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Retaking Europe Section 18.2. Retaking Europe Churchill and FDR met in Aug, 1941 (in secret) to...
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Transcript of Retaking Europe Section 18.2. Retaking Europe Churchill and FDR met in Aug, 1941 (in secret) to...
Retaking EuropeRetaking Europe
Section 18.2Section 18.2
Retaking Europe
• Churchill and FDR met in Aug, 1941 (in secret) to decide their goals for the war–Both sign the Atlantic Charter
(Later, this will form the basis of the UN)
Battle of the Atlantic
• Trade was difficult to control b/c of constant attacks from German U-boats–Formed convoys for protection –
still attacked by “wolf packs” of U-boats
War in the Soviet Union
• Germany had to be self-sufficient – must have resources to survive– June 22, 1941: Hitler broke the 10yr.
Non-Aggression Pact & invaded the Soviet Union
– 3.6 million Germans vs. 3 million untrained Soviets
– Luftwaffe quickly gained control of the air
• Soviet Union: “In case of a forced retreat…all trains must be evacuated…the enemy must not be left anything…”–Destroyed everything that might
be useful to the enemy
–Stalin asks for help from the Allies – FDR extends the Lend Lease Act to the Soviets
–Bonus: Caused Germany to be fighting on multiple fronts
Battle of Stalingrad
• Russian winter stopped Germany’s advance
• Russians are able to regain ground in the summer
• Sept. 1942: Germans launch fierce campaign of firebombing and shelling (2 months)– Soviets lose most of the city
http://www.stalingrad.com.ru/history/foto/zelma_05-08/assault_6.jpg
Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad
• Hitler ruled out retreat
• Mid-November: city is in ruins and Germans are losing supplies
• Jan. 1943: 90,000 Germans surrender
• Turning Point of the war in Eastern Europe
Allied Air War
• Carpet Bombing: planes scattered large numbers of bombs over a wide area– German cities suffered heavy
damage
– B-17’s rained bombs on German aircraft factories, railway lines, bridges, and cities
Invasion of Western Europe• Operation Overlord (D-Day): Allied
attack on German occupied France– Leader: Dwight D. Eisenhower
– Began massive military buildup in Southern England – In response, Germany added machine-gun nests, barbed-wire fences, mines, and underwater obstructions to the coast of France
– Germany knew an invasion was coming – They just didn’t know when
Beach Obstacles
D-Day Invasion• June 6, 1944
• 155,000 troops are transported from S. England to Normandy, France
• By the end of July, Eisenhower had over 2 million troops in France
Eisenhower addressing the Paratroopers
Omaha Beach
2,000+ casualties
Liberating France• August, 1944: Patton used blitzkrieg
to encircle & destroy German forces
• August 25, 1944: Paris officially liberated– Gen. Charles de Gaulle prepared to
take charge of the city
Soviet Forces Advance
• U.S. troops pushed from the West
• Soviet troops pushed from the East– At any given time +9 million soldiers
were fighting on the Eastern Front
– Soviets lost 11 million; Germans lost 9 million
– Soviet leaders considered the capture of Berlin a matter of honor
Soviets Take Berlin• April, 1945: Soviets entered Berlin
• April 30th: Hitler commits suicide
• May 8th: German soldiers surrendered
V-E Day
Victory in Europe Day
May 7, 1945
Yalta Conference• Feb. 1945: Churchill, FDR, & Stalin meet in
Yalta (Soviet Union)– Planned the final defeat of Germany– Decide the shape of the postwar world– Agreed to split Germany in 4 parts (each would
be controlled by one of the major Allies)– Agreed upon the division of Berlin– Stalin promised to allow elections in Eastern
European countries liberated from the Germans
– Stalin also promised to enter the war against Japan within 3 months of Germany’s surrender
The Manhattan Project
• 1939: FDR received letter from Einstein about a new type of bomb
• Manhattan Project: top secret plan to develop an atomic bomb
• July 16,1945: 1st field test in New Mexico
Decision to Drop the Bomb
• Alternative possibilities:–A massive invasion of Japan –
millions of Allied casualties–Naval blockade to starve Japan
w/conventional bombing–Demonstration of new weapon on a
deserted island–Softening for an unconditional
surrender
• FDR died in April, 1945
• President Harry S. Truman had to make the final decision – had no problem and never regretted his decision
• Aug. 6,1945: Bombed Hiroshima
• Aug. 9,1945: Bombed Nagasaki
Nagasaki – 40,000Hiroshima - 70,000