Responsiveness to Instruction ( RtI )
description
Transcript of Responsiveness to Instruction ( RtI )
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Responsiveness to Instruction(RtI)
Problem-Solving ModelTier I
North Carolina Department of Public Instruction
2011 1
Two National RtI Models
StandardProtocol
Problem-Solving
Hybrid
NCRtI
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Four Tiers of Support
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What is a Standard Protocol Model?
• Minimal Analysis of Deficit Skill
• Data
• Evidence-based, Multi-component Programs
• Monitoring
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What is a Problem-Solving Model?
• Systematic analysis
• Functional assessment
• Data
• Instructional plan
• Plan implementation
• Monitoring
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Problem-Solving Model (PSM)
Change in mind-set is necessary for all
• Student problems are defined
• Questions drive assessments• Engage in instruction that addresses learning
• Intervention is derived from analysis of baseline
data
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Why use a Problem-Solving Model? (PSM)
Ensure positive student outcomes, rather than determining failure or deviance.
(Deno, 1995)
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Implementation of NCRtI
• Tiers I-III call for implementation of PSM in the general education setting
• Tier IV represents referral for consideration of Special Ed– the highest level of service intensity– problem solving continues
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Tier IConsultation
Between Teachers-Parents
Student Needs
Reso
urc
es
The NC Problem- Solving Model
Identify Area(s)
of Need
Implement Plan
Evaluate
Develop a Plan
Tier II Consultation With OtherResources
Tier IIIConsultation
with the Problem Solving
Team
Tier IVConsideration
for EC referral
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Tier I
Tier II
Tier III
Tier IV
Student Needs
Ass
ess
men
t
Universal Screening
for ALL students 3x
per year
Progress Monitoring
1-2x per month
Diagnostic Assessment
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Four Tiers of Support
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Tier I - PSM• We’ve analyzed the Core, and made
changes. What’s next?
• Parent and teacher work together • What is the problem?• Why is it happening?• Where is the student and where should he be?• What are we going to do?• How will we know if the intervention is working?• Based on data collected during the intervention, did the
intervention work?
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2Step 1
Define the Problem
Develop a behavioral (observable) definition
of problem
Data
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Step 1: Define the Problem• Essential step
• Develop a behavioral/academic definition
• Concrete, Observable and Measurable
• Stranger test?
• Most difficult step!
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Define the ProblemJohnny--Grade 1
Teacher notes from error analysis and observations:
- often misread vowel sounds
- still sounds out sound by sound first, rather than blending
- reading is “choppy”
Teacher notes from cumulative folder:
- passed vision & hearing screenings
- no excessive absences/tardies60
KINDERGARTEN - spring FIRST - fall FIRST - winter
LNF 39 (40) 45 (37) (44)
PSF 35 (35) 37 (35) (39) 38 (35) (39)
NWF 20 (25) 24 (24) (30) 30 (50) (54)
ORF 15 (20) (35)
DRA Level 3 (3-4) Level 2 (3-4) (5) Level 6 (8-10) (10)
Black = Johnny’s score
Red = Grade level target
Blue = Class Average17
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Johnny Doe 1111111 01/28/XX
J. Smith 04/10/XX None
K 1
1
172/180
x
97/2
PSF-38;NWF-29; ORF-15; DRA-6
09/06/XX
20/20 20/2009/06/XX
Pass
Mr. & Mrs. John Doe, 121 Happy Lane, Utopia NC 00000
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04/10/XXJohnny Doe 01/28/XX 1111111
Mrs. Doe can see growth in Johnny’s reading, but she is concerned his skills are weak compared to those of his older siblingswhen they were in first grade.
Johnny’s oral reading fluency (ORF=15) and his overall reading level (DRA=6) are below benchmark for midyear first grade.
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2Step 1
Define the Problem
Develop a behavioral (observable) definition
of problem
Step 2Develop an
Assessment PlanGenerate a hypothesis
and assessment questions
related to the problem
Data
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Step 2: Develop an Assessment Plan
Generate a hypothesis• Why is the problem occurring ?• Formulate predictions of student’s behavior• Formulate assessment questions to confirm /
reject hypothesis
Domains that impact learningInstruction
Curriculum
Environment
Learner21
Step 2: Develop an Assessment Plan• We must ask questions to form a hypothesis
regarding “What is the problem? Why is it occurring?”
• We ask questions across four domains:
Instruction
Curriculum
Environment
Leaner
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InstructionPossible Questions• Has the instruction been consistent?
• Has the student received instruction in constituent skill areas?
• Does the student respond more effectively to a different pace?
• Has the student received descriptive feedback? 23
Instruction
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CurriculumPossible Questions• Are the deficits in the core?
• Does the curriculum include the needed skills?
• Has the student had enough time in the curriculum skill areas?
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Curriculum
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Environment
Possible Questions• Is the student “on-task” during instruction?
• How is his/her behavior in class and out of class?
• Home and school environment? (past and present)
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Environment
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Learner
Possible Questions• Any Medical issues?
• Background information in the cumulative record?
• Language issues?
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Leaner
Step 2: Develop an Assessment Plan
Procedure (RIOT)Review
Interview
Observe
Test
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Step 2: Develop an Assessment Plan
ReviewInterviewObserveTest
Instruction
Curriculum
Environment
LeanerReviewInterviewObserveTest
ReviewInterviewObserveTest
ReviewInterviewObserveTest
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Review
Examples• Review records
• Review grades
• Review teachers’ anecdotal records/instructional artifacts/work samples
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Interview
Examples• Teacher interview
• Parent interview
• Interview past teachers/previous school
• Student interview (older grades)
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Observe
Examples• Student observation
• Student/teacher interaction observation
• Instructional observation– Core – Intervention
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Test
Examples• CBM in area of concern
– Survey level – Grade level
• CBM in other areas• Common Assessments• Diagnostic – informal or formal
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5 43
2Step 1
Define the Problem
Develop a behavioral (observable) definition
of problem
Step 2Develop an
Assessment PlanGenerate a hypothesis
and assessment questions
related to the problem
Step 3Analysis of the
Assessment PlanDetermine if problem is
correctly defined
Data
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Step 3: Analysis of the Assessment Plan
Have we correctly defined the problem?
Do we need more data?
Based on our hypothesis, can we develop an intervention plan that is directly linked to the function of the problem?
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Develop an Assessment Plan (Why is the behavior occurring?)
Johnny--Grade 1
Teacher notes from error analysis and observations:
- often misread vowel sounds
- still sounds out sound by sound first, rather than blending
- reading is “choppy”
Teacher notes from cumulative folder:
- passed vision & hearing screenings
- no excessive absences/tardies
60
KINDERGARTEN - spring FIRST - fall FIRST - winter
LNF 39 (40) 45 (37) (44)
PSF 35 (35) 37 (35) (39) 38 (35) (39)
NWF 20 (25) 24 (24) (30) 30 (50) (54)
ORF 15 (20) (35)
DRA Level 3 (3-4) Level 2 (3-4) (5) Level 6 (8-10) (10)
Black = Johnny’s score
Red = Grade level target
Blue = Class Average35
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Writing a Hypothesis Statement
(student’s name) is (define problem) because/in order to (insert barrier/ maintaining variable)
Johnny is scoring below grade level on first grade oral reading fluency passages, because he is inconsistent with vowel sounds and is not blending sounds while reading.
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04/10/XXJohnny Doe 01/28/XX 1111111
Mrs. Doe can see growth in Johnny’s reading, but she is concerned his skills are weak compared to those of his older siblingswhen they were in first grade.
Johnny is scoring below grade level on first grade oral reading fluency passages, because he is inconsistent with vowel sounds and is not blending sounds while reading.
Johnny’s oral reading fluency (ORF=15) and his overall reading level (DRA=6) is below benchmark for midyear first grade.
7 16
5 43
2Step 1
Define the Problem
Develop a behavioral (observable) definition
of problem
Step 2Develop an
Assessment PlanGenerate a hypothesis
and assessment questions
related to the problem
Step 3Analysis of the
Assessment PlanDetermine if problem is
correctly defined
Step 4Generate a Goal
StatementSpecific Description of the
changes expected in student behavior
Data
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Step 4:Generate a Goal Statement
• Essential step• Precise definition• Set before plan implementation• Can use different methods
– norm referenced– rate of improvement/growth rate– percentile cutoffs
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Step 4:Generate a Goal Statement
• Goal statement- specific description of desired change in student behavior as a result of an intervention
• SMART Goal
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Doran, George T. "There's a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management's goals and objectives." Management Review, Nov 1981, Volume 70 Issue 11.
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Growth Rates (Fuchs & Fuchs)
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Grade Level
Realistic Weekly Improvement
Ambitious Weekly Improvements
1 2 words 3 words
2 1.5 words 2.0 words
3 1.0 words 1.5 words
4 .85 words 1.1 words
5 .5 words .8 words
6 .3 words .65 words
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Johnny’s Goal
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Johnny’s
current ORF
scoreAmbitious Growth Rate (1st) = 3 words/week
6 weeks of intervention
3 words/week X 6 weeks = 18 words
___________
33Johnny’s
GOAL18
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04/10/XXJohnny Doe 01/28/XX 1111111
Mrs. Doe can see growth in Johnny’s reading, but she is concerned his skills are weak compared to those of his older siblingswhen they were in first grade.
Johnny’s oral reading fluency (ORF=15) and his overall reading level (DRA=6) is below benchmark for midyear first grade.
ORF=15
ORF=33
After six weeks of intervention, Johnny will correctly read 33 words/minute on a grade level reading passage.
Johnny is scoring below grade level on first grade oral reading fluency passages, because he is inconsistent with vowel sounds and is not blending sounds while reading.
7Problem Solving (PSM) Process
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2Step 1
Define the Problem
Develop a behavioral (observable) definition
of problem
Step 2Develop an
Assessment PlanGenerate a hypothesis
and assessment questions
related to the problem
Step 3Analysis of the
Assessment PlanDetermine if problem is
correctly defined
Step 4Generate a Goal
StatementSpecific Description of the
changes expected in student behavior
Step 5Develop an
Intervention PlanBase interventions on
best practices and research-proven
strategies
Data
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Step 5: Develop a PlanDevelop an Intervention Plan
• Identify methods, procedures and materials that are research-based
• Describe plan of action
• Include specific goals
• Progress-monitoring plans included
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Intervention Plan• Continuation of hypothesis-testing step• Evaluate effectiveness of plan• Change as needed• Reasonable plan for implementation
– Clear understanding of implementation– Personnel– Skills and materials
**Retention is not a research-based intervention
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What’s The Difference?
Modification- change in instructional content
• modified spelling list• fewer number of math problems• modified reading assignment
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What’s the Difference?
Accommodation – a change that is intended to help the student fully access the general education curriculum without changing the instructional content
• large print books
• preferential seating
• sign language interpreters
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What’s the Difference?Intervention – academic or behavioral strategies used to teach a new skill, build fluency in a skill, or encourage the application of existing skills to a new environment
– repeated reading– paired reading– behavior report card– Wilson Reading, Read Well, Reading
Mastery, etc.
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04/10/XXJohnny Doe 01/28/XX 1111111
Mrs. Doe can see growth in Johnny’s reading, but she is concerned his skills are weak compared to those of his older siblingswhen they were in first grade.
Johnny is scoring below grade level on first grade oral reading fluency passages, because he is inconsistent with vowel sounds and is not blending sounds while reading.
Johnny’s oral reading fluency (ORF=15) and his overall reading level (DRA=6) are below benchmark for midyear first grade.
ORF=15
ORF=33
After six weeks of intervention, Johnny will correctly read at least 33 words/minute on a grade level reading passage.
Ms. Jones, instructional assistant, will provide encoding/decoding activities from FCRR in a small group setting 2 times per week, 20 minutes per session. Mrs. Doe will partner read with Johnny 3 nights/week,15 minutes/session. Mrs. Jones wil PM 1 x every other week.
01/30/XX
7 16
5 43
2Step 1
Define the Problem
Develop a behavioral (observable) definition
of problem
Step 2Develop an
Assessment PlanGenerate a hypothesis
and assessment questions
related to the problem
Step 3Analysis of the
Assessment PlanDetermine if problem is
correctly defined
Step 4Generate a Goal
StatementSpecific Description of the
changes expected in student behavior
Step 5Develop an
Intervention PlanBase interventions on
best practices and research-proven
strategies
Step 6 Implement the
Intervention PlanProvide strategies, materials, and
resources: include progress monitoring
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Data
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Step 6:Implement the Plan
• Multiple activities– Fidelity and integrity of intervention– Monitor the Intervention
• Progress Monitoring• Integrity of implementation
– Make changes as indicated– Decisions!
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Tier I
Tier II
Tier III
Tier IV
Student Needs
Ass
ess
men
t
Universal Screening
for ALL students 3x
per year
Progress Monitoring 1-2x
per month
Diagnostic Assessment
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Progress Monitoring
An act of collecting data to determine the effectiveness of an intervention.
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Progress Monitoring
• On-going systematic collection of data
• Used to determine the effectiveness of instructional/behavioral strategies
• Must use data that can be compared- apples to apples!
• Shows are they growing or not growing?
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40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
15
33
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5 43
2Step 7Analysis of the
Intervention Planmake a team decision on the effectiveness of
the intervention
Step 1Define the
ProblemDevelop a behavioral
(observable) definition of problem
Step 2Develop an
Assessment PlanGenerate a hypothesis
and assessment questions
related to the problem
Step 3Analysis of the
Assessment PlanDetermine if problem is
correctly defined
Step 4Generate a Goal
StatementSpecific Description of the
changes expected in student behavior
Step 5Develop an
Intervention PlanBase interventions on
best practices and research-proven
strategies
Step 6 Implement the
Intervention PlanProvide strategies,
materials, and resources: include
progress monitoring
Data
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Step 7:Analysis of the Intervention Plan
EVALUATE the DATA
Progress monitoring is essential– Examine student performance– Evaluate the effectiveness of instruction
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40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
15
20
2224
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04/10/XXJohnny Doe 01/28/XX 1111111
Mrs. Doe can see growth in Johnny’s reading, but she is concerned his skills are weak compared to those of his older siblingswhen they were in first grade.
Johnny is scoring below grade level on first grade oral reading fluency passages, because he is inconsistent with vowel sounds and is not blending sounds while reading.
Johnny’s oral reading fluency (ORF=15) and his overall reading level (DRA=6) is below benchmark for midyear first grade.
ORF=15
ORF=33
After six weeks of intervention, Johnny will correctly read at least 33 words/minute on a grade level reading passage.
01/30/XX
03/15/XX ORF=24; DRA=8
03/15/XX Johnny responded to the intervention but did not reach the goal of 33 words correct/minute on a grade level reading passage.
03/15/XX Using a realistic growth rate of 2 words/week on ORF, Johnny’s peers who scored at target on ORF on winter benchmarks should be scoring around 32 words correct/min by this time. Grade level DRA expectations at this time are around 12. Johnny is still below grade level expectations, but progress is being made with the interventions.
Ms. Jones, instructional assistant, will provide encoding/decoding activities from FCRR in a small group setting 2 times per week, 20 minutes per session. Mrs. Doe will partner read with Johnny 3 nights/week,15 minutes/session. Mrs. Jones wil PM 1 x every other week.
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X
03/15/XX
Johnny’s progress monitoring data indicate he is responding to the intervention; however, greater intensity/frequency is needed in order to meet grade level targets.
Johnny will continue interventions but will work with Mrs. White in a one-on-one setting 2 times per week, with an additional 5 minutes per session.
Mrs. Smith had a phone conference with Mrs. Doe after consulting with Mrs. White, Reading Specialist.
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Case Study . . . working together
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Case Study: Tier I
• Savannah – 7 years old– Second Grade
• Review case study and paperwork.• As a team, complete the assignment.• Review and discuss the decisions
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7 16
5 43
2Step 7Analysis of the
Intervention Planmake a team decision on the effectiveness of
the intervention
Step 1Define the
ProblemDevelop a behavioral
(observable) definition of problem
Step 2Develop an
Assessment PlanGenerate a hypothesis
and assessment questions
related to the problem
Step 3Analysis of the
Assessment PlanDetermine if problem is
correctly defined
Step 4Generate a Goal
StatementSpecific Description of the
changes expected in student behavior
Step 5Develop an
Intervention PlanBase interventions on
best practices and research-proven
strategies
Step 6 Implement the
Intervention PlanProvide strategies,
materials, and resources: include
progress monitoring
Data
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Case Study: Tier I
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1Define the Problem
2Develop an Assessment Plan
3Analysis of the Assessment Plan
• For this student, the problem is easily defined and the assessment plan is already developed since the school is using a universal CBM.
• Other assessment method could have included items from the K-2 Literacy Assessment.
• The teacher analyzed the CBM benchmark assessment data and determined that Savannah was below the standard set for oral reading fluency.
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Case Study: Tier I
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4Generate a Goal Statement
- Possible ways to set Tier I goals :
- Standard on a criterion referenced assessment- Benchmarks from CBM
- K-2 Literacy Assessment
- Growth on an assessment - Moving from “level 2” to “level 3” on
assessments
- Class average on a classroom assessment
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Doran, George T. "There's a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management's goals and objectives." Management Review, Nov 1981, Volume 70 Issue 11.
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Case Study: Tier I
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5Develop an Intervention Plan
• The parent and teacher collaborated to develop an intervention plan.
• School component
• Home component
• Method to monitor student progress during the intervention
6Implement the Intervention Plan
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Case Study: Tier I
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• Decision Making questions to consider:
• Did the student meet the set goal?
• Is the student still performing significantly lower than peers?
• Did the student make progress during the intervention period?
7Analysis of theIntervention Plan