Respiratory system

* Roots

Nas/o: nose ) بینی)

*Nasolabial: pertaining to the nose and lip*Nasitis: inflammation of the nose*Nasopalatine: related to nose and palatine*Nasopharynx: the part of the pharynx above the soft palate*Nasogastric: pertaining to the nose and stomach

Rhin/o: nose, nose like structure

*Rhinoplasty: surgical repair of the nose*Rhinoectomy: surgical removal of the nose*Rhinorrhea:discharge of mucus from the nose

Naris,nares: nostril ( بینی ( سوراخ

*Anterior nares(nostrils): the ends of the nostriles that open into the nasal space and allow breathing in and out.

*Posterior nares(choana): a part of openings in the back of the nasal cavity with the upper throat and allow the flow of air.

Sept/o: septum ( بینی ( تیغه

*Septoplasty: surgical repair of the nasal septum*Septotomy: incision of the nasal septum

Sinus/o: recess, cavity (سینوس)

*Sinusotomy: incision of a sinus*Sinusitis: inflammation of a sinus*Sinosoid: resembling a sinus

Antr/o:chamber,cavity(( فک سینوسباال

*Antroscope: an instrument for inspecting the maxillary antrum*Antronasal: pertaining to the maxillary antrum and nasal fossa*Antrostomy: the operation of making an opening into an antrum for purposes of drainage

Staphyl/o,uvul/o: uvula (( زبانکوچک*Staphylitis: uvulitis*Staphyledema: edema of the uvula*Staphyline: uvular*Uvulectomy: surgical removal of the uvula*Uvulotomy:the cutting off the uvula or a part of it*Uvuloptosis: a relaxed, pendulous state of the uvula

Pharyng/o: pharynx ( حلق )

*Pharyngalgia: pain in the pharynx*Pharyngeal: pertaining to the pharynx*Pharyngectomy: excision of part of the pharynx*Pharyngismus: muscular spasm of the pharynx

*adenoid/o: adenoids-pharyngeal tonsil ( لوزه حلقی )* Adenopathy: Enlargement of the lymphnodes*Adenoidectomy: Surgical removal of the adenoids*Adenoiditis:inflammation of the adenoids*Adenomalasia: abnormal softening of gland

Laryng/o: larynx( حنجره )

Laryngocele: a congenital anomalous air sac communicating with the cavity of the larynx which may bulge out ward on the neck Laryngography: radiography of the larynxLaryngopathy: any disorder of the larynxLaryngoplasty: plastic repair of the larynx

Trache/o: Trachea ( نای )

*Tracheocele: hernial protrusion of tracheal mucous membrane*Tracheophony: sound heard in ascultation over the trachea*Tracheorrhagia: hemorrhage from the trachea

Bronch/o: Bronchus( نایژه )

*Bronchiectasis: chronic dilation of one or more bronchi*Broncholithiasis: a condition which calculi(stone) are present within the lumen of the tracheobronchial tree*Bronchology: the study and treatment of disease of tracheobronchial tree*bronchoscope

Bronchodilator: a drug that causes widening of the bronchi.

Bronchiol/o: Bronchiole(نایژک)

*Bronchiolitis: inflammation of bronchiole*Bronchiolectasis: dilation of the bronchioles

alveolus

Alveoli/o: alveolus, a small sac like dilatation ( ( هوایی کیسه

*Alveolitis: inflammation of a dental or pulmonary alveolus*Alveolar: relating to an alveolus

Pneum/o, pneumon/o, pneumat/o, pulm/o, pulmon/o: lung ((ریه،گاز،هوا

*Pneumobilia: gas in the biliary system*Pneumocephalus: air in the intracranial cavity*Pneumonopexy: surgical fixation of the long to the thoracic wall*Pneumonorrhaphy: suture of the lung*Pneumonosis: pneumonopathy*Pneumonotomy: incision of the lung

*Pneumonia: inflammation of the lungs with exudation and consolidation*Pneumaturia: gas or air in the urine*Pneumatocele: a usually benign,thin_walled, air_containing cyst of the lung, as in staphylococcal pneumonia* pulmoaortic: related to lung and aorta*Pulmonitis: inflammation of the lungs* pulmonary: pertaining to the lungs

pneumoencephalography:radiography of fluid containing structures of the brain after cerebrospinal fluid is intermittently with drawn by lumbar puncture and replaced by a gas

PEG

Pleur/o: pleura ( جنب (پرده

*Pleurotomy: thoracotomy*Pleurocentesis: thoracentesis*Pleurodynia: pain in the pleural cavity

Phren/o: diaphragm (دیافراگم)

*Phrenoplegia: paralysis of the diaphragm*Phrenohepatic: pertaining to the diaphragm and liver*Phrenitis: diaphragmitis

Phrenic/o: nerve of the diaphragm( عصب( دیافراگم

*Phrenicotripsy: crushing and rubbing diaphragmatic nerve

*cost/o: rib

*Costochondral: pertaining to a rib and its cartilage.*Costoscapularis: the serratus anterior muscle*Costogenic:arising from a rib,especially from a defect of the marrow of the ribs

*Epiglott/o: epiglottis

*Epiglottitis: supraglottitis *Epiglottodectomy: excision of the epiglottis*Epiglottis: the lidlike cartilaginous stracture overhanging the entrance to the larynx,gaurding it during swallowing

*lob/o: lobe of the lung

*Lobectomy: excision of a lobe as of the lung brain

*Lobotomy: incision of the lobe

*Lobulated: made up of the lobules

*mediastin/o: mediastinum

*Mediastinography: radiography of the mediastinum

*Mediastinoscopy: examination of the mediastinum by means of an endescope inserted through an anterior midline incision just above the thoracic inlet

*muc/o, muc/us: mucus

*Mucocele: dilation of a cavity with mucus secretion *Mucoid: resembling mucus*Mucociliary: pertaining to mucus and to the cilia of epithelial cells in the airways

*steth/o: chest (pertaining to listening to)

*Stethometer: an instrument for measuring the cicular dimension or expansion of the chest*Stethospasm: spasm of the chest muscle*Stethogoniometer: apparatus for measuring curvature of the chest

*thorac/o: chest (organ)

*Thoracocyllosis: deformity of the thorax*Thoracodynia: pain in the thorax*Thoracomyodynia: pain in the muscle of the chest*Thoracoscope: an endoscope for examing the pleural cavity through an intarcostal space

*Tonsill/o: a small ,rounded mass of tissue,especially of lymphoid tissue,generally use alone to disignate the palatine,tonsil

*Tonsilotomy: incision of a tonsil

*Tonsilitis: inflammation of the tonsil,especially the palatine tonsils

*pector/o: chest (pertaining to muscle)

*Pectoral: thoracic

*Pectoriloquy: voice sound of increased resonance heard sound of increased

*or/o: mouth

*Orolingual: pertaining to the mouth and tongue*Oropharynx: the part of the pharynx between the soft plate and the upper edge of the epiglottis.*Oronasal: pertaining to the mouth and nose

Spir/o: Breath,Breathing(تنفس )

*Spirometer: an instrument for measuring the air taken into and exhaled by lungs*Spirogram: a tracing or graph of respiratory movements*Spirocheata: a genus of bacteria found in fresh or sea-water slime,especially when hydrogen sulfide is present

* capn/o: carbon dioxide

*Capnogram: a real time waveform record of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the respiratory gases

*Capnometry: the determination of end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide

*coni/o: dust( غبار خاک، و (گرد

*Coniosis: a disease caused by inhalation of dust*Coniofibrosis:pneumoconiosis with overgrowth of lung conective tissue

* Hilum: The area through which ducts, nerves, or blood vessels enter and leave a gland or organ.

*Cilium or Flagellum: They have microtubule dependent molecular motors (dynine)

*_pnea:respiration,breathing ( تنفس )

*Bradypnea:slow breathing

*Dyspnea:difficulty breathing

*Hyperpnea:increase in the depth of breathing

*_oxia: amount of oxygen (( میزاناکسیژن

*Anoxia:A total lack of oxygen

*_phonia: voice (صدا )

*Dysphonia: hoarsness

*Aphonia: loss of voice

*_Capnia: amount of carbon dioxide

*Hypercapnia:the abnormal build up of

carbon dioxide in the blood

*-osmia: smell

*Anosmia: absence of the sense of smell

*-phas, -phasia: speech

*Dysphasia: a speech disorder of a specified kind

*-ptysis: spitting ( کردن ،تف ( خلط

*Hemoptysis: the spitting of blood or of blood-stained sputum

*albuminoptysis: albumin in the sputum

تنفسی * سیستم اختصارات

ABG : Arterial Blood Gas ( شریانی خون (گازهای

ARDS: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndromeزجر ) سندروم(تنفسی

BS : :Breath sounds ( ( تنفس صدای

BS

ABG

ARDS

COLD: Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease( ریه انسدادی مزمن (بیماری

COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease

:Chest X-Ray ) سینه) قفسه از عکسبرداری

COPD

COLD

CXR

* :Laryngotracheobronchitis ( حنجره،نای،نایژه (التهاب

* :Pulmonary Embolism ریه ( (امبولی

* :Arterial Blood Gasخونی ) * گازهای(شریانی

LTB

PE

ABG

* :Pulmonary Function Testریه عملکرد ) (ازمایش :Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

شبانه ای حمله نفس ( (تنگی

:Respiratory Distress Syndromeزجر ) سندروم(تنفس

PFT

PND

RDS

: Shortness Of Breath ( تنفس( کوتاه

:Sudden Infant Death Syndrome( شیرخوار ناگهانی مرگ (سندروم

:Tuberculosis (سل)

SOB

SIDS

TB

:Tonsil and Adenoid(ectomy)غده شبه و لوزه برداشتن

:Upper Respiratory Infectionفوقانی تنقسی عفونت :auscultation and percussion

T&A

URI

A&P

:bronchial asthma

:chronic respiratory disease

:intermittent positive pressure breathing

BA

CRD IPPB

: left lower lobe

:left upper lobe

:right lower lobe

LLL

LUL

RLL

:right upper lobe

:turn, cough, and deep breathe

:ventilation/perfusion scanning

RUL

TCDB

VPS

*Some of * conditions * &*Diseases *

:pneumonopathy( عارضه هرگونه(ریوی

:difficult breathing( تنفسی (اختالل

:expectoration(خلط )

:expectorant( اور ( خلط

pneumonosis

dysnea

sputum

aerosal

:very rapid respiration ( تندی(تنفس

:stop breathing( تنفس عدم( موقتی

:dysnea that is relieved in the upright position ( ( خوابیده حالت در نفس تنگی

:inflammation of the pleuraجنب پرده ((التهاب

tachypnea

apnea

orthopnea

pleurisy

آ : سم

: ای مهره مجرای در گاز : پیدایش

: جنب حفره در هوا و چرک وجود

: نایژه و نای و حنجره التهاب ، خناق خروسک،

asthma

pneumatorrhachis

pneumopyothorax

laryngotracheobronchitis

:a discontinuous sound consisting of a series of

short sounds,heard durin inhalation

سینه خس سینه،خس در طبیعی غیر صدای

:incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth

or collapse of the adult lung( ها ریه ناقص ( اتساع

Rale

atelectasis

: حیاتی ظرفیت

حالت : از پس ها ریه در باقیمانده هوایبازدم

تنفسی تحرک و :پویایی

: سینه ی قفسه ی حفره از مایع کشیدن بیرون

Vital capacity

Residual body

pneodynamics

Thoracocentesis

: ریه سنج ظرفیت دستگاه

: سینه ی قفسه حرکات ثبت جهت ای وسیله

pulmometer

pneumatograph

* asphyxia: the condition that occurs when the body cannot get the air it needs to function

*aspiration pneumonia: can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs

* antitussive: administered to prevent or relieve coughing (cough medicine)

* asbestosis: the form of pneumoconios caused by asbestos particles in the lungs

* allergic rhinitis: an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus

* anthracosis: the form of pneumoconios caused by coal dust in the lungs; also known as black lung disease

* Ronchi: Course rattlin sound somewhat like snoring, usually caused by secretion in a bronchial airway

* Wheezing: A continuous, course, whistling sound produced in the respiratory airways during breathing.

*Mesothelioma: A usually malignant tumor of mesothelial tissue, especially that of pleura or peritoneum.

*Pleural effusion: The seeping of serous, purulent, or bloody fluid into a body cavity or tissue

* Emphisema:

* A pathological condition of the lungs marked by an abnormal increase in the size of the air spaces, resulting in labored breathing and an increased susceptibility to infection. It can be caused by irreversable expansion of the alveoli or by the destruction of the alveolar walls.

Pulmonaryfibrosis: scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lung

Sarcoidosis: Chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules or tubercules develop in the lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs.

*Mesothelioma: A usually malignant tumor of mesothelial tissue, especially that of pleura or peritoneum.

*Pleural effusion: The seeping of serous, purulent, or bloody fluid into a body cavity or tissue

*collapsed lung: a lung that is unable to expand to receive air due to a pneumothorax or atelectasis

* croup: an acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking cough

* byssinosis: caused by inhaling cotton dust into the lungs and usually occurs after working in a textile factory

* Cheyne-Stokes respiration: a pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea, followed by hyperpnea

cyanosis a bluish discoloration or the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen

cystic fibrosis a genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large

quantities of abnormally thick mucus

diphtheria an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract

dysphonia any change in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking

of a boy's voice during puberty

emphysema the progressive loss of lung function that is commonly attributed to long-term

smoking

empyema an accumulation of pus or infected fluid in the pleural cavity

endotracheal intubation the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish

or maintain an open airway

epiglottis a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue

epistaxis bleeding from the nose that is usually caused by an injury, excessive use of

blood thinners, or bleeding disorders; also known as a nosebleed

ethmoid sinuses located in the ethmoid bones, separated from the orbital cavity by only a thin

layer of bone

eupnea easy or normal breathing

exhalation the act of breathing out

external respiration the act of bringing air into and out of the lungs and exchanging gases from

this air

frontal sinuses located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows; an infection here can

cause severe pain in this area

hypoxemia a condition of having below-normal oxygen level in the blood

hypoxia the condition of having below-normal oxygen levels in the body tissues and cells; less severe than anoxia

influenza an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection that is spread by respiratory droplets and occurs most commonly in epidemics during the colder months

inhalation the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward

internal respiration the exchange of gases within the cells of the body organs, cells, and tissues

interstitial fibrosis another name for the inflammation and thickening of the walls of the alveoli

interstitial lung diseases a group of almost 200 diseases that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures

lower respiratory tract consists of the bronchial tree and lungs

Mantoux PPD skin test a more accurate skin test for diagnosing tuberculosis

metered-dose inhaler mixes a single dose of the medication with a puff of air and pushes it into the

mouth via a chemical propellant

mucous membranes the specialized tissues that line the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and

urinary systems

mucus secreted by the mucous membranes

mycoplasma pneumonia a milder but longer lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

nebulizer pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is

then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouthpiece

olfactory receptors nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell

peak flow meter a handheld device often used to test those with asthma to measure how

quickly the patient can expel air

pertussis a contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract

phlegm thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages

pleural effusion the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

pleurisy an inflammation of the pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each

breath

pneumoconiosis an abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after

years of environmental or occupational contact

pneumocystis carinii

pneumonia

an opportunistic infection caused by the fungus Pneumocystis carinii

pneumonectomy the surgical removal of all or part of a lung

pneumonia a serious infection or inflammation of the lungs in which the smallest

bronchioles and alveoli fill with pus and other liquid

pneumorrhagia bleeding from the lungs

pneumothorax the accumulation of air in the pleural space causing a pressure imbalance

that prevents the lung from fully expanding or can cause it to collapse

polysomnography the diagnostic measurement of physiological activity during sleep; also known

as a sleep apnea study

pulse oximeter an external monitor placed on the patient's finger or earlobe to measure the

oxygen saturation level in the blood

pyothorax the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane

respiration the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that is essential to life

respirator an apparatus for administering artificial respiration in cases of respiratory failure

respiratory failure a condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high

respiratory system brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells

silicosis caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glass work, and sandblasting

sleep apnea syndromes a group of potentially fatal disorders in which breathing repeatedly stops during sleep for long enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels

smoke inhalation damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases

sputum phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

the sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 2 weeks and 1 year

supplemental oxygen administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate oxygen saturation level in the blood

thoracentesis the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity

thoracostomy the surgical creation of an opening into the chest cavity to establish drainage of empyema

thoracotomy a surgical treatment of lung cancer by removing all or part of a lung

tonsils form a protective circle of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the respiratory system

tuberculin skin testing a screening test for tuberculosis in which the skin of the arm is injected with a harmless antigen extracted from TB bacteria

tuberculosis an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks the lungs

upper respiratory infections

among the terms used to describe the common cold; can be caused by any one of 200 different viruses

upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea

ventilator a mechanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or supplement the patient's natural breathing function

video-assisted thoracic surgery

the use of a video-assisted thoracoscope to view the inside of the chest cavity through very small incisions

viral pneumonia caused by several different types of viruses and accounts for approximately half of all pneumonias

visceral pleura the inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung

*END