassificationSize & Number

Village Program

Pg. 78

Viewing GalleryPublic4000sf1

River Gallery

Viewing GalleryPublic4000sf1

Leopard Gallery

Viewing Gallery Public3000sf1

Mekong Gallery

Ticket sales and storage

Public1000sf1

Visitor Service

Visitor Interface and Animal husbandry

Restricted500sf4

Keeper Space

Southeast Asia rainforest fauna

Private20000sf1

Hanging Gardens of Asian tour

TheatrePublic1000sf1

Biodiversity Theatre

Mekong river faunaSemi-private10000sf1

Mekong River Tour

PurposeClassificationSize & Number

Building Program

Pg. 79

The design of the Aviary structure

moved past the original iteration of

balance between the arch and the

post and lintel form into a more

fitting and engaging representation

of the emergent trees of the

rainforest. The circulation and path

through the Mekong river and

hanging gardens remained in the

same path originally iterated in the

conceptual studies and schematic

design.

N.A3 HoursStructure

N.A2 HoursPartitions

N.A1.5 HoursRoof

N.A2 HoursFloor

N.A.3 HoursWall

I.B.C Occupancy exception 411.1

Fire Resistance

UnlimitedUnlimitedHeight & Area

restrictions

IAIAConstruction Assembly

A5A1Occupancy

Aviary Structure

Ecology TheatreCode

Analysis

Pg. 80

HT

1 Hour

HT

HT

HT or 2 Hours

32 ft, 3 stories, 15,000 sf

IV Heavy Timber

A2

Enlightenment Village

The new aviary structure worked

towards the goal of contrasting

between itself and the natural

elements around it. The result

was the design of the emergent

structural system which supports

the aviary netting. The steel tube

frames winds together the main

support branches and also allows

for the growth of climbing vines,

epiphytes and other plants. The

Emergent’s would eventually

become encrusted in vegetation

and disappear into the landscape

while creating the high canopy of

these important and vanishing

rainforest icons.

Pg. 81

Where the path and the Emergents meet, the keeper and visitor interface points occur. These points will

reinforce topics presented to the visitors by the keepers and support lessons on each of the important levels

of life in the region. The aviary is meant to be as unobtrusive and open as possible to the movement of

animals within the space, due to this the paths signage will adapt to the animals movements. The path is

completely accessible in both directions along its entire length but its relationship with the ground is

independent of the land following a set slope as it sinks into water, out of soil and becomes elevated in the

air.

Final Design and Documentation

First Level

Pg. 82

Second Level

The village is designed to allow for

exploration and choice of circulation,

multiple small buildings will house

programming critical to both daily

function and achievement of the goals

important to the zone. The

immersion of visitors in this urban

space is critical for the absorption and

transition into the coming natural

themes.

Pg. 83

Pg. 84

Passing below the station visitors will

enter a heavily planted path along the

back of the village, the 185 foot path

will take visitors deep into the forests of

southeast Asia as they enter into the

aviary structure. The path cuts deeply

into the soil as the terrain rises along

the path of the visitors, exposing them

to the conditions below the level of their

eyes. The terrain and vegetation

envelops them completely before they

enter into the Mekong Gallery at the

first level of the exhibit. The mounds

will enclose support spaces housing

filtration and life support systems for

the aquatic exhibits.

Pg. 85

Observation decks on the interior and exterior spaces will allow visitors on the first and third levels to

further delve into the world of fragmented habitats, the connecting paths elongate the perspectives and

aid in the structural analysis of the rainforest ecosystem. These decks will also create the transition

between the two biomes within the structure, the Asian Trail and the Underwater river experience. These

parallel themes within the aviary structure will remain linear in nature for the human interface

space but open to the keeper and animal spaces.

The organization of the path reintroduces a controlled

porous nature which will allow for varied circulation

within the spaces whenever possible, by

maximizing visitor experience and maintain

range of natural observation opportunities

for humans and animals within

the structure.

Arch

itectural S

ynth

esis

The Biodiversity theatre is located halfway

up the ramp and is designed to hold 91

guest. The theatre could take on multiple

functions at once that of media theatre

with projection abilities and the could hold

small live functions. Films would portray

the animal world while utilizing

documentary cinematography customized

to the themes or of contrasting thematic

subjects that relate to the overall global

condition. The ability of the theatre to

impact the visitors can be further

accentuated by the material chosen and

the delivery methods used. For example a

charismatic narrator or guide known within

mainstream media such as the Geico

gecko could be used to take visitors

through a gecko’s perspective of the

natural world. These films may explain

natural behaviors that visitors may

encounter, feeding, hunting, rearing,

mating and further delve into the

existential similarities between the

human and animal worlds.

Pg. 86

Pg. 87

Pg. 88

The concepts of balance, harmony and

symmetry of which the buildings and site are

based are deeply rooted in the physical

manifestation of life on earth and are used to

form the spatial organization, massing and

systems of the building and site. The aviary

will require a series complex life support

systems including water filtration, cooling

heating and irrigation. The closed loop system

will be able to collect rainwater and used

water from irrigation systems, then filter it

and reuse it throughout the exhibit.

Ground source heat pumps will be used as

cooling systems within the theatre and village

structures and will serve to maintain proper

water temperatures in the exhibits. Irrigation

will occur from the branches of the Emergents

in an effort to further enhance the experience

of the space and to maintain the health of the

vegetation in the space.

Arc

hitec

tura

l Syn

thes

is

Pg. 89

Flanking both sides of the aviary

are the Giant Catfish Gallery and

the Leopard Gallery, these spaces

will give visitors a place of rest

and will serve as the transition

point between the terrestrial and

arboreal themes. These spaces

will also use the geothermal

systems to cool the indoor spaces

and use radiant floor heating in

the winter. The theatre will cooled

by the same system, the ductwork

will be hidden within the elevator

shaft and it will receive direct

conditioning which will then

exhaust into the main space. 1'

5' 10' 20'

Spider Glazing Connection at Wall

Floor and Wall Connection

Spider Glazing Joint

Roof Glazing Section

Roof Glazing and Wall Connection

Roof Opening

Roof and Wall Connection

Wall Opening with Netting

Wall Connection with Floor and Path

Path Structure

Wall Connection at Foundation

Underwater Pathway

The fenestration and structure of the theatre building was defined by the layers and structure of the

rainforest infrastructure. In this section we can examine the relationship between the built spaces and the

spaces that are to remain “natural.” The structure strives to blend into the landscape at the same time that

it contrasts it. The layered effect between the structure, the interior wall and roof and exterior walls and

roof create a layered iteration of the forest layers and structure. The main unifying feature between the

built and un-built spaces are the lighting effects caused by the fenestration. Like a true rainforest the

Mekong level will see a minimal amount of natural light while the Hanging gallery will be flooded in the

speckled light created by the natural cover of the Emergents and the manmade fenestration of the roof and

walls. The theatre uses the lines formed by the trees to suspend itself within the branches, much like a

birds nest or epiphyte suspended from a branch it is hanging from the support structure of the forest.

Pg. 90 Theatre Section

Pg. 91

The enlightenment path will take on special significance

as it winds through the canopy of the aviary. Visitors will

engage with keepers and be included in feeding and

husbandry work as they learn about the plight of these

amazing creatures. By creating spaces where keepers

can share their personal experiences with the lives of the

animals, people, especially the young will be motivated to

act in favor of conservation at all levels.

The Emergent’s of the Forest support the

mesh canopy, the steel tube frame supports life

much in the same way that their natural cousins

would. The seven trees will serve many purposes

but will mainly serve to create a green canopy

high in the structure. The branches are designed

to sway with the wind to create a dynamic in the

canopy thus further aiding in its visual impact.

In case of Emergency the emergents will serve as a quick and

efficient way to quickly evacuate the aviary while preventing the

escape of any of the animals within the exhibit. These paths will also

serve as maintenance access points at the top of the structure.

Geologic and historic portrayals of extinct animals are hidden within the greenery and are presented to

interested occupants. Ice age animals such as mammoths can be included to show the evolution

between ancient and modern animals, just in time to introduce the majestic Elephants and Rhinoceros

of southern Asia. Pg. 92

Visitors will pass through

the dragon gate, at the

mouth of the dinosaur

discovery complex in

front of the wings of Asia

aviary. They begin their

journey down the banks

of the Mekong as it

originates high in the hills

of the Tibetan Plateau.

The evolutionary link

between birds and

dinosaurs is concluded

and the introduction to

the impact of mass

extinctions on the planet

is introduced.

Visitor ExperienceVisitor Experience

Pg. 93

Villag

e Vern

acular S

tyle and stru

cture

Directly across from the elephant viewing court is the entrance the enlightenment

trail, the gate is reminiscent of Asian tradition and craft, it is the threshold between the main path

and the enlightenment path (sub-zone). The layout of the village is organized in the tradition of

villages, large homes and Buddhist temples of mainland Asia and its surrounding regions. The

structure of the buildings should be reminiscent of the traditional post and lintel heavy timber

frames traditionally used, however the buildings will vary in construction type according to their

function and proximity to visitor spaces.

The Mekong station wills serve as a threshold and create the transition between the world of man and the

wilderness along with the access point from the monorail system. The rolling mounds will give visitors a

ground level perspective of the forest floor and as visitors move forward into the sounds, smells and sights

of this amazing wilderness.

Pg. 94

As visitors travel down the 185 foot

long path the levels of light and

dampness in the air will increase. As

they reach the main entry the sound of

running water is ever-present in the

space, the force of the river is

constantly audible. Floating above the

heads of the visitors is the theatre,

seemingly floating within the human

greenhouse. Reflective and fragile it is

balanced lightly on the structural

members of the building. Visitors will be

encouraged to travel to the top of the

cube to begin their journey through the

exhibits. A set of escalators on either

side of the theatre and an elevator will

transport visitors to the hanging gallery

to begin their journey.

As the path progresses forward, the food chain

structure of the ecosystems are explained and the

cycle evolves to the larger predators of the zones. On

the path, visitors will get a birds eye perspective of

the Leopards of Asia, and their prey while visitors are

maintained at a safe height. Hidden moats, fencing

and retaining walls will keep the cats separate from

the other animals. The path will then take visitors

into the leopard viewing gallery where visitors will be

able to get nose to nose with these powerful animals.

The gallery will observe both interior and exterior

exhibits. The exhibits are meant to be rotated to allow

the animals and the exhibit to evolve its programming

and thematic roles.

At the top of the ramp and the top of the cube is the hanging

gallery, this space is enveloped in natural light, playful shadows

from the leaves of the trees dance over the floor of the space.

From here visitors can venture to either theme. If they follow

the hanging Asian garden trail they will be able to observe the

natural behaviors of gibbons as they swing from branch to

branch or sit mockingly on the opposite side of the observation

space. The ramps are punctuated by the education nodes

formed by the Emergents, these spaces will be managed by the

keepers of the animals. Each node will have a unique issue

which it explores from the amphibian crisis to bush meat trade.

Pg. 95

The path continues past the Leopard viewing gallery and returns the visitors to the Mekong level of the

building. The Mekong level will transport visitors into the world of some of the worlds most fascinating and

charismatic of the worlds freshwater creatures. At the entry to the path visitors will find themselves passing

below the surface of the water, encapsulated within the path they will gain a fish’s perspective of the turbulent

waters of the Mekong river. As visitors continue they are met with choices in their path which will take them

to different biological zones of the forest, from the underwater adventure, to the monsoon forest, to the under

story and the Asian flooded forests. These zones will show the geographic diversity of the areas and will be

treated uniquely to accentuate the biological features of each zone. The Mekong path terminates at the

underwater viewing gallery, here visitors will come face to face with the worlds largest freshwater fish the

Mekong Giant Catfish and they will learn of its struggles as it relates to river damning projects.Pg. 96

East Elevation

Pg. 97

The path winds back towards the central circulation space where visitors may continue to explore the

exhibits and exterior viewing decks or sit and enjoy a short documentary in the Biodiversity Theatre.

Outdoor paths that will take visitors through the exterior exhibits and back into the village where they

may rejoin the main path and continue towards either the Nepal or Borneo zooregions.

West Elevation

East Elevation

Pg. 98

The design presented in this document can only scratch at the surface of the intricate balancing act that

occurs at the modern zoo. However it presents a feasible new iteration of what a zoo should be in this

new century.

The problems facing our natural world cannot be solved by one exhibit at one zoo, nor can this one

exhibit affect the way in which all people think of the wild. It has been the intention of this designer to

create a building design that simply reflects the relationship between man’s modern achievements and

the timeless presence of nature. With the inspiration of natural systems and structures as its foundation

and with the use of tectonic tools of dramatic, surreal and at times sublime architecture the design

entices the visitor to become engaged and join in the battle to save what little nature we have left.

The true motivation behind this project was not the creation of a beautiful or functional building, but

instead concentrated its efforts on the impact that architecture can have on its occupants. It is the role

of the Architect to produce efficient, beautiful, and functional designs, but it is also his responsibility to

ensure that the guiding principles with which he designs do not interfere with the natural systems in its

context.

The world of Architecture is quickly changing, electronic tools are making the depth of an architects

imagination and product more efficient, functional and cheaper. But we must also realize that the world

as we know it is changing at a faster rate than humans ever imagined. It will take force and will to

change the way in which we tread on this planet, consume its resources and appreciate its life. It will

take visionaries and leaders to lead the way to a sustainable planet and the Zoological park is just one

of the many venues where change must begin. Finally we live in a time where the necessary tools are

available and the imagination and need for change exists, but only strong, swift action and change can

prevent the total collapse of our natural world in our lifetime.

Proje

ct C

oncl

usi

on

BibliographyAnimal: The Definitive Guide to the Worlds Wildlife, Smithsonian Institution 2005.

Planet Earth: as you’ve never seen it before, Alastair Fothergill 2006.

World Wildlife Fund Annual Report 2006, WWF International, 2006.

Zoo: A history of Zoological Gardens in the West, Eric Baratay & Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier, 2002

Life at the Zoo: Behind the Scenes with the Animal Doctors, Phillip T. Robinson, 2004

The Architecture of the Quadrangle in Beijing, Ma Bingjian, 1999

A Different Nature: The Paradoxical World of Zoos and their uncertain future, David Hancocks, 2001

Animal Attractions: Nature on Display at American Zoos, Elisabeth Hanson, 2004

Savages and Beasts: The Birth of the Modern Zoo, Nigel Rothfels, 2002

Online Sources

Zoolex, www.zoolex.org

WAZA (World Association of Zoo’s and Aquariums.) www.waza.org Accessed 02/27/08

Miami Metrozoo, www.miamimetrozoo.com Accessed 02/30/08

UCN Red List, http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlist_archive/redlist2000/news.html Accessed 11/03/07

Rainforest Facts www.rain-tree.com/facts.htm accessed 10/21/07.

World Wildlife Fund, www.panda.org accessed 11/03/07

Climatic Statistics by National Climatic Data Center, NOAA http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov Accessed 02/28/08

Image Sources

World Wildlife Fund, www.panda.org accessed 11/12/07 Figures 1.1 – 1.9, 2.3-2.6WAZA, www.waza.org Ron Magill, Miami MetroZoo Fig. 2.7-2.9, 5.2-5.10, 5.29-5.39WWF. The Mekong River: An unknown and threatened kingdom. Story by Zeb Hogan, Produced by Save Cambodia's Wildlife Fig. 5.16-5.20Jones and Jones Architects Fig. 5.1The Portico Group, Fig 3.2

Fig. 5.22-.27

Fig.

Mario Pozzo

000 737767