Restoration of calcareous grasslands north of Munichg- evaluation of different restoration measures

Kathrin KiehlVegetation Ecology and Botany,

University of Applied Sciences OsnabrückGermany

k.kiehl@hs-osnabrueck.de

Calcareous grasslands north of MunichNature reserve „Garchinger Heide“

Photos: K. Kiehl, W. Maile, A. Thormann

Nature reserve „Garchinger Heide“ in the beginning f th 1990iof the 1990ies

Restoration planning:

Enlargement and connection of dry grassland remnants

Ackerland

Grasheiden Erholungsgeländemagere Wiesen

Biotopverbund

Kiefern/Eichenwald

Erholungs-landschaftRastpunkt

Fuss /Radwegsonstige Wälder

Auwald

Fuss-/Radweg

Valentin et al. (1995) in Pfadenhauer et al. (2000), modified

Restoration of calcareous grasslands on former arable fields near Munich (66 ha, start: 1993)

Species introduction by hay transfer

Restoration fields with and without topsoil removal

Photos: K. Kiehl, U. Miller

Soil nutrient contents in ancient and newly created l dgrasslands

Nature reserve Restoration fields

60

70

60

70

/100

g TG

] topsoil removal

topsoil removal

Nature reserve Restoration fields

P2O5

K2Oy w

eigh

t] 70

60

40

50

40

50

5 / K

2O-G

ehal

t [m

g/

removal1945

removal1993

2

g/10

0 g

dry 50

40

30

10

20

30

10

20

30

P2O

5O

5/ K

2O [m

30

20

10

0

10

RF506 RF508 RF2526 RF506A0

10

Altheide -1959 Acker RollfeldAltheide ex-arable field Rollfeld RF 506 RF 508 RF 2526 RF 506A

P 2O 10

0

(-1959)( 1959)

Kiehl (2009)

Aboveground standing crop on hay-transfer plots 1994-2006(means ± 95 % confidence intervals)

500

threshold for low-productive

l d

400

[g/m

²]

grasslands(Schiefer 1984)300

ding

cro

p

100

200

Sta

nd

0

100

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

no soil removal topsoil removalKiehl (2009)

Species introduction by seed-containing plant material (fresh hay)

Photos: K. Kiehl, U. Miller

Number of successfully established vascular plant speciesNumber of successfully established vascular plant species 13 years after hay transfer

Species group total number of transferred

maximal number per

speciesp

fieldHay transfer species 103 60(from nature reserve)

Target species 73 56(Festuco-Brometea)

Red-list species 16 10

Data from Hummitzsch (2007), Kiehl (2009),

see also Kiehl & Pfadenhauer (2007), Plant Ecol.

Successfully transferred red-list species

Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis Biscutella laevigata Linum perenne

Veronica austriaca Dorycnium germanicum Helianthemum nummularium

Photos: K. Kiehl, A. Thormann

Vegetation development in newly established calcareous grasslands (1993-2006) Data from Hummitzsch (2007)

P19P19P19

P32P35 P32P35

g ( )

DCA

( )

P20

P31 P34

P20

P31 P34P17P17

P9

P18

P18

xis

2

EAAH

P9

P18

P18

EAAH P19

P11P11

P12P13

P9P12

P20

P31

P34

Ax EA

P12P13

P9P12

P20

P31

P34

EAP17P17

P10P15

P10P15

reference P13P13 P14

P10

P11

P14

P15 P32P35

P14P10

P11

P14

P15 P32P35

area

Axis 1Hay transfer: No hay transfer:

with topsoil removalno soil removal

Hay transfer:with topsoil removalno soil removal

No hay transfer:

Plant species richness (4m²) on hay-transfer fields and reference sites 13 years after hay transfersites 13 years after hay transfer

30

40

]

without soil removal topsoil removal

20

30

peci

es [

n]

Ruderals

10

20

No.

of s

p

Molinio-Arrh.species

0ancient ex arable restoration topsoil topsoil

Target species

ancientgrassland

ex-arablefield

(-1959)

restorationfield

topsoilremoval

1945

topsoilremoval

1993field

(-1959)

N tNature reserveData from Kiehl & Jeschke (2005), Hummitzsch (2007)

Hay transfer and grasshopper abundance (2002)Hay transfer and grasshopper abundance (2002)Metrioptera bicolor

0.3 **

0.2

s / 1

m20.1

divi

dual

s

0.0without hay with hay

Ind

(Photo: Willi Maile)

Wagner & Kiehl 2004, ArticulataWagner 2004, J. Insect Conserv.

Transfer of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens by raked materialby raked material

Ditrichum flexicaule 2 years after transferPhotos: M. Jeschke, K. Kiehl

Transfer of low-growing vascular plants with raked material

Globularia cordifolia Teucrium montanum

J hk (2008)see Jeschke (2008)

Thymus praecox

No. of bryophyte and lichen species transferred by raked material in newly created calcareous grasslands

15

20

15

20

topsoil removal no soil removal

10

15

ecie

s nu

mbe

r

10

15

ecie

s nu

mbe

r

of s

peci

es

ahl A

rten

0

5

spe

0

5

spe

No.

o

Anz

a

02004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008

02004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008

donor 1 donor 2 control donor 1 donor 2 control

epigaeic lichens

fruticose lichens

saxicole lichens

epigaeic lichens

fruticose lichens

crustaceous lichens target speciesxerophytic acrocarpous bryophytes

xerophytic pleurocarpous bryophytes

crustaceous lichens

xerophytic akrokarpous bryophytes

xerophytic pleurokarpous mosses

g p

mesophytic Bryophytes

ruderal Bryophytes

mesophytic mosses

ruderal mosses data from Jeschke 2012, Jeschke & Kiehl in prep.

means, n=5 (control: n=10)

Pulsatilla patens introduced by seeding in calcareous l d t d b t il l d h t fgrasslands restored by topsoil removal and hay transfer

Photos: D. Röder

Population structure of Pulsatilla patens on re-introduction sites and reference sites

0 5m² [

n]

b

sites and reference sites

0 25

0,5

uals

per

1 m

ab b b

b

b

0

0,25

of in

divi

du a aaa

a aa a aa a c a ac

Ancient grassland

Topsoil removal

1945

RF 520A RF 2526ANo.

o

Restoration field (re-introduction)

Juveniles 1 f lower

Adult plants f lowering

Adult plants not f lowering 2 – 3 f lowers

4 and more f lowers

modified after Röder & Kiehl (2008), Kiehl & Röder (2008)

Restoration of dry grasslands by hay transfer after infrastructural measures

C tiCompensation area near Augsburg

grassland restoration after building of a wastewater channel

Photos: K. Kiehl

Development of grassland restoration sites without appropriate managementappropriate management

Photo: K. Kiehl

Evaluation of restoration measures

• Dispersal limitation can be overcome by species transfer

• Restoration of species-rich grasslands by fresh hay or raked material is very successful

• Restoration success depends on seed content of the plant material and availability of bare soil

• Vegetation of topsoil-removal sites is more similar to the vegetation of the reference site than vegetation of sitesvegetation of the reference site than vegetation of sites without soil removal

M b i i i f h l• Management by grazing or cutting is necessary for the long-term maintenance of newly restored grasslands

Thank you

f tt ti !for your attention!

Thanks for discussions, photos, data, informationJörg Pfadenhauer, Uta Hummitzsch, Michael Jeschke, Ulrich Miller,

Daniela Röder, Annuschka Thormann, Christian Wagner, Klaus Wiesingerg

References

Hummitzsch U. (2007): Langfristige Vegetationsentwicklung auf neu angelegten Kalkmagerrasen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Leguminosen und der Kryptogamen. Master thesis ,Technische Universität München, Freising.

J hk M (2008) Ei fl R t i d Pfl ß h f di A t di ität d A t tJeschke M. (2008): Einfluss von Renaturierungs- und Pflegemaßnahmen auf die Artendiversität und Artenzusammensetzung von Gefäßpflanzen und Kryptogamen in mitteleuropäischen Kalkmagerrasen. PhD ThesisTechnische Universität München, Freising.

Jeschke M. (2012): Neuanlage von Trockenrasen auf Rohboden und Acker. In: Kirmer A., Krautzer B., Scotton M. & Tischew S. (Hrsg.): Praxishandbuch zurSamengewinnung und Renaturierung von artenreichem Grünland. Eigenverlag Lehr- und Forschungszentrum Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Irdning, Österreich, 150-151.

Kiehl K. (2009): Renaturierung von Kalkmagerrasen. In: Zerbe S. & Wiegleb G.: Renaturierung von Ökosystemen. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, 265-282.

Kiehl K. & Jeschke M. (2005): Erfassung und Bewertung der Phytodiversität ursprünglicher und neu angelegter Kalkmagerrasen der nördlichen Münchner Schotterebene. Tuexenia 25, 445-461.

Kiehl K. & Pfadenhauer J. (2007): Establishment and long-term persistence of target species in newly created calcareous grasslands onKiehl K. & Pfadenhauer J. (2007): Establishment and long term persistence of target species in newly created calcareous grasslands on former arable fields. Plant Ecology 189, 31-48.

Kiehl K. & Röder D. (2008): Successful establishment of the Natura 2000 species Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. in newly restored calcareous grasslands. In Decleer K. (ed.): Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Ecological Restoration, Ghent. No. 51,pp. 1-4. Online at: http://ser.semico.be/ser-pdf/051.pdf

Kiehl K & Wagner C 2006: Effects of hay transfer on long term establishment of vegetation and grasshoppers on former arable fieldsKiehl K. & Wagner C. 2006: Effects of hay transfer on long-term establishment of vegetation and grasshoppers on former arable fields. Restoration Ecology 14: 157-166.

Kiehl K., Thormann A. & Pfadenhauer J. (2006): Evaluation of initial restoration measures during the restoration of calcareous grasslands on former arable fields. Restoration Ecology 14, 148-156.

Kiehl K., Kirmer A., Donath T., Rasran L. & Hölzel N. 2010: Species introduction in restoration projects - evaluation of different techniques for the establishment of semi-natural grasslands in Central and Northwestern Europe. Basic and Applied Ecology 11: 285-299.

Pfadenhauer J., Fischer F.P., Helfer W., Joas C., Lösch R., Miller U., Miltz C., Schmid H., Sieren E. & Wiesinger K. (2000): Sicherung und Entwicklung der Heiden im Norden von München. Ergebnisse aus dem E+E-Vorhaben 89211-1/94 des Bundesamtes für Natur-schutz. Angewandte Landschaftsökologie 32, Bonn-Bad-Godesberg.g f g , g

Pfadenhauer J. & Kiehl K., [Hrsg.] 2003: Renaturierung von Kalkmagerrasen. Angewandte Landschaftsökologie 55, Bonn-Bad-Godesberg.

Röder D. & Kiehl K. (2008): Vergleich des Zustandes junger und historisch alter Populationen von Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. in der Münchner Schotterebene. Tuexenia 28: 21-132.

Wagner C (2004): Passive dispersal of Metrioptera bicolor (Phillipi 1830) (Orthopteroidea: Ensifera: Tettigoniidae) by transfer of hayWagner C. (2004): Passive dispersal of Metrioptera bicolor (Phillipi 1830) (Orthopteroidea: Ensifera: Tettigoniidae) by transfer of hay. Journal of Insect Conservation 8: 287-296.

Wagner C. & Kiehl K. (2004): Einfluss unterschiedlicher Renaturierungsverfahren auf Vegetationsstruktur und Heuschreckenfauna neu angelegter Kalkmagerrasen nördlich von München. Articulata 19, 183-193.