Response Diversity Monika Gorzelak October 20 th 2014.
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Transcript of Response Diversity Monika Gorzelak October 20 th 2014.
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Response Diversity
Monika GorzelakOctober 20th 2014
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“Nature is not fragile . . . what is fragile are theecosystems services on which humans depend”.(Levin 1999)
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Ecosystem resilience
Amount of disturbance a system can take without changing stateso Ability to reorganize, renew after disturbanceo capacity to self-organizeo Learning and adaptation
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Response diversity
Definition• Diversity of responses to environmental
change among species that contribute to the same ecosystem function
• Diversity within functional groups is important to the adaptive capacity of ecosystems; not just species richness
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Role of Biological Diversity in Ecosystem Resilience
Functional diversity Ecologically redundant (eg. Both fungi and bacteria are decomposers)
Species diversity eg. Many species of decomposer fungi (may have a range of decomposing ability...example: may differ in optimal temperature)
Response diversity
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Response diversity
• How to best illustrate this??
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Examples
Bother?
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Disturbance
Natural
• pulse disturbance
Human
• Chronic disturbance• Compounded
perturbations
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Response diversity
• Is not species richness
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Response Diversity Example: seed dispersal in tropical forests
• Western Polynesia after cyclone• Frugivore species disperse tree seeds• Frugivore flying foxes, the dominante P. tonaganus and D. pacifica
declined by 90% whereas P. samoensis declined by only 10%. P. samoensis, previously subdominant, was able to maintain function (seed dispersal)
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Response Diversity Example: plants in rangelands
• Rank abundance with fill depicting different function• Dominant species are functionally different• Grazed grass replaced with functional equivalent
(Walker et al. 1999)
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Response Diversity Example: freshwater detritovores
• Stoneflies are sensitive to organic pollution• Crustaceans are sensitive to acidification• Both break down leaf litter• Species richness did not affect leaf breakdown
rate, but species identity did.
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Response Diversity Example: coral reef grazers
• Coral reef is made of framework-builders, primary producers, herbivores, predators
• Herbivores eat algae which blooms in their absence. Algae eventually kills reef
• Sea urchins graze, but are not resilient to disease, get wiped out, algae takes over, dead reef• Sea urchins are not functional
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Response diversity across scales
• Palm seed dispersal across a range of scales– Small rodents 5m (maintains patch of palms)– Tapiers 2km (establishes new palm patches)
• With disturbance such as hurricane, some patches may be wiped out, but others will remain to re-populate
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Response diversity across scalesExample: coral reef
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Response DiversityOther examples?
• Can we describe the pine beetle outbreak using this concept?
• Other examples?• How do we manage ecosystems with response
diversity in mind?
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Response diversity across scalesCoral reef
• reduced competition between species that feed at different scales (frequency and distance)
• All contribute to the same ecosystem function: eating the algae and preventing a bloom, which would precipitate coral bleaching and death
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Managing response diversity
• Reduce human homogenization of landscapes• Avoid elimination of functional groups (ex.
predators)• Consider response diversity to maintain
ecosystem buffering capacity, in order to maintain the ecosystem services we rely on
• Testable
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Managing response diversity
• More barley cultivars in Finland is not better because they all have similar drought tolerance.
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Quantifying response diversity
(Kahiluoto et al. 2014)
construct diversity index (similarity index) and validate with real data. Determine how far are we from resilience
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Response diversity in Forests
• What is the goal? Productivity? Resistance to pest outbreaks (pine beetle)?
• What are the critical factors?• How do we estimate the impact?• Can we model responses, validate models?
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