Responsible Sourcing Guide: Marine Warm Water Prawns · Marine Warm Water Prawns QII 2015 e 2...

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Responsible Sourcing Guide:

Marine Warm Water Prawns

QII 2015

Page1

Warm water shrimp / prawns,

as their name suggests, are

found in warm, tropical marine

waters. The global production

of farmed penaeid (family

Penaeidae) shrimps and

prawns averaged 3.5 - 4 million

metric tonnes (mt) per annum for the years 2008-11 (1) and is poised to double in the next

decade to 8 million mt (2). Pre-dominantly inland (brackish water) locations are used to farm

penaeids, whereas almost all wild caught penaeids are from marine fisheries. For

convenience, prawns and shrimps are divided into cold water and warm water varieties. The

former are from cold water oceans such as the North Atlantic and Arctic, and the latter from

warm waters such as the Pacific and Indian oceans. On the UK market the legal distinction

between penaeid prawns and shrimps is based on weight (3), with larger animals (e.g. tiger

prawns), and smaller animals described as shrimp.

The purpose of this guide is to give buyers background information on the responsible

sourcing of warm water, marine prawns.

Aquaculture accounted for 56% of the world’s warm water marine prawn supplies in 2012 (4). Two

prawn species that are dominant in terms of suppyling world markets are two that are farmed;

namely the white leg prawn (Litopenaeus vannamei, formerly Penaeus vannamei) and the Asian,

black or giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) (Figure 1) (5) .

Penaeus monodon Litopenaeus vannamei

© Scandinavian Fishing Year Book

Figure 1. World Production of marine warm water prawns - capture and aquaculture (5)

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QII 2015

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‘Vannamei’ is the clear leader in terms of warm water prawn aquaculture, accounting for ~70% of

the world’s annual farmed production. The remaining 30% of warm water prawn aquaculture

production is made up of ‘monodon’ (~20%) and a further six minor species (see table in Figure 1).

The global industry generates US$12 – 15 billion a year (5).

In 2013, the total value of imports of frozen warm water prawns to

the EU was €3 billion (474,000 mt). This represented 34% of

global import value (36% of global import volume). Spain, France,

Italy, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK accounted

for 90% (€2.7 billion) of the total frozen prawn import value in

2013 (6, 7).

In terms of UK seafood imports, 40,117 mt of warm water prawns

were imported in to the UK in 2013 for retail and commercial

services (restaurants, etc.), valued at £269 million. Warm water

prawns ranked 5th in the top 35 UK retail species in the 52 weeks

running up to August 2014. UK retail volume of warm water

prawns was 11,772 mt and worth £192 million in the same 12

month period (8).

Sources and quantities

Modern warm water prawn farming began in the 1960s, became a significant industry in the 1990s,

and has grown rapidly ever since. Today prawns are cultured in over 60 countries, providing a

livelihood for millions of people (5). In 2012 aquaculture raised over 3 million mt of vannamei, and

over 850,000 mt of monodon (Figure 2) (6, 7).

BUYERS’ TOP TIPS

Know your source of supply. Only purchase warm water prawns which are traceable throughout the entire production chain.

Ensure product complies with appropriate standards for farming, processing and production.

Understand the legal system for importing prawns, and the testing requirements to ensure all product is free from drug and chemical residues.

Be aware of the social and environmental impacts.

Figure 2. Global aquaculture production - vannamei and mondon (mt) (9, 10)

L. vannamei

P. monodon






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Brackish water

Seawater

Figure 4. Life Cycle of Penaeid Prawn (13)

Asia is by far the largest producing region (China, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, India,

Bangladesh), with around 82% of aquaculture production, followed by Latin America (Ecuador

Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Brazil, Venezuela), with ~16%. Other nations, such as

Madagascar, Australia and some Middle Eastern, make up the remaining production (5) (Figure 3).

Biology (11, 12)

Penaeus monodon (monodon)

Monodon inhabits the coasts of Australia,

South East Asia, South Asia and East Africa

in tropical marine habitats. Adults are often

found over muddy sand or sandy bottoms at

20 - 50 m depth. In the wild, they are

nocturnal, burrowing into the bottom during

the day and emerging at night to search for

food as benthic feeders. Monodon is more

predatory than omnivorous scavenger or

detritivore.

As with all penaeid prawns, monodon spend

their larval, juvenile, adolescent and sub-

adult stages in coastal estuaries, lagoons or

mangrove areas, where juvenile and

adolescent stages can tolerate salinity

conditions as low as 1-2‰ (Figure 4).

Mating occurs at night, shortly after moulting.

Monodon females produce as many as

500,000 - 750,000 eggs. Spawning occurs at

night and fertilization is external with eggs

laid in offshore waters. Hatching of the free-

swimming nauplii occurs 12 - 15 hours after

fertilization. The next larval stages remain

planktonic for some time and are carried

towards the shore by tidal currents. The post

larvae change from planktonic to feeding on

Figure 3. Warm water prawn aquaculture production by global region (5)






QII 2015

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benthic detritus, worms and small

crustaceans. They then migrate to deeper

water when they become adolescent and

finally move to spawning grounds upon

becoming adults.

Litopenaeus vannamei (vannamei)

Vannamei is native to the Eastern Pacific

coast from Mexico in the North, through

Central and South America as far south

Ecuador, in tropical marine habitats. This

species grows to a smaller size than

monodon. Its normal appearance is a

translucent white, but colour may vary

dependent on substratum, feed and water

turbidity

As with monodon adults live and spawn in the

open ocean, with females spawning 100,000

– 250,000 eggs. Hatching occurs about 16

hours after spawning and fertilization. Initial

planktonic life stages, post larval

development and subsequent migration to

oceanic waters as sub-adults are similar to

monodon.

Cultivation methods

and systems

Figure 5 at the end of this section shows

details of production systems for monodon

and vannamei (14) and is useful to refer to

whilst reading the following sections on

aquaculture methods and systems. This

schematic diagram details the systems

practiced in Vietnam, but they are applicable

to many different regions and countries,

although methodologies (e.g. stocking rates,

feeding regimes) may vary geographically.

Traditional pond culture of warm water

prawns involved the trapping and holding of

post larvae naturally found in coastal zones.

This practice is still continued, however,

during the 1970s breeding and techniques

were developed, enabling post larvae to be

raised in aquaculture hatchery facilities and

supplied to farmers for on-growing.

Broodstock and hatchery

Broodstock and hatchery: Monodon (11)

Monodon aquaculture in still relies almost

entirely on wild stock, for both extensive

production (recruiting passively collected wild

seed) and broodstock for captive breeding

and producing hatchery-reared post larvae.

Normally monodon broodstock are captured

from the wild. They are stabilised, graded and

subsequently induced to spawn. It has been

found that unilateral eyestalk ablation

(removal of one eye) has the effect of

stimulating the endocrine system which in

turn results in ovarian development.

However, the mechanism is not fully

understood and research continues to find

alternative methods for inducing maturation.

Gravid females (those with eggs attached to

their bodies) are also collected from the wild

and supplied to hatcheries.

In the largest monodon producing nation,

Vietnam, two organizations are working on

domesticating monodon; the Vietnamese

government and a joint venture between it

and a US biotechnology company. Monodon

broodstock and post larvae supplies from

these sources are still very small (14).

Advances in closing the life cycle of monodon

on and breeding on a commercial scale will






QII 2015

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reduce and eventually eliminate the need for

wild collection, and supply farmers with

disease-free (SPF, Specific Pathogen Free)

and disease resistant (SPR; Specific

Pathogen Resistant) post larvae.

Quality of post larvae is extremely important

as farmed prawns can potentially suffer from

a number of bacterial, viral, fungal and

parasitic diseases which can cause massive

losses, both in production and trade value

(15). This is perhaps best illustrated by the

recent outbreak of acute hepatopancreatic

necrosis syndrome also described as early

mortality syndrome (AHPNS/EMS) (16), and

the obvious dip in global production between

2012 - 2013 (Figure 2).

Larvae are cared for in nursery rearing tanks.

Once they have developed into the post

larvae stage they are transferred to either a

traditional, extensive or semi-intensive pond.

Growth units range in size from small ponds

on a subsistence basis to very large industrial

size operations.

Broodstock and hatchery: Vannamei

Unlike monodon, the life cycle of vannamei

has been fully closed and the vannamei

industry worldwide relies upon domesticated

broodstock as a source of post larvae (17).

Disease-free SPF and disease resistant SPR

stock are available. Suppliers can be found

across the world including the US, Thailand,

Singapore and Indonesia (18, 19, 20),

shipping broodstock and post larvae to where

they are needed.

On-growing culture practices

On-growing culture practices: Monodon (11)

Monodon is cultured across Asia (in China,

Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia,

India, Bangladesh) with limited amounts from

countries such as Madagascar and Australia

(5). Vietnam has traditionally been the lead

monodon producing nation with some

300,000 mt per annum (21, 22).

There are three basic on-growing prawn

culture practices: extensive, semi-intensive

and intensive, which represent low, medium

and high stocking densities respectively. Due

to benthic feeding habits, site characteristics,

etc, most prawns are commercially raised in

earthen ponds, under a wide varity of

salinities, from 2 to 30‰.

Extensive and improved / semi-extensive

This technique is generally carried out using

wild post larvae either entering the ponds on

the tide, purchased from collectors, or

partially stocked with hatchery post larvae.

Extensive ponds are large, e.g. ~5 ha, and

fertilized with organic and inorganic fertilizers.

Stocking density is low, e.g. 2 animals per m2

and harvested at ~5 – 6 months. The prawns

feed on natural foods enhanced by pond

fertilisation, and supplemented by artificial

diets. Water exchange of 10-15% is carried

out daily. Yields are relatively low at 50-500

kg/hectare per annum.

Semi-intensive cultivation

Semi-intensive ponds (~1 ha) are stocked

more densely with hatchery produced post

larvae e.g. 20 - 25/m². Water exchange is

regularly carried out by pumping. Aerators

are used for maintaining desired levels of






QII 2015

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dissolved oxygen. Supplementary feed is

provided by the farmer. Production levels of

500 - 5,000 kg/ha/year can be achieved.

Intensive cultivation

Ponds are generally small (0.1-1.0 ha) and

they are stocked at higher densities e.g. 20-

60 post larvae/m2. There is vigorous aeration,

and regular feeding 4 - 5 times per day.

Water exchange is limited, especially where

there is risk of disease. When such closed

systems are used there has to be careful

monitoring and management of water quality.

On-growing culture practices: Vannamei (12)

Cultivation techniques for vannamei are

analogous to monodon, but differ in several

respects. In general, production of vannamei

is more scientifically and technologically

advanced than for monodon. There is more

intensification of farms and farming is

conducted in semi-intensive and intensive

systems only. Stocking densities can be

higher than in monodon ponds and growing

period shorter. Many monodon farmers have

switched to cultivating vannamei (21), which .

can be cultivated in almost freshwater which

reduces the risk of salt damage to soils.

Super-intensive cultivation

Research is being conducted into vannamei

prawn cultivation in RAS (recirculating

aquaculture systems) and super intensive

cultivation (23). In these systems prawns are

cultivated in enclosed raceways housed in

greenhouses. In these systems the water is

treated and re-used; there is no effluent

stream and only evaporative losses are

replaced. It is claimed that these systems are

very cost effective and have a low ecological

footprint, but they have yet to prove

themselves commercially.

Feed

Careful management of food and feeding

regimes are paramount to the success of

aquaculture. Prawns that are reared in

systems where feed is given are fed

industrial, pelletized feed. The composition of

feeds used for monodon and vannamei are

not identical. Vannamei are less carnivorous

than monodon so their protein requirements

are lower, and proportionately more plant

ingredients and less aquatic animal material,

e.g. fishmeal (FM), fish oil (FO) and squid

visceral/shrimp meal are in vannamei feeds.

The use of FM and FO in all ‘aquafeed’ is a

contentious issue, and the feed industry is

active in reducing FM and FO inclusion levels

and finding materials and methods to replace

both with alternative ingredients, without

detrimental effects to prawn health, growth

rate and ultimately the quality of the final

product. FM in East and SE Asia is generally

from reduction or ‘trash fish fisheries’, which

are often unregulated (24, 25).

The International Fishmeal and Fish Oil

Organisation (IFFO) (now the Marine

Ingredients Organisation), estimates that on

average producing 1 mt of farmed fish

(excluding filter feeding species) takes 0.5 mt

of whole wild fish (26). In terms of feeding

efficiency of prawn, or the Feed Conversion

Ratio (FCR), figures of between 1.2 and 2:1

are quoted (11, 12). In a major producer

country such as Vietnam, FCR figures for

intensive and semi-intensively farmed

monodon are around 1.5, whilst for vannamei

it is 1.3 (14).






QII 2015

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Figure 5. Schematic of P. monodon and L. vannamei farming systems (10)

Wild broodstock ♂ & ♀

Wild spawner♀

Spawning/Hatching Tank

Larval Rearing Tank (26-31 days)

Maturation Tank (1-3 months)

Re-maturation

♀ Eye stalk

ablation

Extensive Pond 3-5+ha

Semi-Intensive Pond 1-4ha

Intensive Pond 1-4ha

Improved-Extensive Pond

1-3ha

Nauplii Hatching (12-18 hrs)

Spawned Eggs – 500,000-750,000 per ♀

Larval development &

passive migration from

offshore to coastal

habitats e.g. mangroves

Spawning/Hatching Tank

Nauplii Hatching (12-18 hrs)

Larval Rearing Tank (26-31 days)

Post Larvae

Domesticated broodstock♂ & ♀

Maturation Tank (3-4 months)

Spawned Eggs – 100,000-250,000per ♀

Intensive Pond 1-4ha

Domesticated broodstock♂ & ♀

0.3-0.5 mt/ha/year Crop cycle = 3-5 months

1-3 mt/ha/crop Crop cycle = 4-5 months

50-70%

100%

Post Larvae

30-50%

Litopenaeus vannamei

Semi-Intensive Pond 1-4ha


Penaeus monodon

100%


Stocking 15-45+ PL/m²

Stocking 1-6 PL/m²

Stocking 2-6 PL/m²

Stocking 15-45 PL/m² Stocking 90-120 PL/m²

Stocking 90-120 PL/m²


Wild Seed

KEY

Seawater

Brackish Water

100% Feed; Chemicals Applied

Limited Feed; Chemicals Applied

No Feed; No/Limited Chemicals

Applied

0.5-0.7 mt/ha/crop Crop cycle = 5-6 months






QII 2015

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Environmental considerationsThe rapid growth in production of prawn

species and the potential environmental,

social and economic effects of their culture,

have led to the need to develop standards for

culture to ensure control of these effects.

Careful pond husbandry to ensure good

water quality and to avoid stressing the

prawns, regular cleaning of pond bottoms

and careful sourcing of SPF and SPR post

larvae to avoid infected animals entering

farms are key to reducing undesirable effects.

Whilst for viral pathogens there are no

countermeasures, except good husbandry

and avoiding infected stock, there are a

number of treatments available which are

used by prawn farmers, either to prevent or

control infection from bacterial and other

sources. Administering veterinary medicines

or other pharmacologically active substances

may result in drug residues persisting in

prawn flesh. Since these residues are

generally undesirable, and some potentially

hazardous to human health, legislation is in

place to control use and limit residues in the

final product.

Biofloc technology (BFT) is gaining popularity

as an aquaculture strategy. In this method

bacterial grown on the wastes from the

farmed prawns is encouraged in tanks under

controlled conditions. The bacteria then

‘clump’ together into a ‘floc’ and are fed back

to the prawns (27).

In the EU, veterinary medicines may be used

only if they are on a ‘permitted’ list. Medicines

that are not listed or that are on a ‘banned’

list should not be used at all (28).

Testing of prawns is carried out on entry to

the EU and samples are taken in relation to

the perceived risk of contamination at source.

The EU has one of the highest food safety

standards in the world which ensures that

food is safe for consumers. A key tool is

RASFF – the Rapid Alert System for Food

and Feed (29). The Maximum Residue Limits

(MRLs) of pharmacologically active

substances are set for aquaculture products

(28). Consignments surpassing these limits

are rejected by the EU (6, 7).

Many sources list the impacts prawn farming

can have on the environment. Some of the

major issues are:

Farm design, construction and clustering

in and around ecologically-sensitive

habitats e.g. mangrove forests, salt and

mudflats, estuaries, tidal basins and

coastal marshes

Water use and pollution, e.g. salt water

from farms can seep to groundwater and

agricultural land (causing salinization);

organic waste streams, chemical and

veterinary residue discharges; freshwater

aquifers can also be depleted to supply

water to prawn farms.

The use of wild fish stocks for use in

FM and FO in formulated feeds

Many of the ingredients currently used in

shrimp feed are imported long distances

e.g. soybean






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Wild monodon broodstock and gravid

female collection may have negative

impacts on wild populations and

biodiversity impacts

Introduction of pathogens can lead to

major prawn disease outbreaks and

significant economic losses in producing

countries; potential risk of the increased

pathogen levels in discharged farm

waters infecting wild populations

There are a number of measures available to

counter these negative aspects. Examples

include intensification of culture using

recycling systems and a very minimal amount

of seawater, to prevent salinization of soils

and freshwater resources. Continued

research into the commercial domestication

of monodon to reduce the reliance on wild

post larvae and broodstock, and helped to

control disease. Efforts to reduce the FM and

FO levels in prawn feeds with alternative,

locally sourced ingredients. Whilst these

measures are being taken to counter the

potentially adverse effects of prawn

aquaculture, there is also a growing

requirement to adhere to independent

farming and product standards in order for

farmers to continue to access lucrative

markets such as Europe.

Standards and

certification

Both environmental and economic pressures

support the need for management standards

and certification of aquaculture production.

Certification is a process that allows a

supplier to demonstrate responsible sourcing

practices by: minimising impact on the

environment; making the best use of locally

available resources; making informed choices

regarding labour rights; complying with

national legislation and ensuring the best use

of feed and therapeutic products.

Internationally the development of

aquaculture standards has been underway

for years, and a variety of organisations now

offer independent, 3rd party audited

standards, including the Global Aquaculture

Alliance, GLOBALG.A.P and the Aquaculture

Stewardship Council . In January 2011 FAO

approved technical guidelines on the

certification of aquaculture (30).

For the responsible sourcing and production

of FM and FO there is the Marine Ingredients

Organisation (IFFO) (31) which offers their

IFFO Global Standard for Responsible

Supply Global Standard for Responsible

Supply (32).

GLOBALG.A.P (GG) - Good Agricultural

Practice (32, 33) is a private sector body

that sets voluntary standards for the

certification of production processes of

agricultural (including aquaculture)

products around the globe. The standard

serves as a global reference system for

other existing standards. It is a business

to business (B2B) label and not directly

visible to consumers. Standards for

shrimp farms were launched in 2008.

According to their website at least 53

producers worldwide had been GG

certified (monodon and vannamei) by QI

2105.






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The Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA)

(33, 34) is an international, non‐profit

trade association, registered in the USA

that promotes advancement in

environmentally and socially responsible

aquaculture. The GAA has developed

Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP)

certification standards for aquaculture

products and offers a consumer-facing

logo. New BAP Multi-Species Farm

Standards completed (replacing tailored

standards for shrimp) 2013. According to

their website 106 shrimp farms worldwide

had been GAA certified by QII 2105, with

the majority in Asia.

Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC)

(35) engaged with many industry,

government and non-governmental

organisations to reach agreement on

principles and standards for its

certification scheme. ASC also offers a

consumer-facing logo. The final shrimp

standards were released in QII 2014. As

of QI 2015, 15 farms had been certified,

with a further 17 under assessment.

The Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative

(GSSI) (36). As seafood certification and

labelling programs become the primary

tool to address sustainability issues for

many buyers, companies, and

consumers, the number of programs has

led to confusion and inefficiencies. In

2013 the GSSI was created to develop a

common, consistent and global

benchmarking tool to measure and

compare performance. The final version

of the GSSI Global Benchmark Tool

should be available in QIII 2015.

Product characteristics

Farmed warm water prawns are available all

year round (37). They are an extremely good

source of protein, yet are very low in fat and

calories, making them a very healthy food

choice (15). They are considered a healthy

option because they contain high levels of

Omega-3 fatty acids and are rich in Vitamins

E and B12, phosphorous and selenium.

General packaging and processing

characteristics (6, 7)

Packaging: Frozen prawns are mostly

imported in cartons or bags with a certain

amount of prawns (e.g. 30/40, 40/50, etc.,

pieces/kg). B2B frozen vannamei are often

imported as 5–25 kg bulk, or 1–5 kg blocks.

Colour and Processing: Raw Monodon –

Grey to black strips with a green touch. Raw

Vannamei – Translucent, bluish or olive with

dusky bands and characteristic white legs.

Cooked both: Bright red shell and white meat.

In northern Europe peeled, undeveined

(PUD) are popular.

Supply chain standards

The British Retail Consortium (BRC) Global

Standard & Safe & Local Supplier Approval

(SALSA) certification are designed to raise

standards in the seafood processing and

wholesaling sectors. At the end of 2014 EU

‘Labelling of Fishery and Aquaculture

products’ (FAPs) came into force. All wild

fishery and farmed aquaculture products

marketed within EU (both the EU and non-EU

products) will display mandatory and

voluntary information about the product for

final consumers and mass caterers (31, 32).






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For further information contact:

Lee Cocker. E: [email protected]

Karen Green. E: [email protected]

For other aquaculture guides see:

http://www.seafish.org/industry-

support/aquaculture

REFERENCES

1. http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/en

2. http://www.seafoodsource.com/news/aquaculture/26969-goal-2014-global-shrimp-production-to-double-in-next-decade

3. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/236702/pb14027-uk-commercial-designation-fish-list.pdf

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ndusty%20-%20Darryl%20Joy.pdf

6. http://www.cbi.eu/sites/default/files/study/product-factsheet-vannamei-europe-fish-seafood-2014.pdf

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12. http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Litopenaeus_vannamei/en

13. http://fisheryworld.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/marine-shrimp-life-cycle.html

14. Cocker, L.M., 2014. Farmed marine Shrimp in Vietnam. Seafood Watch (in prep)

15. Flegel, T.W., 2012. Historic Emergence, Impact and Current Status of Shrimp Pathogens in Asia. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,

110, 2012

16. www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/175416/icode/

17. Benzie, J.A.H., 2009. Use and Exchange of Genetic Resources of Penaeid Shrimps for Food and Aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture

Special Issue on Use and Exchange of Genetic Resources of Cultured Aquatic Organisms, Vol. 1, Issue 3-4

18. http://www.konabaymarine.com/shrimp.html

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20. http://www.shrimpnews.com/FreeReportsFolder/NewsReportsFolder/PhilippinesListOfApprovedBroodstock.html

21. http://vietfish.org/20130823040740515p49c67/vannamei-shrimp-comes-to-throne.htm

22. http://www.cna-ecuador.com/aquaexpo/2014/presentaciones/3-Tran_Ngoc_Hai.pdf

23. http://media.dhweb.com.s3.amazonaws.com/aes/GAA_articles/Samocha_Nov-Dec-2012.pdf

24. Lee-Harwood, B., 2010. FishSource, Reduction and Aquaculture. Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Briefing, March, 2010

25. http://www.rebyc-cti.org/

26. http://www.iffo.net/node/463

27. https://www.aesweb.org/biofloc.php

28. http://www.seafish.org/industry-support/legislation/veterinary-residues

29. http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/rasff/index_en.htm

30. http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2296t/i2296t00.htm

31. http://www.iffo.net/system/files/IFFORSWeb%20leaflet.pdf

32. http://www.globalgap.org/uk_en/

33. http://www.seafish.org/media/1116253/seafishupdate_aquaculturecertification_201308.pdf

34. http://www.gaalliance.org/

35. http://www.asc-aqua.org/

36. http://www.ourgssi.org/

37. http://www.seafish.org/eating-seafood/the-seafood-guide

38. http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/news_and_events/events/20141015/doc/sanz_en.pdf

39. http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/documentation/publications/eu-new-fish-and-aquaculture-consumer-labels-pocket-guide_en.pdf





http://www.seafish.org/industry-support/aquaculture

http://www.seafish.org/industry-support/aquaculture

http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/en

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Responsible Sourcing Guide: Marine Warm Water Prawns · Marine Warm Water Prawns QII 2015 e 2...

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