RESPON PAKU

8/7/2019 RESPON PAKU

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PTERIDOPHYTE

1.Marsilea crenataKingdom :Plantae

Divisio :Pteridophyta

Classis :Filicianae

Ordo :Hydroptilidales

Family :Marsileaceae

Genus :Marsilea

Species :Marsilea crenata

Botany :

Habit, vegetative morphology. Herb, less than 50 cm, perennial,

non-insectivorous, non-aromatic, non-parasitic. Bladder-shaped

organs absent. Milky sap absent. Thorns absent. Plant habitat.

Land plant or Water plant, rooted in the substrate, submerged or

partially submerged. Underground parts. Underground parts

without tuber-like structures. Rhizomes present, without tuber-

like structures. Stolons absent. Stems. Stems hairy, with simple

hairs, round, procumbent, solid, non-succulent. Petiole round.

Leaves. Leaves one type present, small (less than 2 cm long/wide), not hairy on upper

surface or on lower surface, hairy on upper surface or on lower surface, stalked, compound,

each leaf with 4 leaflets (4-foliate), broad, alternate, evenly distributed on stem, margin

entire, apex rounded, base cuneate, parallel-veined, without close-parallel secondary

venation, midrib not-prominent, surface not-waxy, non-succulent, glands absent, dots

absent, papillae absent, hydathodes absent. Leaf sheath absent. Stipules absent. Ligules

absent.

DescriptionAquatic or terrestrial, perennial herb, sometimes submerged, or partiallysubmerged, rhizome creeping, rooted in the substrate or sometimes freefloating in deep water, rooting at the nodes. Roots white or brown,

fibrous. Stems rounded, solid, procumbent, hairy. Stipules absent.Leaves evenly distributed on the stem, compound, each leaf with 4

leaflets, alternate, stalked, obovate, hairy on both surfaces, marginentire, apex rounded, base wedge-shaped, parallel-veined. No flowers or

fruits present.


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Biology :

Reproduction by spores and vegetatively.

Phenology :

Producing sporocarps July to October.

Ecology :

Wet or fallow fields, shallow ditches and pools; locally abundant; occurs up to 900 m

alt. Irrigated, rainfed and rice fields.

Agricultural importance :

Vegetative growth and reproduction is very fast, by creeping runners. The speciesalso grows under water. It is a severe competitor for nutrients in the first half of the

growth period of rice when the weed covers the ground quickly after the transplantingof the young rice plants.

2.Adiantum cuneatumRegnum :Plantae

Subregnum:Tracheobionta

Divisio :Pteridophyta

Classis :Filicopsida

Subclassis :Polypoditae

Ordo :Polypodiales

Family :Pteridaceae

Genus :Adiantum

Spesies : Adiantum cuneatum Langs.& Fisch

Adiantum is a genus of about 200 species of ferns inthe family Pteridaceae, though some researchers

place it in its own family, Adiantaceae. The genusname comes from the Greek, meaning "not wetting",

referring to the fronds' ability to shed water withoutbecoming wet.They are distinctive in appearance, with dark, often

black stipes and rachises, and bright green, often

delicately-cut leaf tissue. The sori are bornesubmarginally, and are covered by reflexed flaps of


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leaf tissue which resemble indusia. Dimorphism between sterile and fertile fronds is generally

subtle.

They generally prefer humus-rich, moist, well-drained sites, ranging from bottomland soils to

vertical rock walls. Many species are especially known for growing on rock walls aroundwaterfalls and water seepage areas.

3.Azolla pinnataKingdom :Plantae

Division :Pteridophyta

Class :Pteridopsida

Order :Salviniales

Family :Azollaceae

Genus : Azolla

Species : Azolla pinnata

Azolla pinnata can spread rapidly, and has the ability to survive on moist soil in and

around rivers , ditches, and ponds . It forms dense surface mats, which degrade water qualityby reducing oxygen levels, and can interfere with boating, fishing and recreational activities.

Azolla is useful as a "soybean plant in rice field", because it can assimilate atmosphericnitrogen gas owing to the nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria (blue green alga ) living in the

cavities located at the lower side of upper (dorsal) lobes of leaf.

Plants small, 1.5 - 2.5 cm long, with a +/- straight main axis with pinnately

arranged side branches, progressively longer towards the base , thus roughlytriangular in shape , the basal branches themselves becoming pinnate and eventually

fragmenting as the main axis decomposes to form new plants . Roots with fine lateralrootlets , having a feathery appearance in the water. Leaves minute, 1 -2 mm long,

overlapping in 2 ranks , upper lobe green, brown green or reddish, lower lobetranslucent brown; minute, short, plae, +/- cylindrical unicellular hairs often present

on the upper lobes. When fertile , round sporocarps 1 - 1.5 mm wide can be seen onthe under side at the bases of the side branches. The leaves often have a maroon-red

tinge and the water can appear to be covered by red velvet from the distance . Theupper surface of the leaves are totally water-repellant, and if completely submerged

the plants quickly refloat with the right side up."Habit: Forb/herb

ReproductionGenerally it multiplies vegetatively, and by spores. In the right conditions A. pinnata

can double its biomass in 5 to 10 days in the field .Like all ferns, sexual reproduction leads to spore formation, but Azolla sets itself

apart from other members of its group by producing two kinds. During the summermonths, numerous spherical structures called sporocarps form on the undersides of

the branches. The male sporocarp is greenish or reddish and looks like the egg massof an insect or spider. It is two millimeters in diameter, and inside are numerous male

sporangia. Male spores (microspores) are extremely small and are produced inside


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each microsporangium. Curiously, microspores tend to adhere in clumps called

massulae.

4.Polypodium virginianumKingdom :Plantae


Class :Pteridopsida

Order :Polypodiales

Family :Polypodiaceae

Genus :Polypodium

Species : Poly[odium virginianum

Polypodium is a genus of between 75-100 species of true ferns, widely distributed

throughout the world, with the highest species diversity in the tropics. The name isderived from Ancient Greekpoly () "many" + podion () "little foot", on

account of the foot-like appearance of the rhizome and its branches. They arecommonly called polypodies or rockcap ferns, but for many species unique

vernacular names exist.

They are terrestrial or epiphytic ferns, with a creeping, densely hairy or scaly rhizomebearing fronds at intervals along its length. The species differ in size and general

appearance and in the character of the fronds, which are evergreen, persisting for 1-2years, pinnate or pinnatifid (rarely simple entire), and from 10-80 cm or more long.

The sori or groups of spore-cases (sporangia) are borne on the back of the frond; theyare globose and naked, not covered with a membrane (indusium).

5.Anogramma leptophyllaDescription - A small annual fern, which only

grows to about 8cm, and is usually 3-4 cm. Itappears in the winter, November to December, and

has gone again by May.Habitat Grows low down on a west-facing bank,

where there has been some clearance of vegetation


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by vehicles. The liverworts Lunularia cruciata and Fossombronia angulosa are often

found with it, as this is their preferred habitat also.Comments - There is only one site for this plant, which is more common in Jersey.First discovered in 1877 in St Saviours, this site was later altered, but it was found in

the same lane further to the north, now in the Catel, where it has remained ever since,

some years more fruitful than others. In spite of much search, it has never been foundanywhere else. It is suspected that our plants were originally introduced from Jersey.

Regnum : Plantae

Divisio : Magnoliophyta

Class : Filicopsida

Order : Filicales

Family : Adiantaceae

Genus : Anogramma

Species : Anogramma leptophylla

6. GleichenialinearisRegnum : Plantae

Divisio : Pteridophyta

Clasiss : Gleicheniopsida

Ordo : Gleicheniales

Family : Gleicheniaceae

Genus : Gleichenia

Spesies :Gleichenia linearis

This plant grows to coil around and branch off to like fork. Grow up to 2.800 mdpl.Height can achieve 3 10 foots. Root adventife grow at elbow soil surface and out

hard stick that grows to on.

Description

y grow to coil around and branch off to like forky grow up to 2.800 mdply tall achieve 3 10 footsy root adventive that grow at elbow soil surface out hard stick that grows to on.7. Nephrolepis exaltata


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Kingdom : Plantae

Division : Pteridophyta

Class : Filicinae

Order : Polypodiales

Family : Lomariopsidaceae

Genus : Nephrolepis

Species : Nephrolepis exaltata

Nephrolepis exaltata 'Fluffy Ruffles' is one of the many mutant forms of

Nephrolepis exaltata. The plants have a compact habit that forms dense clumps withnarrowly triangular fronds having a ruffled appearance. Individual fronds are up 12

inches (30 cm) long by 4 inches (10 cm) wide. They are attractive ferns and are verytolerant of indoor conditions.

Culture:Nephrolepis exaltata 'Fluffy Ruffles' need partial shade to bright indirect

light with a well-drained soil mix. In the greenhouse, we use a soil mix consisting of2 parts peat moss to 1 part loam to 1 part sand or perlite. Although they are somewhat

drought tolerant we keep these plants moist for optimum growth. Plants are fertilizedon a weekly basis during the growing season with a balanced fertilizer diluted to

the strength recommended on the label. They are very vigorous growers and should

be re-potted on a yearly basis. During winter months, water should be somewhatrestricted and fertilizer applications should be stopped.

Propagation: Nephrolepis exaltata 'Fluffy Ruffles' is a sterile mutant and all

propagation is by stolons or division in the spring.

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8. Platycherum bifurcatumRegnum : Plantae

Divisio : Pteridophyta

Class : Filicinae

Ordo : Maranttiales

Family : Acrosfichaceae

Genus : Platycherum


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Species : Platycherum bifurcatum

Platycerium bifurcatum may also be propagated from its spores. To collect the

spores, place the part of a frond that is producing spores in a brown paper bag. Leave

the frond in the bag until there is brown dust in the bag, which are the spores. Fill a

plastic or terracotta pot with peat moss, and pour boiling water through the peat moss

to sterilize it. Immediately place a glass or plastic sheet over the pot to keep it sterile.

Once the peat moss has cooled down, spread the spores evenly over the surface of the

peat moss, then immediately replace the glass or plastic sheet over the pot. Stand the

bottom of the pot in an ice cream container with a shallow layer of water, and place

the pot and container in a warm position receiving indirect sunlight. Once the spores

have germinated, a green scum will initially appear over the surface of the peat moss.

After a period of weeks to months, the fronds of the Elkhorn fern will begin to appear

and the glass cover of the pot can be removed. Once the new plants have grown

larger, they can be transferred to a tree trunk.

P. bifurcatum plants require a shady area to grow in, and need to be kept moist.

They are not prone to attack from many pests and insects, but may be preyed upon by

scale bugs and mealy bugs. These pests may be removed from the plant by scratching

them off. Ladybirds will eat these pests, and so may help to control them.

9.Lycopodium clavatumRegnum :Plantae

Division :Lycopodiophyta

Class :Lycopodiopsida

Order :Lycopodiales

Family :Lycopodiaceae


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Genus :Lycopodium

Species : L. clavatum

Lycopodium clavatum (Stag's-hornClubmoss orGround Pine) is the most

widespread species in the genus Lycopodium of the clubmoss family

Lycopodiaceae.

It is a spore-bearing vascular plant, growing mainly prostrate along the ground

with stems up to 1 m long; the stems are much branched, and densely clothed with

small spirally-arranged leaves. The leaves are 3-5 mm long and 0.7-1 mm broad,

tapered to a fine hair-like white point. The branches bearing spore cones turn erect,

reaching 5-15 cm above ground, and have fewer leaves than the horizontal

branches. The spore cones are yellow-green, 2-3 cm long and 5 mm broad. The

horizontal stems produce roots at frequent intervals along their length, allowing

the stem to grow indefinitely along the ground. The stems superficially resemble

small seedlings of coniferous trees, though it is not related to these.

It has a subcosmopolitan distribution, with distinct subspecies and varieties in

different parts of its range.

Lycopods reproduce sexually by spores. The plant has an underground sexual

phase that produces gametes, and this alternates in the life cycle with the spore-

producing plant. The prothallium developed from the spore is a subterranean mass

of tissue of considerable size and bears both the male and female organs

(antheridium and archegonia). However, it is more common that they are

distributed vegetatively through above or below ground rhizomes.

10.Blechnum wattsiiKingdom :Plantae


Class :Pteridopsida

Order :Cyatheales

Family :Dicksoniaceae


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Genus :Blechnum

Species : B. wattsii

Blechnum wattsii or the Hard Water Fern is a common fern growing in

rainforest and open forest. Often seen near creeks in much of south eastern Australian

B. capense sensu Allan was demonstrated to have been preceded by B. capense

Burm f., and hence illegitimate, and in any case possibly referring to more than one

taxon in New Zealand. See below. For a period, the name B. procerum was used for

this complex, but a 1998 review by Chambers and Farrant subdivided the complex

into several species.

As the list of synonyms below demonstrates, apart from illegitimate names,

there has been much debate about the nature of the different generic and family

relationships inside this group.

The red coloration is a protection against

strong light. It's close relatgion, B. montanum,

the Mountain Kiokio, found mainly in the

South Island, tends to feature this coloration

more generally.

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