Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb,...
Transcript of Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb,...
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Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements
Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel,
Morteza Khatibmasjedi, Jake LeFlore, Bret Robertson, Dan Cook, Ph.D.
Tyler Ley, P.E., Ph.D.
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Acknowledgements
• Oklahoma DOT
• FHWA
• Kansas DOT
• Nebraska DOT
• Iowa DOT
• Minnesota DOT
• Idaho DOT
• North Dakota DOT
• Pennsylvania
DOT
• Connecticut DOT
• Illinois DOT
• Indiana DOT
• Michigan DOT
• Wisconsin DOT
• New Jersey DOT
• RMC Foundation
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Outline
• Introduction
• Box Test
• Super Air Meter
• The Phoenix!
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The Big Picture
• We need our materials to last as long as possible with little to no maintenance
• We need tools to help us achieve this economically and without impacting our productivity
• We need to take action!
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What do we need from our concrete?
• Workable
• Durable
• Economical
• Strength
• Every project has a different set of requirements!!!
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What do we need from our concrete?
• Workable
• Durable
• Economical
• Strength
• Every project has a different set of requirements!!!
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How do we determine if a concrete mixture has the right workability for a
concrete pavement?
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What part of a paver is the most critical for concrete consolidation?
Slip Formed Paver
Strike offAuger Vibrator
Tamper Profile Pan
Side Form
Paving Direction
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We want a test that is simple and can examine:
– Response to vibration
– Filling ability of the grout (avoid internal voids)
– Ability of the slip formed concrete to hold a sharp edge (cohesiveness)
The slump test can not tell us this!
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12”
12”
12”
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Box Test
Add 9.5” of unconsolidated concrete to the box
A 1” diameter stinger vibrator is inserted into the center of the box over a three count and then removed over a three count
The edges of the box are then removed and inspected for honey combing or edge slumping
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Box Test Ranking Scale
4 3
Over 50% overall surface voids. 30-50% overall surface voids.
2 1
10-30% overall surface voids. Less than 10% overall surface
voids.
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Box Test Ranking Scale
4 3
Over 50% overall surface voids. 30-50% overall surface voids.
2 1
10-30% overall surface voids. Less than 10% overall surface
voids.
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Edge Slumping
Bottom Edge Slumping Top Edge Slumping
< ¼” < ¼”
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Edge SlumpNo Edge Slump
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Summary
The Box Test examines the window of workability for concrete pavement mixtures
This is helpful when:
– mixtures are designed in the lab
– trial batching in the field
– troubleshooting field problems
– measuring variation in production
It is like having a miniature paver!!!
21
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The TARANTULA curve!
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#200 #100 #50 #30 #16 #8 #4 3/8" 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1.5"
Perc
ent
Ret
ain
ed (
%)
Sieve Number
Minnesota
1996-1998
Data from Maria Masten
Use in the field
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#200 #100 #50 #30 #16 #8 #4 3/8" 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1.5"
Perc
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%)
Sieve Number
Minnesota
2009
87% of mixtures met
the sand criteria
Data from Maria Masten
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Data from Maria Masten
Minnesota
2010
98% of mixtures met
the sand criteria
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IRI
% w
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in t
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Tara
ntu
la li
mit
s
aggregate gradations IRI
20 point
change
Minnesota Pavement Mixtures from 1996 - 2011
Alturki and Ley 2017
Smoothness
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Field Concrete
• The Minnesota contractors are producing gradations that fit within the Tarantula and having good success with them
• They are doing this with trial and error and no knowledge of the Tarantula Curve
• Similar data is available for Iowa and Michigan.
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Box Test
AASHTO TP ??
www.tarantulacurve.com
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What do we need from our concrete?
• Workable
• Durable
• Economical
• Strength
• Every project has a different set of requirements!!!
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Today’s topics!
air
water to cement ratio
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Why Do We Add Air to Concrete?
• Air-entrained bubbles are a key to the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete
Air volume = freeze-thaw performance
• Smaller bubbles are more effective in providing freeze-thaw resistance and have less of an impact on our concrete than larger bubbles
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If f’c > 5,000 psi then these recommendations can be reduced by 1%
ACI 318
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Do you know where this is from?
If f’c > 5,000 psi then these recommendations can be reduced by 1%
ACI 318
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• Volume of air provided is the same for both.
• Case B has a better air void distribution.
A B
What Do You Want in an Air-Void System?
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A B
• Volume of air provided is the same for both.
• Case B has a better air void distribution.
What Do You Want in an Air-Void System?
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What causes large bubbles?
• Admixture incompatibility
• Admixture/cement incompatibility
• Sand gradation
• Inadequate mixing
• Alkali content of binder
• Cement grinding aids
• Changes in temperature
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How do you measure this?
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Hardened Air Void Analysis
From Hover
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Hardened Air Void Analysis
From Hover
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Freeman et al., 2012
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small bubbles
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large bubbles
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2L
• Spacing Factor – ½ of the average distance of an average sized void uniformly distributed in the paste
• Desired Value < 0.008 in (ACI 201)real concrete idealized concrete
Spacing factorfrom Hover
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60
- 1
70
17
0 -
18
01
80
- 1
90
19
0 -
20
02
00
- 2
10
21
0 -
22
02
20
- 2
30
23
0 -
24
02
40
- 2
50
25
0 -
26
02
60
- 2
70
27
0 -
28
02
80
- 2
90
29
0 -
30
03
00
- 3
10
31
0 -
32
03
20
- 3
30
33
0 -
34
03
40
- 3
50
35
0 -
36
03
60
- 3
70
37
0 -
38
03
80
- 3
90
39
0 -
40
04
00
- 4
10
41
0 -
42
04
20
- 4
30
43
0 -
44
04
40
- 4
50
45
0 -
46
04
60
- 4
70
47
0 -
48
04
80
- 4
90
49
0 -
50
05
00
- 5
50
55
0 -
60
06
00
- 6
50
65
0 -
70
07
00
- 7
50
75
0 -
80
08
00
- 8
50
85
0 -
90
09
00
- 9
50
95
0 -
10
00
10
00
- 1
20
01
20
0 -
14
00
14
00
- 1
60
01
60
0 -
18
00
18
00
- 2
00
02
00
0 +
no
rmal
ized
Air
Co
nte
nt
Frac
tio
n
Chord Size, microns
WROS Only
PC1 + WROS
Freeman et al., 2012
small voids large voids
Low spacing
factor
High spacing
factor
![Page 44: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
AST
M C
45
7 S
pac
ing
Fact
or,
in
Air %
WROS .45
ACI 201.2R
Small
bubblesYes!
No!
![Page 45: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
AST
M C
45
7 S
pac
ing
Fact
or,
in
Air %
WROS .45
WROS .45 + PC1
ACI 201.2R
Small
bubbles
Large
bubbles
Yes!
No!
![Page 46: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
AST
M C
45
7 S
pac
ing
Fact
or,
in
Air %
WROS .45
WROS .45 + PC1
ACI 201.2R
You can’t tell the size of the
bubbles by looking at the volume!!!
Small
bubbles
Large
bubbles
Yes!
No!
![Page 47: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Du
rab
ility
Fac
tor
Fresh Air %
WROS .40 WROS + PC1 .40
Recommended
Not Recommended
Ley et al., 2017
Small
bubbles
Large
bubbles
![Page 48: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Open symbols
failed ASTM
C666
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.020
0.022
0.024
2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0% 8.0% 9.0%
Sp
acin
g F
acto
r (
in)
Air Content of Concrete (Pressure)
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.020
0.022
0.024
2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0% 8.0% 9.0%
Sp
acin
g F
acto
r (
in)
Air Content of Concrete (Pressure)
No Polycarboxylate
Polycarboxylate
Open symbols
failed ASTM
C666
Freeman et al., 2012
Mixtures
with small
bubbles
Yes!
No!
![Page 49: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.020
0.022
0.024
2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0% 8.0% 9.0%
Sp
acin
g F
acto
r (
in)
Air Content of Concrete (Pressure)
No Polycarboxylate
Polycarboxylate
Open symbols
failed ASTM
C666
Freeman et al., 2012
Mixtures with
large bubbles
Yes!
No!
![Page 50: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.020
0.022
0.024
2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0% 8.0% 9.0%
Sp
acin
g F
acto
r (
in)
Air Content of Concrete (Pressure)
No Polycarboxylate
Polycarboxylate
Open symbols
failed ASTM
C666
Freeman et al., 2012
Mixtures with
large bubbles
Yes!
No!
![Page 51: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Summary
• We need to know the size of bubbles within the concrete
• The volume of air does not tell you anything about bubble size
• Although a hardened air void analysis can measure this, it is not practical to run regularly
![Page 52: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Super Air Meter (SAM)
• We have modified a typical ASTM C 231 pressure meter so that it can hold larger pressures
• We have replaced the dial gage with a digital one
![Page 53: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
digital
gauge
six
clamps!
![Page 54: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
AASHTO TP 118
www.superairmeter.com
![Page 55: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
top
chamber
bottom
chamber
![Page 56: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Pre
ssu
re (
psi)
Time
Top Chamber, Pc
Bottom Chamber, Pa
Equilibrium Pressure
Top Chamber
Bottom Chamber
![Page 57: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Pre
ssu
re (
psi)
Time
Top Chamber, Pc
Bottom Chamber, Pa
Equilibrium Pressure
Air content
given here
![Page 58: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Pre
ssu
re (
psi)
Time
Top Chamber, Pc
Bottom Chamber, Pa
Equilibrium Pressure
![Page 59: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Pre
ssu
re (
psi)
Time
Top Chamber, Pc
Bottom Chamber, Pa
Equilibrium Pressure
![Page 60: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Pre
ssu
re (
psi)
Time
Top Chamber, Pc
Bottom Chamber, Pa
Equilibrium Pressure
release
pressure in both
chambers
![Page 61: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Pre
ssu
re (
psi)
Time
Top Chamber, Pc
Bottom Chamber, Pa
Equilibrium Pressure
![Page 62: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Pre
ssu
re (
psi)
Time
Top Chamber, Pc
Bottom Chamber, Pa
Equilibrium Pressure
SAM
number
Air content
and SAM
number
given here
![Page 63: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Why is the SAM number useful?
digital
gauge
six
clamps!
![Page 64: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Spac
ing
Fact
or
(in
che
s)
Fresh Air %
WROS .40WROS + PC1 .40
ACI 201.2R
Recommended
Not Recommended
Ley et al., 2017
Small
bubbles
Large
bubbles
![Page 65: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Ley et al., 2017
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60
Spac
ing
Fact
or
(in
che
s)
SAM Number
WROS .40WROS + PC1 .40
ACI 201.2R
Recommended
Not Recommended Small
bubbles
Large bubbles
![Page 66: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Du
rab
ility
Fac
tor
Fresh Air %
WROS .40 WROS + PC1 .40
Recommended
Not Recommended
Ley et al., 2017
Small
bubbles Large
bubbles
![Page 67: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60
Du
rab
ility
Fac
tor
SAM Number
WROS .40WROS + PC1 .40
Recommended
Not Recommended
Ley et al., 2017
Large bubbles
Small bubbles
![Page 68: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Over 227 lab mixtures from two different
research groups
88% agreement
68
Ley et al., 2017
0.008”
spacing
factor
![Page 69: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80
Du
rab
ilit
y F
act
or
%
SAM Number
0.40 WROS 20%FA
0.45 WROS 20%FA
0.35 WROS+PC1
0.40 WROS+PC1
0.40 WROS+PC2
0.40 WROS+PC3
0.40 WROS+PC4
0.40 WROS+PC5
0.40 WROS+WR
0.40 WROS
0.40 WROS+PC1
0.45 WROS
0.45 WROS+PC1
0.50 WROS
0.50 WROS+PC1
Cliff of
Doom
98 mixtures
91% agreement
Recommended
Not
Recommended
![Page 70: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Discussion
The SAM Number does a better job correlating with spacing factor and freeze thaw performance than total air volume.
The test can be completed in fresh concrete!!!
![Page 71: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Sam Field Study
21 State DOTs + 1 Canadian Province helped analyze 231 concrete mixtures from 110 different projects
More than: 15 different SAMs and operators, 62 different aggregates, 19 cement sources, 20 different fly ashes , 39 different admixtures
60% pavements, 20% bridge decks, and 20% other
self-consolidating, precast, ready mix, and central mix concrete
Thank you to all that helped!
![Page 72: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Low quality
air void system
High quality
air void system
70% agreement
231 field mixes
![Page 73: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Low quality
air void system
High quality
air void system
70% agreement
25% in the low
quality
quadrant!!!
231 field mixes
![Page 74: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Discussion
The SAM Number correlates to performance in rapid freeze thaw testing.
A SAM Number of 0.20 correlates to a spacing factor of 0.008” for 458 concrete mixtures completed by 22 different DOTs and two research groups.
88% agreement in lab
70% agreement in the field
![Page 75: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Why is this useful?
• The SAM can tell us about the quality (size and spacing) of our air void system before the concrete sets
• It can help us design concrete mixtures that have more reliable and stable air void systems.
• It can better ensure freeze thaw durability.
![Page 76: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Challenges with the SAM
• The SAM looks like a normal air meter but it is more complicated.
• You must ensure the concrete is properly consolidated and the meter does not leak!
• Some users require specialized training.
![Page 77: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Why is the w/cm important?
• This lowers your strength and increases your permeability.
• We need a reliable field test to measure this.
![Page 78: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
We call this test “The Phoenix”!!!
![Page 79: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Steps
• Record batch ticket and aggregate properties
• Make and weigh 4x8 cylinder
• Dump cylinder into pan and weigh
• Start test
• Come back when finished
• Weigh pan
![Page 80: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
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Heating
element
Cooktop30 min test
![Page 82: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Dry concrete
![Page 83: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Change in mass over time
Fresh concrete
is added here
ALL Water is gone!
![Page 84: Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements...Rethinking Testing for Concrete Pavements Braden Tabb, Robert Felice, John Michael Freeman, Robert Frazier, David Welchel, Morteza Khatibmasjedi,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f44e1416251942dbe3bc228/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Change in mass over time
Fresh concrete
is added here
The test removes
the water from the
paste and
aggregate!!!!
ALL Water is gone!
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The Phoenix removes all the water!!!
• If we know the absorption capacity of the aggregate then we can remove this from the total water content and get the w/cm
• During mixing the moisture content of the aggregate will become SSD
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How do you get w/cm?
• The change in mass before and after cooking = amount of water in the cylinder
• Use the batch ticket information to find the amount of binder within the cylinder
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How do you get w/cm?
• Assume aggregate at SSD and remove the water in the aggregate from the total
• Make a correction based on the measured cylinder unit weight versus the unit weight from the batch ticket - this corrects for air
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How can we test in the lab?
• Make mixtures in the lab where we carefully control the moisture contents and batch weights.
• We should know the w/cm very accurately.
• Measure the w/cm with the Phoenix and compare.
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Mix Information
• 9 Sources of Coarse Aggregate
– Granites and Limestones
• 3 Sources of Fine Aggregate
– Natural sands and Manufactured sand
• Specific Gravities: 2.42-2.75
• Absorptions (%): 0.46-4.69
• Five different w/cm
• Different paste contents
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9 Coarse Agg
3 Fine Agg
5 Different w/cm
228 Tests
COV < 3%
Lab Data
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9 Coarse Agg
3 Fine Agg
5 Different w/cm
228 Tests
COV < 3%
Lab Data
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Discussion
• All lab mixes are within +/- 0.02 w/cm with most of them within +/- 0.01 w/cm.
• The COV is < 3%!!!
• What about the field?
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Heating
element
CooktopScale
Laptop
Field Unit
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Field Unit
3ft
Protective
Cage
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How can we test in the field?
• Use the batch ticket information to determine design w/cm
• Measure w/cm with the Phoenix
• All testing was done at the batch plant
• Four different projects 27 different mixtures
• Paving, bridge decks, substructure
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Design
w/cm
Field Data27 mixtures investigated
15% with w/cm > 0.02 than design
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Discussion
• The Phoenix data looks promising
• 15% of mixtures had a w/cm > 0.02 than what was reported on the batch ticket.
• We are sampling at the batch plant and everyone knows that we are watching.
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12”
12”
12”
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How can this group help?
• Taking the industry from a horse and buggy to an engine is not easy.
• Ask questions!
• Share what you learn here with others
• Help others become experts with these new tests
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Conclusion
• The Box Test is designed to measure the window of workability required for concrete pavements
• The SAM can measure the volume and size distribution of the bubbles in fresh concrete and ensure freeze thaw durability
• The Phoenix can accurately measure the w/cm in fresh concrete in both the lab and the field.
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www.youtube.com/tylerley
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Questions???
www.tylerley.com
www.youtube.com/tylerley
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Aggregate Type Size SpG Abs (%) State
Granite 1 Coarse 2.75 0.46 OK
Granite 2 Coarse 2.75 0.51 GA
Granite 3 Coarse 2.59 1.06 MN
Granite 4 Coarse 2.66 0.66 MN
Limestone 1 Coarse 2.42 4.69 IA
Limestone 2 Coarse 2.67 0.70 OK
Limestone 3 Coarse 2.67 0.64 OK
River Rock 1 Coarse 2.67 1.52 MN
River Rock 2 Coarse 2.68 0.81 MN
Natural Sand 1 Fine 2.62 0.64 OK
Natural Sand 2 Fine 2.61 0.20 OK
Man Sand Fine 2.76 1.05 OK
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States that have plans to shadow specify the SAM
• Michigan
• Minnesota
• Idaho
• Oklahoma
• Colorado
• Wisconsin
• New York
• Kansas104
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How long does it take?
• With just the SAM
• Inexperienced user – 10 min to 12 min
• Experienced user – 7 min to 9 min
• With the CAPE
• Inexperienced user – 7 min to 9 min
• Experienced user – 4.5 min to 6.5 min
• Test must be completed within 12 min
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Controlled Air Pressure Extenderaka CAPE
Compressed
air
Step 1
(14.5 psi)Step 2 (30 psi)Step 3
(45 psi)
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What air content do you use?
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Sp
aci
ng
Fa
cto
r [μ
m]
Air Content %
OSU Lab Data
FHWA Lab Data
ACI 201.2R
Inefficient
Efficient
Air content between
3.75% and 7.75% for
0.008” spacing factor
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What air content do you use?
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What air content do you use?
Efficient
Inefficient
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0.008”
spacing
factor
Air content between
3.75% and 7.75% for
0.008” spacing factor
231 field mixes
Inefficient
Efficient
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Test Method Parameter COV
Time to
complete the
test
SAM SAM Number1 15.2% 10 min
ASTM C457 Spacing Factor2
20.1% 7 days
ASTM C666 Durability Factor3
22.7% 3.5 months
1Assumes a SAM Number of 0.32 and a standard deviation of 0.049 from this paper
2From ASTM C457
3From ASTM C666 with a durability factor of 75 and Method B
170 SAM comparisons were used to
determine this.111
How variable is the test?
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Why are they different?
If the producer designs the SAM Number to be 0.20 at their working air content then they will have < 2% chance of getting a failing test in the field.
The rejection limit is determined by freeze thaw testing (ASTM C 666).
112
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Why are they different?
113
0.20 0.30
SAM
Number
Mix Design Acceptance
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AASHTO PP84-19 Specification
Mixture Design
SAM < 0.20 and Air > 4%
Field
SAM < 0.30 and Air > 4%