LAB 7: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: UPPER AND LOWER.
Respiratory system
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Transcript of Respiratory system
RESPIRATORY SYSTEMBy Briana Campbell & Stacie Walker
Function Obtaining oxygen and removing Carbon
Dioxide are the primary functions The entire process of gas exchange
between the atmosphere and cells is called respiration
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Air through the Respiratory System
1. Nose/Mouth2. Nasal Cavity3. Nasopharynx 4. Oropharynx 5. Laryngopharyn
x6. Larynx
7. Trachea8. Bronchi9. Bronchioles 10. Alveoli11. Capillaries of
lungs
Major Organs
Nose Made of bone
and cartilage that support the nose
Nostrils are openings for air
First line of defense against contaminants in the air
Any large particulate matter is filtered out by the nose hairs
Separated by nasal septum
Nasal Cavity Nasal conch divides
the nasal cavity into passage ways to help increase the area of the mucous membrane
Filters, warms and moistens incoming air To maintain good health
it is necessary to keep the lower respiratory system warm
Second line of defense The mucous that
coats the lining of the nasal cavity filters out particles that are smaller
Ciliary action carries particles trapped in the mucus to the pharynx where they are swallowed
Paranasal Sinuses Mucous
membrane lines the sinus
Divided into the frontal maxillary sphenoid ethnoid
Named after the bones they are near
Pharynx Behind the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and
larynx Passageway for air and food Air is further purified and filtered to
eliminate germs and unwanted chemicals
Larynx Conducts air and helps
prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea
The glottis and epiglottis helps prevent foods and liquids from entering the trachea
Contains vocal cords which vibrate from side to side to produce sounds
Trachea Often called the
windpipe Little longer than 4
inches Extends into the
thoracic cavity anterior to the esophagus
Divides into the right and left bronchi
Bronchial tree Branched air
passages that lead from the trachea to the air sacs
As tubes get smaller they are called bronchioles
Alveoli are at the distal ends of the narrowest tubes the alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Lungs Soft spongy and
cone shaped Mediastinum
separates to the left and right lungs
Diaphragm and thoracic cage enclose them
Viceral pleura attaches to the surface of the lungs
Each lobe of the lungs is composed of: Alveoli Blood vessels Supporting
tissues
Lungs
Breathing Mechanism
Atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs
Occurs when the pressure inside the alveoli decreases
Breathing in
Elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension within alveoli provide the force for expiration
Thoracic and abdominal wall muscles aid in expiration
Breathing out
Inspiration Expiration
Inspiration
Expiration
Respiratory Center Brain stem and portions of the Pons and
Medulla Oblongata Pneumotaxic regulates breathing rates
Decreased blood oxygen concentration stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
Respiratory Membrane Consists of alveolar
and capillary walls Blood and alveolar
air exchange gases across the membrane
Inner lining of simple squamous epithelium and a dense network of capillaries
Diffusion Partial pressure of a gas is proportional
to the concentration of that gas in a mixture or the concentration dissolved in a liquid
Gases diffuse from regions of higher partial pressure toward regions of lower partial pressure
Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into blood
Carbon Dioxide diffuses from blood into alveolar air
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen Blood mainly transports oxygen in
combination with hemoglobin molecules The resulting oxyhemoglobin is unstable
and releases its oxygen in regions where the PO2 is low
More oxygen is released as the blood concentration of carbon dioxide increases, as blood becomes more acidic, and as the blood temperature increases
Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide may be carried in
solution, bound to hemoglobin, or as a bicarbonate ion
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid
Carbonic acid dissociates to release hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
Gases in the blood
Factors that affect Breathing Chemicals, stretching of lung tissues,
and emotional states affect breathing Chemosensitive areas are associated
with the respiratory center Blood concentrations of carbon dioxide and
hydrogen ions influence the central chemoreceptors
Stimulation of these receptors increases breathing rate
Factors that affect Breathing (cont)
Peripheral chemoreceptors are in the walls of certain large arteries These chemoreceptors sense low oxygen
concentration When oxygen concentration is low, breathing rate
increases Overstretching lung tissues triggers an inflation
reflex This reflex shortens the duration of inspiratory
movements The inflation reflex prevents over inflation of the
lungs during forceful breathing
Factors that affect Breathing (cont)
Hyperventilation decreases blood carbon dioxide concentration, but this is very dangerous when done before swimming underwater
Diseases Asthma- a lung disease characterized by
reversible inflammation and constriction Bronchitis- inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the bronchial tubes Emphysema- condition in which the alveoli
are inefficient because of distension Pneumonia- inflammation of a lung caused
by infection, chemical inhalation, or trauma Tracheostenosis- abnormal narrowing of the
trachea
“Roses are red, Violets are blue, without your lungs, your blood would be too”
-Susan Ott
Works Cited Category. "How to Make a
Lung Model." Biology. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://biology.about.com/od/biologylabhowtos/ht/lungmodel.htm>
Collins, C. Edward . A Short Course in Medical Terminology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. Print.
Shier, David, Jackie Butler, and Ricki Lewis. Hole's essentials of human anatomy and physiology. 9th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Print.
Shiland, Betsy J.. "Respiratory System ." Mastering Healthcare Terminology. 2003. Reprint. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier, 2006. 374-409. Print.
"Textbook Images." Your Page Title. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0218378151/student_view0/chapter16/textbook_images.html>