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Transcript of Responsible aquaculture management practices Aquamarkets, Manila 2 nd -6 th June 2003 Michael...
Responsible aquaculture management practices
Aquamarkets, Manila
2nd-6th June 2003
Michael Phillips, NACA
Aquaculture for food
Human populations on the increase Capture fisheries production is limited Aquatic meat is still a cheap protein in many
countries Need to feed people Aquaculture is essential to contribute to
demand-supply gap! Globally fastest growing food production sector
Growing attention on aquaculture
Media, lobby groups, civil society organizations
Consumer awareness and preferences
Human health concerns Environmental issues Social concerns and equity Export oriented production for
affluent societies Equitability of income and poverty
alleviation from export oriented aquaculture
Food quality and safety concerns
BSE, FMD, human health concerns EU and USA regulations No avian or mammalian material in livestock feed Restrictions on feeding material from same species
Veterinary drugs and anti-microbials Livestock, aquaculture
Chemical use in aquaculture Human health repercussions
International rules and obligations
WTO, SPS agreement Human health Animal health
Doha – “Trade and development” Fisheries given special attention
FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries Convention on Biological Diversity CITES National rules, bilateral agreements
Labeling for EU, US markets
Responsible aquaculture management and markets
Traditionally, the only concern was product quality and (post-harvest) food safety
Now, increasing recognition of the importance of the food production process
Therefore, growing emphasis on the importance of responsible aquaculture management practices
Increasingly important to implement and have systems in place that effectively communicate and assure
Consortium program on Shrimp farming and the environment “To analyse and share experiences on better management of
shrimp aquaculture in coastal areas” Main partners are the World Bank, NACA, WWF and FAO. Government, private sector and NGOs participated in activities,
totaling over 100 researchers in 20 countries Funding - Bank-Netherlands partnership, AVINA and MacArthur
Foundation, FAO, in-kind support substantial 1999 -2002
Consortium program objectives1. Better understanding of key
issues
2. Encourage debate, discussion and consensus around these issues
3. Identify better management practices (BMPs)
4. Evaluate cost, benefits and barriers for adoption of BMPs
5. Strategies to support implementation of BMPs
Special attention being given to social issues, employment and poverty
Consortium program structure Comprises 35 complementary case studies
on different aspects of shrimp aquaculture Over 100 researchers, 20 countries Case studies on specific topics in:
Asia Africa and the Middle East Latin America
Thematic reviews (studies of a global nature)
Studies involve wide range of stakeholders and consultations
Terms of Reference and study reports circulated for public discussion
Issues to be addressed through better management Shrimp farm siting and its impacts on habitats Shrimp farm design and construction Water use, quality, and effluent discharge Shrimp PLs and wild broodstock/PL collection Responsible use of chemicals, food quality and safety Feed and feed management Effluent and solid waste management Shrimp health management Employment and social impacts Shrimp culture, rural development and poverty alleviation
For each of these, the consortium work has identified “worse” and “better” practices.
On farm economic costs and benefits assessed
Reducing impacts on water resources Better practice:
Minimize release of nutrients and organic matter
Reduced water exchange
Economic benefits: Reduced energy costs Reduce disease risk
Feed and feed management Better practice:
Use of high quality feeds, efficient use of fish meal
Feed monitoring Feeding according to demand Low FCR
Economic benefits: Substantial increase in profitability
Major findings
Impacts can be managed Farm level (mostly) Local area, national levels
Key better management practices can lead to more profitable farming
Issue is providing incentives, and support for implementation
Such results provide a basis for international agreement on BMP principles (including possibly certification systems)
Improvements in shrimp production: examples from extensive farms in India
Shrimp crop production (kg.ha-1)
Kg/H
a
Ponds0
200
400
600
800
1000
A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2
Demo
Previouscrop
Challenges ahead Much known about better management practice
Implementation is a key factor Market access moving towards product trace-ability and
certification of responsible practices: Farm to table (or farm to fork) approach EU/US mandatory requirements for labeling Aquaculture product certification
Transformation of the sector is a challenge: Large numbers of small-scale farmers! Low investment, low input systems Creating effective cooperation to support responsible farm management
practices Providing supporting policy, legal, institutional framework Participatory process towards agreeing responsible practice?
Cr mouth
SF MnBk
cana
lRoad
Kr port
Muttukuru
Open scrub
(RF)Pattapupalem
Venkatareddipalem
Varagali Momidi
Kattuvapali
SF
SF
M
M
Bk
canal
M
Kandleru Creek, AP, India: FCC 432 IRS-1C LISS-III (20/02/01 )
Legend
Kr = Krisnapatnam
M = Mangrove
SP = Salt Pan
SF = Shrimp farm
BK = Buckingham
CR = Creek
RF = Reserve Forest
SP
Bay of Bengal
Sand bar
Better farmer organization is a way forward
Local groups/“clubs” can form the base of the market chain
An example from India “Self-made” rules and
regulations: Don’t use antibiotics
How to provide such progressive farming groups business incentives through market access?
Empowering producers?
Importance of partnerships Farmer-farmer
Farmer groups have significant opportunities for local organization and “self-help” Farmer groups can be a building block for product supply Farmer-farmer communication networks (complements limited extension)
Farmer-input suppliers Farmers to hatcheries, nurseries (chemical salesmen!), investors (in sustainable
practice) Farmer-buyer-processor-exporters-importers-consumers
Partnership along the market chain (for trace-ability) and also to reward and support market access for farmers adopting better practice
Public-private Regulations and incentives that support better management Support to communication and awareness building
Inter and intra-regional cooperation Harmonization of SPS measures (for trade, aquaculture chemicals) Participation of stakeholders in standard setting (eg WTO, certification)
Addressing the challenge Responsible aquaculture management practice will be a basic requirement
for market access Implementing better management practice represents an opportunity to
address problems, improve the sectors’ image, promote the sector’s development
Certification, and trace-ability of product will be required However, the transition in the sector will not be easy. Fair trade schemes that support sector’s development, and small-scale
farming sector are required Better understanding of mechanisms and support required
Support to development of credible certification systems will be required Increased stakeholder participation, transparency, harmonized approach, more bottom
up approach Need for harmonized, transparent, credible standards
Better partnerships