Respiratory System. Introduction The CV and Respiratory system cooperate to supply O2 and eliminate...
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Transcript of Respiratory System. Introduction The CV and Respiratory system cooperate to supply O2 and eliminate...
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
IntroductionIntroduction
• The CV and Respiratory system cooperate to supply O2 and eliminate CO2
IntroductionIntroduction
• The Resp. Sys. provides for gas exchange
IntroductionIntroduction
• The CV transports respiratory gases
IntroductionIntroduction
• Respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells
IntroductionIntroduction
Consists of
1. Nose
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Bronchi
6. Lungs
IntroductionIntroduction
• The conducting system consists of a series of cavities and tubes –nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, and terminal bronchiole
IntroductionIntroduction
• The conducting system conducts air into lungs
IntroductionIntroduction
• The respiratory portion consists of the area where gas exchange occurs-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
NoseNose
• The external portion of the nose is made of cartilage and skin and is lined with mucous membrane.
NoseNose
• It is stratified squamous epithelium inside the nostrils
NoseNose
• It turns into pseudostratified columnar epithelium deeper inside
NoseNose
• The bony framework of the nose is formed by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae
NoseNose
• The internal structures of the nose are specialized for
1. warming
NoseNose
2. moistening
NoseNose
3. Filtering incoming air
NoseNose
4. Receiving olfactory stimuli
NoseNose
5. Serving as large, hollow resonating chambers to modify speech sounds
NoseNose
• The space within the internal nose is called the nasal cavity.
NoseNose
• It is divided into right and left sides by the nasal septum
NoseNose
• The anterior portion of the cavity (nostrils) is called the vestibule
PharynxPharynx
• Throat
PharynxPharynx
• Muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane
PharynxPharynx
• Anatomic regions
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx
PharynxPharynx
• Nasopharynx functions in respiration
PharynxPharynx
• The oropharynx and laryngopharynx function in digestion and in respiration
LarynxLarynx
• Voice box
LarynxLarynx
• Passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea
LarynxLarynx
It contains
1. Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
LarynxLarynx
2. Epiglottis (prevents food from entering the larynx)
LarynxLarynx
3. Cricoid cartilage (connects the larynx and trachea)
SwallowingSwallowing
1. Larynx raises up
SwallowingSwallowing
2. Epiglottis covers the entry into the glottis
SwallowingSwallowing
3. The upper esophageal sphincter opens
SwallowingSwallowing
4. Food is diverted into the esophagus
Voice ProductionVoice Production
• The larynx contains vocal folds (true vocal cords) which produces sound
Voice ProductionVoice Production
• The true cords and the space between them make up the glottis
Voice ProductionVoice Production
• In males, the true cords are thicker and longer
Voice ProductionVoice Production
• The false cords close when we clear our throat
TracheaTrachea
• Windpipe
TracheaTrachea
• Extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi
TracheaTrachea
• Composed of smooth muscle and C-shaped rings of cartilage
TracheaTrachea
• Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
TracheaTrachea
• The cartilage rings keep the airway open
TracheaTrachea
• Cilia sweep debris away from the lungs and back to the throat to be swallowed
BronchiBronchi
• The trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi
BronchiBronchi
• The bronchiole tree consists of the
1. trachea
BronchiBronchi
2. Primary bronchi
BronchiBronchi
3. Secondary bronchi
BronchiBronchi
4. Tertiary bronchi
BronchiBronchi
5. Bronchioles
BronchiBronchi
6. Terminal bronchioles
BronchiBronchi
• Walls of bronchi contain rings of cartilage, which disappears distally
BronchiBronchi
• Walls of bronchioles contain smooth muscle only, without cartilage
BronchiBronchi
• The epithelium changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar to non-ciliated simple cuboidal in the terminal bronchioles
BronchiBronchi
• Sympathetics release norepinephrine and epi. which stimulates beta two receptors causing bronchodilation
BronchiBronchi
• Parasympathetic release ACh which stimulates muscarinic ACh receptors causing bronchoconstriction
LungsLungs
• Paired organs in the thoracic cavity
LungsLungs
• Enclosed and protected by the pleural membrane
LungsLungs
• Parietal pleura – outer layer which is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity
LungsLungs
• Visceral pleura – inner layer, covering the lungs
LungsLungs
• Pleural cavity (space) – A small space between the pleurae that contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes
LungsLungs
• Extend from the diaphragm to just slightly superior to the clavicles
LungsLungs
• Lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly
LungsLungs
• Right lung has three lobes
LungsLungs
• The left lung has two lobes
LungsLungs
• Tertiary bronchi supply segments of lung tissue called bronchopulmonary segments
LungsLungs
• Each bronchopulmonary segment consists of many small compartments called lobules
LungsLungs
• Lobules contain
1. lymphatics
LungsLungs
2. arterioles
LungsLungs
3. venules
LungsLungs
4. Terminal bronchioles
LungsLungs
5. Respiratory bronchioles
LungsLungs
6. Alveolar ducts
LungsLungs
7. Alveolar sacs
LungsLungs
8. alveoli
AlveoliAlveoli
• Have a surface area of 70 square meters
AlveoliAlveoli
• Consists of
1. Type I alveolar cells (simple squamous)
2. Type II alveolar cells (septal)
3. Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
AlveoliAlveoli
• Type II alveolar cells secrete alveolar fluid which keeps the alveolar moist
AlveoliAlveoli
• The alveolar fluid contains surfactant which prevents the collapse of alveoli with each expiration
AlveoliAlveoli
• Gas exchange occurs across the alveolar-capillary (respiratory) membrane
AlveoliAlveoli
• Respiratory membrane consists of the two layers of simple squamous cells and their basement membranes
Pulmonary VentilationPulmonary Ventilation
• Breathing
Pulmonary VentilationPulmonary Ventilation
• Process by which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and lung alveoli.
InspirationInspiration
• Occurs when alveolar pressure fall below atm. pressure.
InspirationInspiration
• Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases the size of the thorax.
InspirationInspiration
• Thus decreasing the intrathoracic pressure so that the lungs expand.
InspirationInspiration
• Expansion of the lungs decreases alveolar pressure to 758 mmHg.
InspirationInspiration
• Air moves along the pressure gradient from atm. 760 into the lungs.
ExpirationExpiration
• Occurs when alveolar pressure is higher than atm. pressure (760).
ExpirationExpiration
• Relaxtion of the diaphragm and external intercostals results in elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs which…..
ExpirationExpiration
1. Increases intrathoracic pressure
ExpirationExpiration
2. Decreases lung volume
ExpirationExpiration
3. Increases alveolar pressure so that air moves from the lungs to the atmosphere
Alveolar Surface TensionAlveolar Surface Tension
• Causes the alveolar to assume the smallest diameter
Alveolar Surface TensionAlveolar Surface Tension
• Surface tension must be overcome to expand the lungs during each inspiration
Alveolar Surface TensionAlveolar Surface Tension
• It is the major component of elastic recoil, which acts to decrease the size of the alveoli during expiration
Alveolar Surface TensionAlveolar Surface Tension
• Surfactant decreases surface tension of the alveoli and prevents their collapse following expiration
Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Tidal volume - amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (500ml)
Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Inspiratory reserve volume – Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation (3100)
Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• During forced inspiration the muscles sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor are also used
Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Expiratory reserve volume – Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation (1200ml)
Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Forced expiration employs contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Vital capacity – Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration (4800ml)
Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Residual volume – Air remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled (1200)
Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Minute Volume of Respiration – the total volume of air taken in during one minute
Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Minute Volume of Respiration – tidal volume x 12 respirations per minute = 6000ml/min
Dalton’s lawDalton’s law
• Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all the other gases were not present
Dalton’s lawDalton’s law
• Partial pressure of a gas – the pressure exerted by that gas in a mixture of gases
Dalton’s lawDalton’s law
• Partial pressure of a gas = % of the mixture represented by the gas times the total pressure
Dalton’s lawDalton’s law
• Total Pressure (P) = Add all the partial pressures
External RespirationExternal Respiration
• In internal and external respiration, O2 and CO2 diffuse from areas of their higher partial pressures to areas of their lower partial pressures
External RespirationExternal Respiration
• Results in the conversion of deoxygenated blood coming from the heart to oxygenated blood returning to the heart.
Internal RespirationInternal Respiration
• Tissue Respiration
Internal RespirationInternal Respiration
• The exchange of gases between tissue blood capillaries and tissue cells.
Internal RespirationInternal Respiration
• Results in the conversion of oxygenated blood into deoxygenated blood
Internal RespirationInternal Respiration
• During exercise more O2 enters tissue cells than at rest
Respiratory CenterRespiratory Center
• Area of the brain from which nerve impulses are sent to resp. muscles
Respiratory CenterRespiratory Center
Consists of
1. Medullary rhythmicity area
2. Pneumotaxic area
3. Apneustic area
Medullary Rhythmicity AreaMedullary Rhythmicity Area
• Controls the basic rhythm of respiration
Medullary Rhythmicity AreaMedullary Rhythmicity Area
Consists of
1. Inspiratory area
2. Expiratory area
Medullary Rhythmicity AreaMedullary Rhythmicity Area
• The inspiratory area has autorhythmic neurons that set the basic rhythm of respiration
Medullary Rhythmicity AreaMedullary Rhythmicity Area
• Expiratory area remains inactive during most quiet respiration but active during forced expiration
Medullary Rhythmicity AreaMedullary Rhythmicity Area
• Inspiration last 2 seconds
Medullary Rhythmicity AreaMedullary Rhythmicity Area
• Expiration lasts 3 seconds
Pneumotaxic AreaPneumotaxic Area
• Coordinates the transition between inspiration and expiration
Apneustic AreaApneustic Area
• Sends impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolong inspiration, inhibiting expiration
Cortical InfluencesCortical Influences
• Allow conscious control of respiration
Cortical InfluencesCortical Influences
• Needed to avoid inhaling noxious gasses or water
ChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors
• Monitor levels of CO2 and O2 and provide input to resp. center
Central ChemoreceptorsCentral Chemoreceptors
• Located in the medulla oblongota
Central ChemoreceptorsCentral Chemoreceptors
• Respond to change in H+ concentration or PCO2 or both in cerebrospinal fluid
Peripheral ChemoreceptorsPeripheral Chemoreceptors
• Located in the walls of systemic arteries
Peripheral ChemoreceptorsPeripheral Chemoreceptors
• Respond to changes in H+,PCO2, and PO2
HypercapniaHypercapnia
• A slight increase in PCO2 (and H+) stimulates central chemoreceptors
HypercapniaHypercapnia
• The inspiratory area is activated and hyperventilation occurs
HypocapniaHypocapnia
• PCO2 is lower than 40 mm Hg
HypocapniaHypocapnia
• Chemoreceptors are not stimulated
HypocapniaHypocapnia
• Inspiratory area sets its own pace until CO2 accumulates
HypoxiaHypoxia
• Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level
Hypoxix HypoxiaHypoxix Hypoxia
• Caused by low PO2 in arterial blood
Hypoxix HypoxiaHypoxix Hypoxia
• Caused by high altitude, airway obstruction, fluid in lungs
Anemic HypoxiaAnemic Hypoxia
• Too little functioning hemoglobin
Anemic HypoxiaAnemic Hypoxia
• Caused by hemorrhage, anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning
Stagnant hypoxiaStagnant hypoxia
• The inability of blood to carry oxygen to tissues fast enough to sustain their needs
Stagnant hypoxiaStagnant hypoxia
• Caused by heart failure, circulatory shock
Histotoxic hypoxiaHistotoxic hypoxia
• Blood delivers adequate oxygen to the tissues, but the tissues are unable to use it properly
Histotoxic hypoxiaHistotoxic hypoxia
• Caused by cyanide poisoning