Ret leccture 3 available energy resources
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Transcript of Ret leccture 3 available energy resources
Available Energy Resources in Rural India
Unit-III: Available Energy resources: Traditional ResourcesBiomass: Wood, Dung, Human waste, crop residues, harvested biomass ( Jatropha, koranj oil, palm fruit), Grasses, Refined biomass: Oils, Alcohols), Basic solar, Basic wind, Food (ATP to ADP reactions resulting in muscle power), food to fuel. Humans: Basic Labor, Labor saving devices. Animals, water.
Unit-IV: Available Energy resources: Modern ResourcesInternal combustion Engines: Generators, Shaft power, Modern solar, modern wind turbines, water treatment facilities,
Available Energy resourcesTraditional ResourcesModern Resources
A list of projects that have been undertaken in this class over the last few years follows: Thermoelectric lighting Gel fuel production system (Biomass treatment, fermentation, distilling, gelling.) Three generations of gel fuel stoves Solar cell phone charger Pyrolizer for production of Bio-Char
A GlobalResolve “Do-Tank” Educational curricula: o Framework and methodology for education of villagers in maintenance and upkeep of technologies "dropped" off in villages o Grade School science curriculum using indigenous materials
Available Energy Resources in Rural India
Available Energy Resources in Rural India
Solar powered battery charging "kiosk" with battery exchange. (Netflix for batteries.) Personal water filter designed for small children (charcoal based) Micro-scale biogas digester Mosquito repelling system Solar Ovens “Breeder stove” that generates charcoal while cooking. Pacifier imbedded inside of particle filter mask Solar hot water system (for heating and personal use) Replacement of batteries by super-capacitors charged by thermoelectric devices Lantern based on ultra-clean combustion of animal fat Soap manufacturing Wind turbines: Automatic solar actuated drip irrigation system with measurement of soil moisture content.
Design of photo voltaic systems for water pumping, lighting, solar cell phone charger, battery charging “kiosk”,,Solar power irrigation systemSolar hot water system (for heating and personal use) solar cookers, solar drying and distillation, Solar power irrigation system,
Micro-scale biogas digester, Bio gassifer, food preservation, wind turbine power treadle pump
Rural Energy Technology Development
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Solar Energy at Earth's surface
The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount is usable.
We have a fusion reactor that has been burning over 4 billion years. ... The SUNOnly 0.023% solar energy is captured by photosynthetic organisms , this makes life on Earth possible
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Solar Energy at Earth's surface
www.altenergy.org
The Sun provides enough energy in one minute to supply the world's energy needs for one yearThe amount of solar radiation striking the earth over a three-day period is equivalent to the energy stored in all fossil energy sourcesThe amount of solar radiation striking to earth in a day, that can be use by the whole 7 billion human in 27 years
Solar Energy per year:Wsun =1.56 * 1018 kWh
Yearly energy demand worldwide:Wdemand =1.11 *1014 kWh
The worldwide Energy demand is only 0.01 % of the energy introduced by the sun
Some facts:
•A pyrheliometer measures the direct component of solar irradiance, which is important when installing concentrating collectors.
Pyrheliometer
Pyranometer
•Diffuse solar irradiance can be measured by adding a shadowing device to a pyranometer, which blocks the direct component of total irradiance.
Handheld pyranometers•Handheld pyranometersuse less precise sensors than precision pyranometers but are more suitable for field measurements.
PV Reference cells•Reference cells output a certain electrical current for each unit of solar irradiance received.
Solar Radiation
• Solar Window is the area of sky containing all possible locations of the sun throughout the year for a particular location.
Summer solstice: june 20-22Equinox; 20th march/22 SeptWinter solstice: dec 21-22Uttarayan 14th -15th jan
Solar RadiationIncidence Angle is the angle between the direction of
direct radiation and a line exactly perpendicular to the array angle
Solar Radiation
1. Tilt angle is the vertical angle between the horizontal and the array surface
• Array orientation is defined by two angles:
Solar Radiation
• Maximum energy gain will be achieved by orienting the array surface at a tilt angle close to the value of the local latitude –In high latitudes arrays should be very steep and vice versa
• For optimal performance the tilt angle should be adjusted from the latitude angle by an amount equal to the average declination during that time
• During the summer the average declination is +15º, so we should have a tilt of latitude minus 15º to make the array perpendicular to the average solar path –during the summer
• Array Azimuth angle will be optimal when that array is due south
• Sun trackers allow the PV array to change the tilt angle, the azimuth angle, or both –generally is not considered cannot be made cost effective
Solar radiation received in year
The equator (gray line) Northern (blue lines) Southern (green) latitudes
The peak energy received at different latitudes changes throughout the year.
(NASA illustration by Robert Simmon.)
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What is Solar cell?
Solar cell is a solid state electrical device that converts the solar energy directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.3 basic steps: 1. Light absorption
2. Free charge carriers generation3. Charge transport
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Classification of Solar Cells
Silicon-based solar cell
Inorganic solar cells a. Silicon
Crystalline ( single crystalline, poly-crystaline)
Thin film (Amorphous )
b. Compound semiconductor( GaAs, CIGS)
Organic solar cellsa. Thin film
b. Dye-sensitized solar cells
Hybrid solar cellsOrganic-inorganic
Organic solar cell
In terms of materials
Image: Konarka
Solar: Easy Energy In Rural India Solar energy is
practically inexhaustible
Widely distributed
Environment friendly
Cost free in raw form
No need to transport raw materials to villages
No towers, heavy cabling, etc.
Governmental Rural Initiative: Solar Cooking Project
Current sources available for cooking are firewood, crop residues and animal dung in rural areas
Promoted by the Government of India
Parabolic Dish Solar Cookers
Solar Box Cooker
Community Solar Cooker
Solar Steam Cooking System
Private Initiative: Solar Loans from Selco India Customers: poor daily-wage
laborers to institutions
All buy solar panels at the same rate: about $450 for a 40-watt system that can light several 7-watt bulbs for four hours between charges.
Persuaded rural banks to lend hundreds of dollars to rural people