jporter/Swedenborg_5-Percent-Islam.pdf · Created Date: 20130107122925Z
Resume - CCTC 2013 ADP3-3r Islam.pdf · these aggravated the situation already. ... The study...
-
Upload
nguyenkien -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
2
Transcript of Resume - CCTC 2013 ADP3-3r Islam.pdf · these aggravated the situation already. ... The study...
Technologies for Adaptation: An Inventory and SWOT Analysis of Water Supply Options
Along The South Western Coastal Region of Bangladesh Suffering From Acute Salinity
Problem
CCTC 2013 Paper Number #1569697101
Dr. Md. Sirajul Islam, Dr. Niaz Mohammad
1Department of Environmental Science and Management (DESM), North South University,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
2Project Management Specialist, PHNE, USAID, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract
An inventory study and SWOT analysis of all the available water supply options along the
salinity affected coastal region of Bangladesh was done particularly concentrating on the
factors like complexity of the technology, convenient in operation, quantity and quality of the
supplied water and financial viability. Effectiveness of present management options were also
analyzed among public, private and community based approach. Community based
management option founds to be the most effective one. At the later part of the study, some
suggestions for further improvement of the technologies, operational efficiency and
management options were made.
Keywords: Coastal zone, Salinity, Water supply options, SWOT, Community based management.
Resume
Un inventaire et une analyse FFPM (forces, faiblesses, possibilités, menaces) des solutions disponibles
d’alimentation en eau, ainsi que de la région côtière du Bangladesh affectée par la salinité, ont été
effectués en mettant surtout l’accent sur des paramètres comme la complexité de la technologie, la
facilité d’exploitation, la quantité et la qualité de l’eau fournie ainsi que la viabilité financière. L’efficacité
des solutions de gestion utilisées dans les domaines public, privé et communautaire a également fait
l’objet d’une analyse. La solution de gestion utilisée dans le domaine communautaire est considérée
comme étant la plus efficace. La dernière partie de l’étude contient quelques suggestions d’amélioration
des technologies, de l’efficacité en exploitation et de solutions de gestion.
Mots-clés : zone côtière, salinité, solutions d’alimentation en eau, FFPM, gestion faisant appel à la
communauté
1. Introduction
Bangladesh, a low-lying deltaic floodplain country, is supposed to be one of the most severely
affected countries in the world due to climate change. One meter rise in sea level may inundate
around 17% of the country along the coastal region. Being located at the peak of a funnel-
shaped ocean system Bay of Bengal, the coastal region of Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to
cyclonic storm surges as well. Along the coastal zone, effect of sea level rise is already evident.
In addition to this, human interventions as upstream withdrawal of water along the Ganges,
excess withdrawal of groundwater for irrigation and commercial production of shrimp – all
these aggravated the situation already. The south-west part of the country, known as Ganges
Dependent Area (GDA), is the most affected region. Around 12 million people along 9 districts
are severely in shortage of freshwater, where almost all freshwater sources including surface
and groundwater are contaminated with salinity level beyond acceptable limit.
This study investigated the extent of the problem first, i.e. the level of contamination along
different districts and its impact on public health. It is found that the impact is extended over a
large area leaving severe impact on public health. During the implementation of the WSS
Coastal belt project, it was reported that high salinity was observed in may tube wells, where as
the recommended Bangladeshi drinking water limits is 600 mg/l. For coastal areas of
Bangladesh chloride content upto 1000 mg/l is allowed for use. As a result, many tube wells had
to abandon due to high salinity. In fact, after the super cyclone AILA, the water supply situation
has become grave and the existing situation of water supply is really appealing to understand
the situation. It is therefore very important to innovate and test the alternative water options
along with its social acceptability and adaptability. The region already started to adopt many of
the low cost water supply options.
To adapt to the changing condition, Bangladesh government as well as a large number of NGOs
and international humanitarian organizations has taken initiatives in providing drinking water
along the region. Initiatives include rooftop rainwater harvesting, rainwater preserved in ponds
and filtered adopting indigenous technology like Pond Sand Filter (PSF), groundwater recharged
with freshwater, small desalination plant, or pipe-water supply from freshwater pocket sources,
etc.
A detail inventory of all the available water supply options along the region is made as part of
the study. At the later stage a SWOT analysis is done on each of the technologies particularly
concentrating on the factors like complexity of the technology, convenient in operation,
quantity and quality of the supplied water and financial viability. Rainwater harvesting founds
to be an option suitable in terms of financial viability, while still able to provide adequate
amount of water with acceptable quality. Effectiveness of present management options were
also analyzed among public, private and community based approach. Community based
management option founds to be the most effective one. At the later part of the study, some
suggestions for further improvement of the technologies, operational efficiency and
management options will be made. More districts will be added in the study in future as well.
2. Methodology
The study conducted along three highly affected coastal districts of Bangladesh Satkhira,
Khulna and Bagerhat. The research design consisted of literature review, extensive field visits
along the affected areas to understand the present salinity and water availability scenarios, and
semi-structured interviews with consumers, maintenance operators, management authorities in
the study area, and policy makers at the national level.
Field visits included about 7 days stay at the coastal areas in November 2011.The field work
was initiated by a workshop in October held with relevant stakeholders. The fieldwork in coastal
areas was mainly used for investigation of basic information and listing an inventory of those
existing water supply facilities there and investigating their present performances. The
questionnaires were design to cover the issues as Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and
Threat, i.e. SWOT analysis. The authors conducted interviews with different key informants as
natives, water users, operators, experts from Local Govt Ministry, DPHE and environment and
others. Most interviews were journalized. The authors contacted various service providers and
research organizations to receive information on salinity scenarios and desalination plants as
well.
3. Study Area
The study area is situated in Shamnagaer in Satkhira & Morrel Gong Bagerhat and Khulna in
the southwest region of Bangladesh. The topography of the study area varies from 0.08 m to
4.57 m above mean sea level. The study area is criss-crossed by tidal rivers. These rivers are
hydraulically connected to the underlying alluvial aquifer system. The study area is in a humid
climate with an annual rainfall ranging from 1500 to 2200 mm along which 80% of the annual
rainfall occurring in the rainy season ( may – sept. ). Input to the aquifer system occurs mainly
as natural recharge from rainfall. Following topography, the flow in the aquifer and the rivers is
towards the Bay of Bengal in the south. The hydrological system of the southwest region has
been investigated by the Ground Water Hydrology Circle (GWHC) of Bangladesh water
Development Board (BWDB) which shows that the subsurface formation consists of a top silt
layer (2-40 m thick) followed by a mixed fine and medium sand layer (20-100 m thick) lying on a
relatively coarser layer of medium and coarse sand (30-140 m thick). Most of the shallow wells
pump from the upper fine and medium sand layer.
4. Literature Review :
Review of secondary data was done through the study of different reports published by relevant
govt institutions & other agencies which includes:
Study on water tables in Bangladesh: Department of Public Health Engineering, DPHE
Rainfall data of Bangladesh: Bangladesh Water Development Board, Flood Forecasting
and Warning Centre
Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project : Bangladesh Ministry of Water Resources
Centre for Advance Studies: Impact of saline Water Intrusion in Coastal Areas
CEGIS journal papers
Ministry of Environment & Forest – Bangladesh Climate Updates
Proceedings of National Water and Sanitation Technology Sharing workshop
Review of Different Technological Options ( GOB – Danida )
National Strategy for Water and Sanitation for Hard to Reach Areas
5. Data collection
The data collection took place over one week in the October, 2011. Prior to starting the
research, the team held a formal meeting with key stakeholders. To help identifying the uses of
different water technology options NGO Forum for Drinking Water Supply, GoB – Danida
Programme helped locating the sites. With help of the list, the researcher, the assistant and a
local staff members from NGO Forum & GoB Danida drove to the different locations of
Satkhira, Bagerhat & Khulna Regions and from there a SWOT analysis was done through using
the questionnaire, FGD and KII in different user groups with the help of the implanting partner of
GOB Danida & NGO Forum projects. SWOT analyses of different water technology schemes
conducted in Kolaroa, Sharankhola, two in Satkhiara, two in Khulna & three for Bagerhat
including KII done in DPHE,NGO Forum & GoB Danida Staffs (See map in Annex)……….
After identifying and getting permission from the head of the user groups, the team explained
the background and the objective of the study to the participant orally by reading the consent
form, which participants then signed. Participants who had difficulty understanding the study
obtained help from a local guide or the local NGO staffs. Most interviews were conducted
beside the water facilities, because this was the only place where they can show different
aspects of maintaining these facilities and difficulties including limitations of these technologies.
Female participants were encouraged to take part regarding problems in collecting water as
because usually village women are responsible for water collection in rural Bangladesh. Some
interviews were conducted in the regional offices of NGO Forum, GOB Danida Office, which
made it more difficult to get answered by the local responded alone.
For in-depth interviews a checklist was prepared by the researcher, translated into
Bangla by the research assistant (RA) and pretested by the RA with 2 women and revised
accordingly before beginning formal data collection. All interviews were conducted in Bangla by
the RA who followed a pre-determined check-list and the researcher observed the interaction.
Answers and observations were selectively noted on the checklist and in a field book. Results
were discussed directly after the interview and in the evening of the same day. Interviews
lasted a maximum of one hour as most of the participants answers were very brief and many
women expressed their opinion about technicalities & operational features. Informal discussions
were conducted when the opportunity arose.
To obtain a broader picture and be able to compare and contrast the statements,
informal discussions and observation were conducted. For informal discussion some women
groups were also invited.
6. Field Visit
Available Water Supply Options visited in the study area are listed below;
• Pond Sand Filters (Shoronkhola, Bagerhat NGO Forum)
• Pond sand filters with solar pumps ( Oxfam, DPHE ,Assasuni )
• Solar powered piped water supply ( Oxfam, DPHE Monirampur )
• RDA Piped Water Schemes (Aichgati, Rupsha, Khulna)
• SIDKO Water Treatment Plants (Aichgati, Rupsha, Khulna)
• GTZ Surface Solar Water Treatment Plant ( Sharankhola,Bagerhat )
• Community based RWHA ( NGO Forum Bagerhat, Mongla )
• Arsenic Iron Removal Plant (Rishilpi office campus, Satkhira)
• Desalination plant /Reverse osmosis – Sigma Corporation Bagherhat
• Desalination plants – Dhaka Ahsania Mission ( Kolaroa ,Baksha )
• Aquifer recharge ( ASR,ASTR,called MAR ) – Satklhira,Assasuni
7. SWOT Analysis of the Available Technological options:
1. Pond Sand Filter Using Solar Energy : Location Assasuni, Satkhira, Oxfam &
DPHE
Merits:
•Locally available materials
•No Chemical treatment required
•Huge number family can be served
•Surface water is available for longer
period of time in a pond
Demerits:
•The prevalence of fish culture is high in pond
•Surface water in Bangladesh is high turbid in
both dry and rainy seasons
•Bacteria removed success is not satisfactory
•The efficiency relies on the location of sun and
seasonal variation
•Solar system providers do not have offices and
2. Desalination Plant : SIDKO & Voltea, Kolaroa, Dhaka Ahsania Mission
Merits:
•Clear and arsenic free water of better
quality
•Sufficient Water
•Easy to get water
Demerits:
•Clogging of iron in the media
•Costly and high O&M costly
•Filter Media not available in the market
•Sometime sludges not disposed off
hygienically
Production Capacity: 10000 Litre
Economy: No operation Cost, Only maintenance cost, which was
supported by community.
Efficiency:
Effectiveness: As per geological condition & requirements of safe water,
it was cost effected & sustainable alternative water
option for this community.
.
3. Rain Water Harvesting: NGO Forum
Production Capacity : 20 Litre per Hour
Social : large group people can be benefittted
Technological : Sustainable.
Economical: Costly to maintenance
Merits:
• Easy technology
• Sufficiently Pure and safe water
• Construction materials are available in
Bangladesh
• The community people accept
Rainwater
• In some areas of Bangladesh rainfall is
good
Location :
Bagerhat Sharnakhola
Implemented by a Local NGO
Supported by NGO forum
4. Piped Water Scheme, HYSAWA-AusAID, Satkhira,Khulna
Merits:
•Safe water round the day.
•Extremely users friendly and gender unbiased
•Can get the water by opening the tap
•Employment generation
•Many business models are working & sustainable.
•Water can be ensured as per need
•Social prestige increase
Demerits:
•It takes long period to implement.2 years more
required
•Contractors problem, do not use banking system
•Cost is high
•Needs community mobilization
Demerits:
•Required clean roof to collect water
•Skilled mason required
•Depends on rains fall
•Chance of secondary infection
5. Desalination plant in Assasuni , Satkhira, DPHE
Merits:
•Scientifically sound & modern technology
•Large volume of safe water supplies to meet the
demand of the village
•Commercial viability exists
•Sustainability can be ensured
•Climate resilient and applicable for coastal areas
where salinity is a major problem
Demerits:
•Highly technical and complicated
•Capital cost is high
•O&M cost is high
•Community management is difficult
•Needs Institutional support for O&M
Production Capacity: 30,000 Litre.
Economy: Per litre price of Water (80/- per
month for individual HH)
6. Piped Water Supply using surface water with Solar Technology : Sharankhola, GIZ
Production Capacity : 5000 liters / day
Economy : 5/- per Kolosh (15 Liter)
Merits :
•Context Specific water facility for coastal areas
where fresh water resource is limited
•Using surface water from river and water
available round the year
•Low maintenance cost no need for electricity bill
•Management committee is in place
•Safe water not hampering the ground water table
Demerits:
•Sustainability of Management Committee
•Supply driven not business oriented
•Capital cost is high
•Need institutional support for O&M
•Trained caretaker is needed for continued
operation
7. Ground Water Recharge using Surface Water : Assasuni,Satkhira,ACASIA,Dhaka
University
Merits :
•New Technology with less cost in
Coastal zone
•Scope for wider scaling and efficient
use of surface & rain water
•Accepted by the community peoples
and local administration
•Materials available locally and unit
cost of production is less
Demerits :
•Drilling needs under supervision of hydro geologist
and engineers
•Relatively new concept still in study phase
•There are some fixed criteria’s for site selection,
Location : Assasuni
Satkhira,Bagerhat
Production capacity : 2000 litre / day
Population coverage : 2,000 HHs
A research project of Dhaka University,
8. Surface Water Treatment Plant : Monrreal gong by NGO – RUNNER
Merits :
•Context specific water supply options
based on availability of water
•Using pond water for treatment
•Locally owned and locally managed
•Less technical and simplified
•Cost is less
•Commercially viable
Demerits:
• Maintaining water quality of the pond
•Finding a large pond for water storage
•Design needs modifications for people’s
confidence building
Location :
Morrelgong Bagerhat
Implemented by a local NGO Runner
Production Capacity 3000 Liter/ day
Cost : 7,00,000 BDT
Sailing price 20 liter – 5 BDT
9. Desalination plant by Sigma Corporation at Bagerhat – Fish Processing Firm
Merits:
•Scientifically sound & modern technology
•Large volume of safe water supplies to
meet the demand of the village
•Commercial viability exists
•Sustainability can be ensured
•Cost benefit analysis possible
Demerits:
•Highly technical and complicated
•Capital cost is high
•O&M cost is high
Location:
Bismillah Shrimp Company, Bagerhat
Supplier – Sigma Corporation
Production Capacity – 2000 Litre / Day
8. Economic Feasibility
A gross comparison of economic feasibility of different systems is listed below.
Category Production
Capacity
Installation
cost
Maintenan
ce
Design
Life
Aquifer
Recharge
2000 litre/
day
7,00,000 2,00,000 7 years
Solar pond
sand filter
10000 Liter 7,00,000 2,00,000 5 years
Piped water
Scheme -
HYSAWA
30,000 /h
60,00,000 6,00,000 7 years
Solar Piped 10000 liters 34,00,000 7,00,000 5 years
water
Scheme -
Oxfam
per day
Desalination
– Reverse
osmosis
5000 liters
per day
70,00,000 7,00,000 7 years
Surface
Water
Treatment
Plant
3000 liter
per day
10,00,000 2,00,000 5 years
SIDKO –
CAD
Technology
20 litre /
hour
15,00,000 5,00,000 5 years
Rain water
Harvesting
3200 liter 7 years
9. Management Option
During field visit, different types of management practices were found. These include community based
management, commercial, local authority, NGO run, etc. In most cases some sort of subsidies were
there like the local authority or NGOs established the water supply facility which later managed by
community, and a token amount is charged to users for maintenance of the facility. In two places,
authority tried to recover the cost with higher charge to check whether it a viable commercially or not.
Involvement of community, i.e. community based management of those water supply facilities were
preferred by most of the respondents. If the supporting agency help train the community regarding the
technical matters, that will be very useful. Involvement of women is still low, which needs to be
increased. Awareness programs should be there to preserve those ponds or lakes, from where water is
collected for treatment facilities like Pond Sand Filter (PSF). Slowly the maintenance charge should be
increased as because to sustain the system, community must have enough fund to take the
responsibility of maintaining it fully. The better the fund condition the better the possibility of
sustainability of the system.
10. Conclusion
This study investigated the present condition of the water supply situation along the salinity affected
south-western part of Bangladesh. Extensive field visits were done to a large number of facilities.
Suitability of the systems were analyzed and management options as well. Freshwater availability along
the south-western part is depleting day by day so that almost everyday new facilities are being built
there. It is high time to concentrate on the issue, i.e. which method of supplying water is viable. As an
easily available technology but still capable of providing water of adequate quality, PSF (Pond Sand
Filter) found to be mostly attractive to local people. Maintenance cost there is moderate as well. It is
better then traditional rainwater harvesting as because pond can store more water. Community based
management option was preferred by most of the respondents again. Further investigation is required
covering larger area along with a detail cost-benefit analysis and sustainable business plan.
11. References
1. M. Feroz Ahmed; M. MuziburRahman., “Water Supply and Sanitation - Technology
Options ITN – BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh,2007 pp. 407-436
2. Ahmed MF. Alternative Water Supply Options for Arsenic Affected Areas of
Bangladesh, ITN-BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh & WSP – SA, January 2002
3. Cyclone SIDR : United Nations Rapid Initial Assessment Report, with a focus on 9
worst affected districts,22 November,2007
4. Watsan Information Booklet, NGO Forum for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation,
Bangladesh 2006
5. Groot.de. Carol; Review of Water Technologies in Bangladesh, Danida SPS, 2003
6. Rashid.H. Harun., Community Perception on Watsan towards Disaster Risk
Reduction, Concern Universal, 2008
7. Proceedings of National Water & Sanitation Technology Sharing Workshop,
Bangladesh, DPHE-UNICEF, Nov 27,2011.pp.21-78
8. Technology Review of Watsan Facilities – WaterAID Bangladesh,2007
9. UNICEF. "Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh". Retrieved 20 October 2012.
10. Sector Investment Plan , Policy Support Unit,Local Government Division, June 2011
11. Local Government Division Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and
Cooperatives. "National Policy for Safe Water Supply & Sanitation 1998". Retrieved
20 October 2012.National Water Supply Policy- 2008
12. Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. National Water Management
Plan. Volume 2. Main Report. Retrieved 2008-04-23., p. 5-6
13. Water Safety Plan ,ITN BUET, December 2010
14. Water Technologies in Hard to Reach Areas in Bangladesh, Policy Support Unit,LGD,
November 2011
15. Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan, BCCAAP.
16. Water and Sanitation Program (June 2009). "Bangladesh Water Utilities Data Book,
2006–07. Benchmarking for Improving Water Supply Delivery.". pp. 12. Retrieved 14
November 2012.
17. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark (November 2007) (PDF). Evaluation of Danish
Support to Water Supply and Sanitation (1999-2005). ISBN 978-87-7667-821-0.
ISSN 1399-4972. Retrieved 2008-04-24., p. 54
18. Ahmed, M. Feroze. An Overview of Arsenic Removal Technologies in Bangladesh and
India. United Nations University. pp. 267. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
19. Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. National Water Management
Plan. Volume 2. Main Report. Retrieved 2008-04-23., p. 21
20. Royal Danish Embassy, Dhaka:Lessons from Implementing Water Supply, Sanitation
and Hygiene Promotion Activities in the Coastal Belt of Bangladesh, accessed on
November 20, 2009