Respiratory & Phonatory Systems
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Transcript of Respiratory & Phonatory Systems
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*Aural rehabilitation is accomplished through and educational and clinical program*Children with more severe hearing impairments were far more difficult to understand, and the vowel and consonant quality of their speech was affected*Those with milder hearing impairments were easier to understand but often had trouble with sounds such as : “s, sh, f” *Children with more severe hearing impairments often had a different quality to their voiceQu:How did the children specific hearing losses impact their speech? -It had to do with the degree of hearing loss and the frequencies that were affected
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Examines the anatomical-physiological prerequisites sites for speech and hearing, in particular the functional adequacy of all structures that are a portion of the speech process
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• It translates data from anatomy and physiology to their special prerequisites for the speech process
• In it, the emphasis remain an anatomical and physiological factors related to the secondary functions of speech mechanism serves in speech production
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Each individual with dysarthria may demonstrate various types and degrees of problems with all or several of the 4 system
It’s a motor speech disorder
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Fibers are in opposite direction
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*Diaphragm during rest position resembles the shape of an inverted bowl
*Posterior muscular attachment of the diaphragm are much lower than those in the front of the body
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*The shape of the diaphragm is affected by the organs of the abdominal cavity upon which it rests (specially the liver)
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*Muscular portion of the diaphragm contracts
*this contraction, pulls the central tendon down & forward
*The vertical up-and-down dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase, the contents of the abdominal cavity are compressed*Contractions of the external and internal intercostal elevate the entire rib cage
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During respiration, lungs must increase and decrease their volume*Lungs contain very little muscles
*This process is mediated by external force “Pleural linkage”
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The 2 membranes are airtight, fused to each other, producing small amount of fluid that provides smooth, lubricated movement of the lungs during respiration
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There is an powerful negative pressure between the 2 pleural membrane, links the costal & visceral membranes so closely that the lungs cohere to the thoracic wall
Movement of the thoracic cavity Movement of the lungs Dimension of the thoracic cavity increase, Lungs enlarge
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That area below the vocal folds
Speech production necessitate a regulated amount of sub-glottal pressure over a wide range of volumes
The space between the vocal folds
Opened glottis
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The equalization of various lung volumes and pressure levels is done by an interplay between inspiratory and expiratory muscles
To maintain a consonant loudness level during the whole utterance, the outflow of the air must somehow be equalized
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Most important part
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When contracted, the infrahyoids pull the entire larynx down, while contraction of the suprahyoids elevates the entire larynx (occur during swallowing)
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*Rarely do individual muscles act to execute a movement.
*They work in pairs or in a group to produce a delicate interplay of various muscle actions producing an appropriate movement
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*The average number of glottal openings per second is known as person’s fundamental frequency
*One’s fundamental frequency is related to his perceived vocal pitch*Females have a higher range of fundamental frequencies than males
*Changes in tension of the vocal folds are primarily responsible for variations in fundamental frequency
*Changes in vocal loudness result from variations in subglottal air pressure, which varies the amplitude of the vocal folds’ vibratory cycle
*Vibration of the vocal folds is also important for the voiced-voiceless oppositions of speech sounds
*The consistent cyclic vibration of the vocal folds also plays a role in the quality or timber of the voice
*Timber refers to the tonal quality the differentiates 2 sounds of the same pitch, loudness, and duration
*If vocal folds vibrate aperiodically, we perceive this as an abnormal voice quality
*Regular cyclic, periodic vocal folds vibration and functional unity between the respiratory and phonatory systems are necessary for a vocal timber that is
considered to be within normal limits
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*Some abnormal vocal folds conditions (caused by vocal abuse) can lead to changes in the fundamental frequency
*The vocal folds may become thickened, characterized typically by a lowering of the fundamental frequency
*Polyps and nodules can also cause changes in fundamental frequency
*Individuals who use and possible abuse their voice a lot, may develop these abnormal vocal folds conditions