Rest Swimming at constant velocity Swim to accelerate Notes and... · 2013-02-11 · Fish that swim...

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Locomotion and Swimming Different categories Rest Swimming at constant velocity Swim to accelerate

Transcript of Rest Swimming at constant velocity Swim to accelerate Notes and... · 2013-02-11 · Fish that swim...

Page 1: Rest Swimming at constant velocity Swim to accelerate Notes and... · 2013-02-11 · Fish that swim almost continuously in search for food, e.g. tunas. Red Muscle-richly vascularized

Locomotion and Swimming

Different categories–

Rest

Swimming at constant velocity–

Swim to accelerate

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See review paper Langerhans

and

Reznick

2009

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Types of Fishes and Habitats

Shape and habitat are related and integral in survival.

Tunas do not perform well on coral reefs

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Cruisers: Fish that swim almost continuously in search for food, e.g. tunas. Red Muscle-

richly

vascularized

(blood-

carrying capacity), rich in

myoglobin

(oxygen holder and transferor into the muscles active sites) able to sustain continuous aerobic movement.

Burst Swimmers: These fish usually stay relatively in the same place such as most reef fish.

Types of Fishes by Swimming Habitat

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A tuna is fusiform

similar to a torpedo and cruises through the water at very high speeds.

VARIATIONS IN BODY FORM

tuna

1) fusiforma) = torpedo-shaped b) allows minimal drag while swimmingc) best shape for a pelagic cruise

Body shapeBody shape

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2)compresseda) laterally flattened (e.g., butterflyfishes&

surgeonfishes)b) allows for maneuverability in surge environmentsc) useful for demersal fishes that hover above the reefd) exception seen in flatfishes that lie on one side of the

body as benthic fishes

The compressed shape found on many reef fishes such as the butter fish

Agility for movement around the reef

support sudden bursts of acceleration

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3) elongated or attenuateda) long body (e.g., trumpetfish, cornetfish, eels)b) seen in demersal fish that either hover

motionless in the water)c) seen also in benthic fishes (e.g., eels) that

hide in holes in the reef

The eel allows wiggles into small crevices where it hunts prey. Also can hover motionless

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The angler fish, scorpionfish are depressed shape and use "sit and wait" strategy of hunting

4) depresseda) dorso-ventrally flattened (e.g., frogfishes,

scorpionfishes & gobies)b) broad ventral surface facilitates resting on

the bottomc) seen in many benthic fishes

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Diagram of forces when a fish swims. Thrust-

force in animal's

directionLift-

force opposite in right

angles to the thrust Drag-

force opposite the

direction of movement ** All lift forces cancel out over one complete tail stroke.

Drag is minimized by the streamlined shape of the fish and a slime fishes excrete from their skin minimize frictional drag and maintains laminar (smooth) flow of water past the fish.

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Gaits

Apply to fish swimming•

Beat patterns and body shape

Median and paired fins and body can be modified for swimming and use –

M P F.

Body and Caudal fins are used for more rapid propulsion B C F

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Provide control over movements by directing thrust, supplying lift and even acting as brakes. A fish must control its pitch, yaw, and roll.

Caudal fin--

provides thrust, and control the fishes direction

Pectorals--

act mostly as rudders and hydroplanes to control yaw and pitch. Also act as very important brakes by causing drag.

Pelvic fins--

mostly controls pitch

Dorsal/anal--

control roll

Fins/ Propulsors

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Median paired Body and

caudal

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Gaits combine propulsor, muscles and behavior

Station holding•

Undulations

Twitch•

Continuous

Burst

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STH Station holding X

PEC Pectoral fin swim�

DAC Dorsal, anal, caudal undulation

P+BCF Pectoral & body caudal O

T & C Single twitch/coast

BCF Continuous body caudal fin

B&C Burst/coast

Behaviors Change with Challenge and Species

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Sphere

Disk

teardrop

Laminar flow and turbulence

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Muscle Power and Swimming

Slow oxidative (SO or red muscle)–

Relatively low power output but aerobic and non fatiguing

Fast glycolytic (FG or white muscle)–

High power output but rapidly fatigues

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Anoxia and Lactacidosis

Tissue oxygen supply falls below metabolic demand

Anerobic glycolysis with intermediary product is lactic acid

Dissociates an equimolar amount of H+ ions•

Released H+ ions are buffered by non bicarbonate buffers or combine with bicarbonate before being eliminated from body by aerobic processing of lactic acid

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Three mechanisms to restore pH during lactacidosis

Adjustment of plasma CO2•

Aerobic processing of lactic acid by breakdown to CO2 and re-synthesis to glycogen

Elimination of surplus H + ions from the body fluids

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Environmental hypoxia

Metabolism provides continuous load of CO2

Endogenous production of acid base relevant ions rises tremendously during extreme muscular activity and during extreme hypoxia.

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Transepithelial acid base relevant ion transfer

Main mechanism for fish acid base regulation

Gill surface epithelium key for fish

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Limits of Plasma Bicarbonate

Extent of compensation is function of ratio between plasma and environmental bicarbonate concentration.

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Tufts et al. 1991

Wild Atlantic salmon lactacidosis•

Exercised to exhaustion

Acid base regulation observed

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Doral cannula•

48 h recovery

Baseline–

pH, CO2, O2, PO2, hct, plasma Co2, lactate, erythrocyte pH,

Exhaustion by chasing

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Measures•

pH –

direct

O2 -

direct•

Erythrocyte Hb

CO2 blood and plasma –

GC•

Arterial CO2 and plasma bicarbonate –

calculated

Nucleotide triphosphate

NTP

= adenosine triphosphate

(ATP), guanosine triphosphate

(GTP), cytidine triphosphate

(CTP), thymidine triphosphate

(TTP) and uridine triphosphate

(UTP) ENERGY

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pH

Plasma bicarbonate

Arterial CO2 tension

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Lactate

Metabolic Proton load H+

H+ deficit

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Hemoglobin: oxygen carriage

Erythrocyte pH

Erythrocyte NTP (nucleotide triphosphate) concentration

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Arterial oxygen versus erythrocyte pH

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Conclusions

Burst activity associated with marked acidosis•

Most severe 2 h immediately following exercise

RBC sensitive to adrenergic stimulation in vitro•

Perhaps RBC are aged in migrating fish

Spleen may be more important than regulation of pH following exhaustive exercise in migrating Atlantic salmon with increase number rbc

Delayed mortality in catch and release fishing??

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Handouts for summary of mechanisms on class web and preparation for discussions Tuesday

Exercise

Hypoxia

http://www.cnr.uidaho.edu/fish511/presentations.htm

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Bradycardia (reduced heart rate).

Mediated by increased vagal (parasympathetic) stimulation of the heart. This is a conserved reflex seen in a

vertebrate classes (particularly important in diving mammals for

conservation of oxygen).

Function: (a) Most likely a secondary response

peripheral vasoconstriction, an important mechanism for shunting oxygenated blood away from

hypoxia-resistant tissues (skeletal muscle

conserving it for hypoxia-sensitive tissue (heart, retina, brain). Other possible advantages of

bradycardia

are: (b) increased ventricular fil

time, increasing ventricular volume and so stretch of heart muscle, force of contraction, and efficiency of pumping, and (c) increased strok

volume, increasing systolic pulse pressure and so facilitating lamellar recruitment.

2. Increased gill ventilation. Develops more slowly than

bradycardia. Probably triggered by effect of lowered blood PO2 on receptors in the b

first gill arch. Function: increases the amount of O2

delivered to the gills per unit time.

3. Increased gill blood flow. Increased pulse pressure results in lamellar recruitment, augmented by decreased vascular resistance on the affer

lamellar arteriole side (beta-adrenergic

effect) and possibly by increased resistance on the efferent lamellar arteriole side (alpha-adrenergic

effect). Function: Increases effective gill surface area and so increases oxygen uptake.

4. Enhanced H+ excretion by

RBCs; also, Na+

and

Cl–

uptake, resulting in swelling and thereby decreasing intra-RBC concentrations of ATP

other organic phosphates. Function: Compensatory increase in affinity of hemoglobin for O2

.

5. Facilitated acid-base regulation by the gills. The exchange of H+

(out) for Na+

(in) is increased, while the exchange of HCO3–

(out) for

Cl

decreased. Function: buffering and elimination of excess H+

created by disassociation of lactic acid, a product of anaerobic metabolism, helping to restore (raise) blood pH.

6. Use of "venous reserve". As ambient PO2

falls, arterial and venous PO2

also decline. Because of the shape of the blood loading curve,

the e

to deliver more oxygen to the tissue per unit volume of blood (see figure with exercise handout).

These compensatory changes in heart and gill function allow oxygen uptake to be maintained over a range of PO2

(although activity is progr

constrained). Below the critical" PO2

, compensatory mechanisms are no longer adequate, and O2 uptake declines. Some tissues (e.g., brain

sensitive to low PO2 but are "protected" for some period of time by preferential blood flow; other tissues (white muscle, more than 60% of mass) have a relatively low energy requirement and a high anaerobic capacity, so can tolerate long periods of hypoxia without damage.