Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning...

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Respondent Conditioning Ch 21

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Transcript of Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning...

Page 1: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Respondent Conditioning

Ch 21

Page 2: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Conditioning

• Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning

• Pavlovian or respondent conditioning

Page 3: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

B.F. Skinner

Page 4: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

Page 5: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Does respondent conditioning play a role in magazine training?

• Remember operant level

• What did rat do when pellet dropped?

Page 6: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.
Page 7: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Terms

• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS or US)

• Unconditioned response (UCR or UR)

• Conditioned stimulus (CS)

• Conditioned response (CR)

Page 8: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

US

• A stimulus that produces the unconditioned response without previous pairing with another stimulus

Page 9: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

UR

• An unlearned response elicited by the presentation of an US.

Page 10: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

CS

• A stimulus that acquires its eliciting properties through previous pairing with another stimulus.

Page 11: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

CR

• A learned response elicited by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus.

Page 12: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Unconditioned Stimulus

UCS(food pellet)

An UCS elicits behavior without any learning history with regard to that stimulus.

Page 13: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Unconditioned Response

UCR(salivation)

An UCR is a reflex response elicited by an UCS. The food pellet elicits salivation.

UCS(food pellet)

Page 14: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Respondent Conditioning

UCR(salivation)

Following repeated pairings of the UCS and a neutral stimulus...

UCS(food pellet)

neutral stimulus (click of pellet

dispenser)

pairing

Page 15: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Respondent Conditioning

CR(salivation)

…the neutral stimulus, when presented alone, elicits the CR. The neutral stimulus is now a CS (no longer neutral) because of the conditioning history.

CS(click of pellet

dispenser)

Page 16: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Respondent Conditioning

• No aspect of the procedure depends on the organism’s behavior. Rat did not have to “do” anything.

• Procedure consists of presentation of stimuli– Presented according to a prearranged temporal

plan

• No response contingency (dependency)

Page 17: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Respondent Conditioning

?(salivation)

Following repeated pairings of the UCS and a ______ stimulus...

UCS(food pellet)

? stimulus (click of pellet

dispenser)

pairing

Page 18: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Respondent Conditioning

?(salivation)

…the neutral stimulus, when presented alone, elicits the ___. The neutral stimulus is now a ___ (no longer neutral) because of the conditioning history.

?(click of pellet

dispenser)

Page 19: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Respondent Conditioning

CR(salivation)

…the neutral stimulus, when presented alone, elicits the CR. The neutral stimulus is now a CS (no longer neutral) because of the conditioning history.

CS(click of pellet

dispenser)

Page 20: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

Behavior (Response) SR+

Peck disk Grain hopper access

Page 21: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

Behavior (Response) SR+

Peck disk Grain hopper access

ESSENTIAL that the reinforcer presentation depends on the organism’s response.

Page 22: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

In operant conditioning, it is the occurrence of a response that causes reinforcement to be

delivered.(Reinforcement is contingent

upon the response)

Page 23: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

In respondent conditioning, the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are presented without

regard to the animal’s behavior.(no contingency)

Page 24: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

In operant conditioning, must detect response in order to know when to deliver reinforcement

In respondent conditioning, must detect response to know whether

conditioning is taking place

Page 25: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Essential features of each procedure?

Special exercise helps highlight essential features:

-operantly condition vasoconstriction-respondently condition the lever press

Page 26: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Operantly condition peripheral vasoconstriction

• Efforts to operantly condition smooth muscle systems have not been very successful

• Procedure can be applied to any response system

Page 27: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Respondently condition the lever press

• No lever-pressing reflex in the rat’s lever pressing repertoire…

• No reinforcement for lever pressing

Page 28: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Respondent vs. Operant Conditioning

Feature Respondent conditioning

Operant conditioning

Procedure Stimuli precede response

Consequences follow response

Response occurrence

Non response necessary

Response is necessary

Parts of organism involved

Glands & smooth muscles

Striped muscles

Response control Involuntary Voluntary

Page 29: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Phobias?

• Long lasting, intense, irrational fear.

• Fear is produced by previously neutral stimuli.

Page 30: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

What is fear?

• “Fears” darkness: Darkness is

– a learned aversive stimulus and

– a conditioned eliciting stimulus

• Responses – physiological and emotional – are conditioned responses to the eliciting stimulus.

Page 31: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.
Page 32: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Watson & Rayner

UCR(fear response)

Following repeated pairings of the UCS and a neutral stimulus...

UCS(Striking iron bar)

neutral stimulus (White rat)

pairing

Page 33: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Watson & Rayner

CR(fear response)

…the neutral stimulus, when presented alone, elicits the CR. The neutral stimulus is now a CS (no longer neutral) because of the conditioning history.

CS(White rat)

Page 34: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Higher Order Conditioning

• Establishing a conditioned stimulus by pairing a neutral stimulus with an already established conditioned stimulus.

Page 35: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Watson & Rayner

CR(fear response)

Following repeated pairings of the CS and a neutral stimulus...

CS(white rat)

neutral stimulus (Santa’s beard)

pairing

Page 36: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Watson & Rayner

CR(fear response)

…the neutral stimulus, when presented alone, elicits the CR. The neutral stimulus is now a CS (no longer neutral) because of the conditioning history.

CS(White rat)

CS(Santa’s beard)

Page 37: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Respondent Extinction

• Present the conditioned stimulus without pairing it with the unconditioned stimulus or with an already established conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned stimulus will lose its eliciting power.

Page 38: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Operant treatment of phobias

• Differential reinforcement

• Reinforced practice – reinforce approaching aversive and fear-evoking stimuli

• Also involves respondent extinction (repeated presentations of the CS without the UCS)

Page 39: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Systematic Desensitization

• Combining relaxation with a hierarchy of fear-producing stimuli arranged from the least to the most frightening– Can be in vivo or with imagination

Page 40: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Systematic Desensitization

• Develop hierarchy of fears

• Complete relaxation training

• Begin systematic desensitization

Page 41: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Hierarchy of Fears1. Thinking about basement2. On basement stairs3. Standing in basement4. Notice spider webs in basement5. See a dead spider 5 ft away6. See a live spider 5 ft away7. Etc8. Etc9. Ect10. Ect11. Ect12. Ect13. Spider crawling on hand

Page 42: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Relaxation Training

• Tense, then relax muscle groups

• Imagery – warm sun, calm ocean

• Practice

Page 43: Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

After mastery of relaxation…

• After training, begin Systematic Desensitization

• Raise finger during presentation of items from hierarchy if tension occurs and lower finger when there is a return to a relaxed state

• Repeat until relaxation is maintained throughout hierarchy


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