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Respiratory System
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Main Function
• Gas Exchange
– To work closely with the cardiovascular system to supply the body with oxygen and to dispose of carbon dioxide
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Organs Include1. Nose2. Pharynx3. Larynx4. Trachea5. Bronchi
– And their smaller branches
6. Lungs– Containing
alveoli (terminal sacs)
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The Nose
• Externally visible – Nostrils – External
Nares– Internally – Nasal
Cavity– Divided by nasal
septum– Olfactory receptors in
the superior cavity in the mucosa
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Function of Nose• Mucosa lining rests on thin walled veins that warm the air• Mucous produced by the mucosa, moistens the air and traps
bacteria and other particulates
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Bone Structures
• Conchae- Increase surface area of mucosa and create turbulance
• Palate- Separates from oral cavity– Hard palate (bone ) is
anterior– Soft palate(tissue) is
posterior
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Cleft Palate
• Genetic Defect• Bones do not
fuse medially• Causes
Problems:– Breathing – Chewing– Speaking
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Paranasal Sinuses
• Surround the nasal cavity
• Located in Bones:– Frontal– Sphenoid– Ethmoid– Maxillary
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Function of Sinuses
• Lighten the skull• Resonance for
speech• Produce
mucous• Nasolacrimal
ducts– Drain tears from
eyes
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Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Sinus Headache
• Inflammation of the nasal mucosa– Virus– Allergens
• Mucosa is continuous so that these infections often spread
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Pharynx
• 13cm muscular passageway (Throat)
• Food and air• Nasopharynx-
Superior• Oropharynx-
central• Laryngopharynx-
Inferior
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Pharynx
• Tonsils are located in the pharynx– Pharangeal or
Adenoids (superior)
– Palatine (oropharynx)
– Lingual (base of tongue)
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Larynx• AKA Voice box, routes air,
role in speech• Inferior to pharynx• Eight rigid hyaline cartilage
– Largest is Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple)
– Protrusion angel 90˚ in males and 120˚ in females
• Cartilage flap – Epiglottis protects opening
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Larynx
• Mucous Membrane forms Vocal folds (vocal cords)
– allow us to speak• Glottis - Slit-like
passageway between the vocal folds
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Trachea
• Windpipe• Goes to the 5th
Thoracic Vertebrae• Reinforced with C-
shaped cartilage rings to keep it open anteriorly and allow flexibility for food to pass through the esophagus posteriorly
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Airway Obstruction
• Heimlich Maneuver– Physical Procedure
where someone assists in dislodging a blockage
• Tracheostomy– Surgical Procedure
cuts a new opening
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Main Bronchi
• Division of the trachea
• Runs obliquely• Ends at the hilus
(medial depression of the lung)– The right is wider and
shorter and more often the site of inhaled objects
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Lungs
• Occupy entire thoracic cavity (except mediastinum where the heart is)
• Narrow superior portion (apex) is deep to clavicle
• Broad base rests on the diaphragm
• Left lung = 2 lobes• Right lung = 3 lobes
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Lungs
• Surface covering is visceral serosa called Pulmonary Pleura
• Walls of the cavity are covered with parietal pleura
• Pleural fluid reduces friction during breathing movements
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Pleurisy
• Inflammation of the pleura due to decreased secretion of pleural fluid
• Pain with each breath
• Excess fluid may hinder breathing
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Bronchioles
• Primary bronchi subdivide into smaller branches
• Bronchial Tree– Secondary
Bronchi– Tertiary Bronchi– Then Bronchioles
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Alveoli
• Small cavity or air sac– Millions of clustered
alveoli look like bunches of grapes
• Site of gas exchange• Make up a bulk of the
lungs– Also stroma which is
elastic
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Respiratory Membrane
• Thin squamous epithelial cells
• Alveolar pores connect sacs
• External surfaces have a “cobweb” of capillaries
• Respiratory Membrane is the Air / Blood barrier