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![Page 1: Resources: A Strong Predictor of Impact for Families of Infants with HL Betty Vohr, MD Julie Jodoin-Krauzyk, MEd, MA Richard Tucker, BA Women & Infants’](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f415503460f94c60d6e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Resources: A Strong Predictor of Impact for Families of Infants with HL
Betty Vohr, MDJulie Jodoin-Krauzyk, MEd, MA
Richard Tucker, BA
Women & Infants’ HospitalProvidence, RI
Funded by a cooperative agreement between the Rhode Island Department of Health and the Early Hearing Detection and Intervention
Program at the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. Grant # UR3/CCU120033-01
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Faculty Disclosure Information
In the past 12 months, we have not had a significant financial interest or other relationship
with the manufacturer of the product or provider of the services that will be discussed in our
presentation.
This presentation will not include discussion of pharmaceuticals or devices that have not been
approved by the FDA.
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Family Perspectives Study Initial Objectives:• Study psychosocial characteristics
over time of families with young children who have had their hearing screened as newborns
• Mediators include resources and support
• Outcomes consist of parenting stress & impact on the family
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Original Study Groups
Families of: Proposed n• Newborns with permanent HL 30• Newborns who did not pass the
initial screen but returned and passed the rescreen 30-60
• Newborns who passed the screen 60
Eligible DOB 10.15.02 - 4.30.05
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Original Study Design
•Resources & support
•Commun. Effectiveness
•EI experiences
•Impact of HL
•Impact of FP
•Level of stress
•Level ofEmpowerment
•Positive Adaptations
•Increased Commun. Effectiveness
• HL
• Fail screen/ pass rescreen
• Pass screen
Mediator/Child OutcomesMediator/Child Outcomes
• Perception of child behavior and
child language
Study GroupsStudy Groups MediatorsMediators Caregiver OutcomesCaregiver Outcomes
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Study Design
•Resources & support
•Commun. Effectiveness
•EI experiences
•Impact of HL
•Impact of FP
•Level of stress
•Level ofEmpowerment
•Positive Adaptations
•Increased Commun. Effectiveness
• HL
• Fail screen/ pass rescreen
• Pass screen
Mediator/Child OutcomesMediator/Child Outcomes
• Perception of child behavior/language
• Level of impact on family
Study GroupsStudy Groups MediatorsMediators Caregiver OutcomesCaregiver Outcomes
Intermediary OutcomeIntermediary Outcome
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Methods:
1. Enroll families of infants with HL*
2. Identify CNTL & FP matches
3. Recruit CNTL & FP matches thru mail
4. Obtain informed consent
5. Conduct 3 home visits at 6,12, & 18m
( ± 4m)
* No exclusions
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Matching Criteria
• Gender• NICU vs Well-Baby Nursery• Date of Birth (+/- 30 to 90 days)• Hospital of Birth • Maternal Education• Race/Ethnicity• Health Insurance
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Standardized Assessments at 6, 12 & 18m:
1. Family Resource Scale (Dunst & Leet)
2. Family Support Scale (Dunst et al)
3. Parenting Stress Index (Abidin)
4. Impact on the Family (Stein & Reissman)
5. Impact of Childhood HL on Family (Meadow-Orlans)
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Initial Data Analysis
• 3 way analysis HL vs. FP vs. CNTL– ANOVA to analyze differences among group
means– Ҳ 2 to analyze differences among proportions
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Recruitment by Study Group:
Families of: n• Newborns with HL 33• False-Positives 37• Controls 62
• Total 132
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Assessments Completed thru 12.31.05 (n) 6m 12m
18m
HL 29 23 19
FP 27 27 21
CNTL 45 47 32
Total: 101Total: 101 97 97 7272ComplianceCompliance: : 98% 90%98% 90% 84%84%
34 subjects enrolled after 6-10m window
2 subjects enrolled after 12-16m window
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Initial Results
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Initial Stress & Impact ScoresHL FP CNTL P
Total Stress 6m
12m66.4
68.3
68.3
67.2
67.4
66.8
0.9114
0.9378
% High Stress 6m
12m14
4
15
15
18
11
0.887
0.477
Total Impact 6m
12m26.4
26
25.6
25
25.7
24.5
0.7112
0.3089
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Findings:
1. At 6 & 12m, no differences were found in stress or impact between the FP and Control groups.
2. HL group was heterogeneous by degree of HL.
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Therefore: A New Analytic Approach
1. Control & FP groups were collapsed into a single control group.
2. HL group was divided into 2 groups by degree of HL, to examine effects of severity.
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New Analytic Groups:
Group n• Bilat. Mod-Prof HL 17*
• Unilateral/Mild HL 15
• Control 99
*One family with Deaf child of Deaf parents excluded from stress & impact analysis
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Hypotheses:• Mothers of infants with bilateral moderate-to-
profound HL will report ↑ levels of stress & impact, as compared to mothers of infants with unilateral/mild HL and no HL at 6 & 12m.
• Mothers with stronger resources & support systems will report ↓ stress & impact on the family over time.
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Data Analysis:1. Three-Way Analysis
– Bilat. Mod-Prof vs. Unil/Mild vs. Controls– ANOVA to analyze differences among group
means– Ҳ 2 to analyze differences among proportions
2. Correlation Analysis to show associations
3. Regression Models to show relationships of predictors with outcomes while controlling for other factors.
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Distribution of Visits: 6m 12m
Mod-Prof HL 16 9
Mild HL 12 13
Control 72 74
Total 100 96
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Maternal Characteristics*Mod-Prof
(n=12)
Mild
(n=14)
Cntl
(n=89)
P
Age 32 ± 8 32 ± 6 32 ± 6 0.898
Married 83% 79% 84% 0.867
≤high school 25% 14% 14% 0.300
Primary Lang Non-English
8% 14% 5% 0.449
Medicaid / no Insurance
16% 28% 22% 0.919
SES 43 ± 16 40 ± 13 43 ± 12 0.631
*Mothers with multiples enrolled in study are counted once here
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Child CharacteristicsMod-Prof
(n=17)
Unil/Mild
(n=15)
Cntl
(n=99)
P
Female 41% 40% 33% 0.752
Non-White 6% 13% 9% 0.784
NICU 82% 40% 56% 0.042
VLBW 76% 27% 24% 0.001
<37 weeks 82% 47% 46% 0.022
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Types of Hearing Loss13
1
3
8
5
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
SNHL COND AN
Mod-Prof
Mild*
**
*2 mild bilateral **1 mild bilateral
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Percent Early Intervention Participation by Group
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Mod-Prof Mild Cntl
Perc
ent
n=17 n=13 n=29
87%100% 29%
p=0.001
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HL Group – Entrance in EIMean chronologic age at entrance into EI: Mean (m) Range
Entire HL Group 3.8 ± 2 0.5 to 11.0* median=3.4
Bilat. Mod-prof 4.4 ± 2 1.8 to 11.0* median=4.3
Unil/Mild 3.0 ± 2 0.5 to 6.2 median=3.0
*6.5=next highest age
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HL Group – “Early” EI • Entrance into EI:
• ≤ 3m* n=16 (53.3%)
• >3m* n=14 (46.7%)
• Not participating in EI n=2– Conductive unilateral HL, unknown degree– Mild unilateral SNHL
*chronologic age
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Results
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Family Resource Scale*•31 questions•Likert Scale 1 to 5
– Not at All Adequate thru Almost Always Adequate
•Total Resources Score (31-155)
*Dunst CJ, Leet HE. “Measuring the adequacy of resources in families with young children”. Child Care, Health and Development
1987;13:111-115.
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Total Resources Scores at 6 & 12mPossible range 31-155
120.8
122
119.8
124.5
122.3
124.9
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
6m 12m
Mod-Prof
Mild
Cntl
p=0.8470 p=0.7040
n=16 n=12 n=72 n=9 n=13 n=74
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Family Support Scale*• 18 questions• Likert Scale from 1 to 5 : Not at all Helpful to
Extremely Helpful
• Total Support Score (18-90)• Subscales
• General Professional Services (2-10)• Special Professional Services (3-15)
*Dunst CH, Trivette CM, Jenkins V. Family Support Scale. Cambridge, MA: Bookline Books, Inc.; 1988.
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Total Support Scores at 6 & 12 mPossible range 18-90
39.1
36.8
37.8
36.236 35.9
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
6m 12m
Mod-Prof
Unil/ Mild
Cntl
p=0.4014 p=0.9656
n=16 n=12 n=72 n=9 n=13 n=74
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Support: General Professional Services Scores at 6 & 12m Possible range 2-10
6.9 7
4.9 4.75.1
4.7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
6m 12m
Mod-Prof
Mild
Cntl
p=0.0041 p=0.0040
n=16 n=12 n=72 n=9 n=13 n=72
* + * + * vs Control+ vs Unil/Mild
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Support: Special Professional Services Scores at 6 & 12m Possible range 3-10
5.5
6.8
4.24.64.5 4.8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
6m 12m
Mod-Prof
Mild
Cntl
p=0.0596 p=0.0453
n=16 n=12 n=37 n=9 n=11 n=43
* vs Control+ vs Unil/Mild
+
* +
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Parenting Stress Index*•Short form – 36 questions•Likert Scale 1 to 5: Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree
•Total Stress Score (36-180)•Factor Scores (12-60)
– Parental Distress– Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction – Difficult Child
*Abidin RR. Parenting Stress Index (PSI) Third Edition. Lutz, FL: Psychological
Assessment Resources, Inc; 1995.
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Total Stress Scores at 6 & 12 mPossible range 36-180
67.167.4
64.7
67.867.8
67
6363.5
6464.5
6565.5
6666.5
6767.5
6868.5
6m 12m
Mod-Prof
Mild
Cntl
n=16 n=12 n=72 n=9 n=13 n=74
p=0.8338
p=0.9807
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Impact on the Family*•Adapted Version – G•34 questions in two parts•Likert Scale 1 to 4: Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree
•Total Impact on the Family Score (14-56)•Subscales
– Financial Impact (2-8)– Familial Burden (4-16)– Caretaker Burden (3-12)– Disruption of Planning (5-20)
*Stein REK, Reissman CK. “The development of an impact on family scale: Preliminary findings”. Medical Care 1980;18:465-72.
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Total Impact on the Family Scores at 6 & 12 m Possible range 14-56
26.827.2
25.8
25.2
25.7
24.6
23
23.5
24
24.5
25
25.5
26
26.5
27
27.5
6 months 12 months
Mod-ProfMildCntl
p=0.5886 p=0.1642
n=16 n=12 n=72 n=9 n=13 n=74
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Financial Impact Scores 6 & 12 mPossible range 2-8
4.1
4.3
4.1
3.83.7
3.6
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
4.4
6 months 12 months
Mod-ProfMildCntl
p=0.1052 p=0.0283
n=16 n=12 n=72 n=9 n=13 n=74
* vs Control+ vs Unil/Mild
* +
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A Closer Look at the 2 Groups of Children with HL
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Impact of Childhood HL on the Family* • 24 questions• Likert Scale 1 to 4: Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree
• Total Positive Adaptation Score (24-96)• Subscales
– Communication (8-32)– Stress (7-28) – Relationships-Professional & Educational (8-32)
*Meadow-Orlans KP. “The impact of childhood hearing loss on the family”. In: Moores DF, Meadow-Orlans KP, editors. Educational & Developmental Aspects of Deafness. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press; 1990.
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Positive Adaptation Scores at 6 & 12m Possible range 24-96 Meadow-Orlans
72.973.2
77.3
76.1
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
6m 12m
Mod-Prof
Mild
P=NS P=NS
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Impact of HL on Family Scores at 6 & 12m
Scale Mod-Prof Unil/Mild
+ Communication 6m
12m
23.2
22.3
25.8
25.5
+ Stress 6m
12m
22.0
23.6
22.4
23.2
+ Relationships 6m
12m
22.6
22.3
23.6
22.7
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Selected Items form the Impact of Childhood HL on the Family
• Communication
• Stress
• Relationships
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Impact of HL on Family Communication Subscale Analysis- HL cohort only
• “My communication skills are quite adequate for my child’s needs.”
• “I wish I could communicate as well with my child with HL as I do with other hearing children.”
• “My child with HL is often left out of family conversations because of communication problems.”
Agree or Strongly Agree
6m 12m
93% 91%
39% 29%
4% 0%
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Impact of HL on Family Stress Subscale Analysis - HL cohort only
• “I often regret the extra time our family must devote to the challenges of HL.”
• “Much of the stress in my family is related to HL.”
• “Parents of children with HL are expected to do too many things for them. This is a burden for me.”
Agree or Strongly Agree 6m 12m 14% 0%
4% 13%
4% 0%
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Impact of HL on Family Relationships Subscale Analysis - HL cohort only
• “I feel satisfied with the educational progress of my child with HL.”
• “I’ve had a lot of good professional advice about education for my child with HL.”
• “Many times I have been angry because of the way professionals treated me as a parent of a child with HL.”
Agree or Strongly Agree
6m 12m
100% 96%
89% 81%
0% 0%
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Exploring Relationships between Possible
Mediators & Stress/Impact
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Correlations: Illustrative Graphs
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
- 0.2
- 0.3
- 0.5
- 0.6
X = Mediator
X
Y
Y =
O
utco
me
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Sig Associations of Total ResourcesTotal Resources with Stress Scores at 6 & 12m for Total Cohort
6m 12m
Stress Scores r r
Total Stress -0.59*** -0.39***
Parental Distress -0.62*** -0.40***
Parent-Child Dysf Inter -0.33*** -0.20*
Difficult Child -0.36*** -0.33***
*P<0.05 **P<0.01 ***P<0.001
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Sig. Associations of Total SupportTotal Support with Stress at 6 & 12 m for Total Cohort
6m 12m
Stress Scores r r
Total Stress -0.23** -0.15
Parental Distress -0.24* -0.13
*P<0.05 **P<0.01 ***P<0.001
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Sig Associations of Total ResourcesTotal Resources with Impact on Family at 6 & 12m: Total Cohort
6m 12m
Impact Scores r r
Total Impact -0.48*** -0.48***
Financial Impact -0.34*** -0.45***
Familial Burden -0.25* -0.38***
Caretaker Burden -0.45*** -0.36***
Disrupt Plan -0.48*** -0.44***
*P<0.05 **P<0.01 ***P<0.001
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Family Resource ScaleFamily Resource Scale: Selected Items Pertaining to
Maternal Perceptions of Adequate Time & Money
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Family Resource Scale: Sig Associations of Selected Items with Stress/Impact (total cohort)
Time to get enough sleep or rest
Time for family to be together
Time to be with spouse or partner
6m 12m STRESS -0.41*** -0.25* IMPACT -0.33*** -0.43***
STRESS -0.14 -0.22* IMPACT -0.27** -0.21*
STRESS -0.41*** -0.35*** IMPACT -0.36*** -0.48***
*P<0.05 **P<0.01 ***P<0.001
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Family Resource Scale: Sig Associations of Selected Items with Stress/Impact (total cohort)
Money to buy necessities
Money to pay monthly bills
Money to save
6m 12m
STRESS -0.46*** -0.15
IMPACT -0.35*** -0.19
STRESS -0.33*** -0.11
IMPACT -0.38*** -0.25*
STRESS -0.29** -0.19
IMPACT -0.31** -0.35***
*P<0.05 **P<0.01 ***P<0.001
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Fitting it All TogetherFitting it All Together:Multivariate Analysis
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Stress: Regression Model• Variables entered for total cohort:
– NICU, mod-prof HL, mild HL, maternal age, married, SES, total support, total resources: sig. predictors shown
6m 12m
NICU stay b= 8.8** 6.4*Maternal Age b= - 0.7** - 0.5SES b= 0.2 0.3*Total Resources b= - 0.5*** - 0.3*
Model R2=0.41 Model R2=0.21 p=0.0001p=0.0067 *P<0.05 **P<0.01 ***P<0.001
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Impact on Family: Regression Model• Variables entered for total cohort:
– NICU, mod-prof HL, mild HL, maternal age, married, SES, total support, total resources: sig. predictors shown
6m 12m
NICU stay b= 1.4* 1.3Maternal Age b= - 0.1* 0.04SES b= 0.03 0.05Total Resources b= - 0.1*** - 0.1***
Model R2=0.32 Model R2=0.32 p=0.0001p=0.0001
*P<0.05 **P<0.01 ***P<0.001
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3 Family Presentations
• Family with Low Reported Stress/Impact
• Family with High Reported Stress/Impact
• Culturally Deaf Family
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Family with Low Total Stress/Impact Characteristics
Child:
• Male
• Full-Term
• No NICU stay
• Unilateral severe SNHL due to Mondini’s Dysplasia
• HL dx at 1.5m
• First lang = Spanish
Mother:
• Hispanic
• Married
• Bilingual – Spanish & English
• Private Insurance
• Partial College
• EI began at 2 wks.
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Family Results: Low Stress/Impact6m Unil/Mild
Mean12m Unil/Mild
Mean
Resour. 122 119.8 134 124.5
Support 49 37.8 63 36.2
Stress 48 64.7 50 67.8
Impact 20 25.8 17 25.2
+ Adapt Imp. of HL
96 77.3 93 76.1
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Family with High Total Stress/Impact Characteristics
Child:• Female; twin• 24 weeks gestation• NICU stay 129 days• Mild Cerebral Palsy• Bilateral prof AN • HL dx at 3.5m
chron; 0m corr.• First lang = English
Mother:
• White
• Married
• English speaking
• Private Insurance
• Master’s Degree
• EI began at 4.5m chron; 1.0m corr.
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Family Results: High Stress/Impact6m Mod-Prof
Mean12m Mod-Prof
Mean
Resour. 94 120.8 104 122
Support 38 39.1 39 36.8
Stress 93 67.1 73 67.4
Impact 30 26.8 35 27.2
+ Adapt Imp. of HL
80 72.9 66 73.2
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Culturally Deaf Family Characteristics
Child:• Male• 32 weeks gestation• NICU 10 days• Bilateral profound
SNHL• HL dx at 2m chron;
0m corr.• First lang = ASL
Mother:• Culturally Deaf• Married• Bilingual – ASL &
English• Private Insurance• Master’s Degree• EI began at 4m
chron; 2m corr.
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Culturally Deaf Family Results6m Mod-Prof
Mean12m Mod-Prof
Mean
Resour. 122 120.8 128 122
Support 39 39.1 36 36.8
Gen Serv 6 6.9 3 7.0
Spec Serv 4 5.5 8 6.8
Stress 76 67.1 81 67.4
Impact 30 26.8 30 27.2
+ Adapt 84 72.9 73 73.2
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Comparison of Stress & Adaptation to HL in 3 Families at 6m
48
9693
807684
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Stress + Adapt
Low Stress
High Stress
Cult Deaf
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Conclusions
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Findings: Total Cohort
↑↑ ResourcesResources
↑↑ Time & MoneyTime & Money
↑↑ SupportSupport
NICU StayNICU Stay
↑↑ Maternal AgeMaternal Age
↓↓ Parenting Parenting StressStress
↑↑ Parenting Parenting StressStress
Bilat Mod-Prof Bilat Mod-Prof HLHL
Unil/Mild HL Unil/Mild HL
ControlControl
↓↓ Impact on FamilyImpact on Family
↓↓ Financial ImpactFinancial Impact
↑ ↑ Impact on FamilyImpact on Family
Study GroupsStudy Groups MediatorsMediators Caregiver OutcomesCaregiver Outcomes
Intermediary OutcomesIntermediary Outcomes
At 6 & 12mAt 6 & 12m
At 6m onlyAt 6m only
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Conclusions from Multivariate Analysis
1. ↑ total resources was the most consistent ameliorator to stress & impact at 6 & 12m.
2. Having a child that required NICU care contributed to ↑ parenting stress at 6 & 12m.
3. Increased maternal age was associated with ↓ parenting stress & impact at 6m.
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Findings: HL Group Only
↑↑ General & General & Special Prof. Special Prof. Services at 6 & Services at 6 & 12m12m
Enrolled in EI by Enrolled in EI by mean chron. age mean chron. age of 3.8mof 3.8m
= Parenting = Parenting Stress at 6 & Stress at 6 & 12m12m
= = High Positive High Positive Adaptations at Adaptations at 6 & 12m6 & 12m
Bilat Mod-Prof Bilat Mod-Prof HLHL
Unil/Mild HLUnil/Mild HL
↑ ↑ Financial Impact at Financial Impact at 12m12m
= Impact on the Family at = Impact on the Family at 6 & 12m6 & 12m
Study GroupsStudy Groups MediatorsMediators Caregiver OutcomesCaregiver Outcomes
Intermediary OutcomesIntermediary Outcomes
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Conclusions from HL Group Analysis1. In the first year of life, families of children
with HL, regardless of degree, received EI as by a mean age of 3.8m.
2. Similar parenting stress levels and impact on the family were reported in both bilat mod-prof and unil/mild groups.
3. Both mothers of children with bilat mod-prof and unil/mild HL had similar, high positive adaptations to the impact of HL.
4. Resources & support contribute more to stress & impact than degree of HL.
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Implications for Early Intervention1. EI service providers must remain mindful
of the important role of family resources and support, as it relates to parenting stress and impact.
2. Increased funding and support for early general and specialized professional services for families of children with HL is essential to ↓ stress & ↓ impact and strengthen families’ abilities to adapt to ensuing communication challenges.
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EHDI 2.3.06 72
Acknowledgements to Project Personnel
• Principal Investigator– Betty Vohr
• Co-Investigators– Mary Jane Johnson– Deborah Topol
• CDC Investigator– Pamela Costa
• Study Coordinator– Julie Jodoin-Krauzyk
• Data Analyst– Richard Tucker
• Research Assistants– Jyllian Anterni– Cara Dalton
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Backup Slides
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Matching Success by Group
• 37 Matching Groups• 26 (70%) at least 1FP & 1CNTL• 22 (59%) match CNTL:HL 2:1 or 2:2
• 32 matched groups closed– 26 (81%) match at least 1:1– 22 (69%) match CNTL:HL 2:1 or 2:2
– 5 groups currently still recruiting matches
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Group Characteristics
HL
(n=32)
FP
(n=37)
CNTL
(n=62)
P
Male 59% 73% 63% 0.450
NICU 63% 46% 61% 0.258
VLBW 53% 35% 17% 0.002
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Group Environmental Characteristics
HL (n=26)
FP (n=36)
CNTL (n=53)
P
≤high school 19% 19% 9% 0.510
Medicaid or no Insurance
23% 28% 19% 0.354
Non-Native English
12% 11% 2% 0.100
SES 41±14 41±12 45±12 0.255
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Multiples by Original Cohort
n GenderHL 9 5 F; 4 M (1 triplet)
FP 4 0 F; 4 M
CNTL 18 10 F (2 triplets); 8 M
• 15 Mothers & 31 Children comprising 15 families
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HL Group - Hearing Loss Type
– 23 sensorineural– 6 permanent conductive– 4 auditory neuropathy– Ranges from mild to profound; unilateral and
bilateral HL
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Impact on Family Subscales at 12m
4
7.4
5.6
3.8
6.9
5.2
3.5
6.7
5.3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Financial Impact Familial Burden Caretaker Burden
HLFPCNTL
p=0.0509
p=0.1580
p=0.2815
*
*vs Control
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6 Month Compliance & Attritionas of 12.31.05
• 138 enrolled
• 101 6m visits completed
• 34 joined late for 6m visit
• 1 HL resolved – ineligible
• 2 “refused”
• 101/103=98% compliance at 6m
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12 Month Compliance & Attritionas of 12.31.05
• 97 6m visits completed• 2 joined late for 12m visit• 1 HL resolved – ineligible• 6 “refused”• 5 “lost”• 1 “withdrawn”• 1 “sick”• 97/108=90% compliance at 12m
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18 Month Compliance & Attritionas of 12.31.05
• 72 18m visits completed
• 1 HL resolved – ineligible
• 4 “refused”
• 5 “withdrawn”
• 1 “sick”
• 4 “lost”
• 72/86=84% compliance at 18m
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Multiples by New Analytic Group
• Bilateral Mod-Prof = 7
• Unilateral/Mild = 2
• Control = 22
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Backup Slides:Assessments with additional
Scores & Subscales
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Family Support Scale• 18 questions• Likert Scale from 1 to 5
– Not at All Helpful to Extremely Helpful• Total Support Score (18-90)• 6 Subscales
– Immediate Family– Formal Kinship – Informal Kinship– Social Organization– General Professional Services (2-10)
– Special Professional Services (3-15)
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Parenting Stress Index• Short form – 36 questions• Likert Scale 1 to 5
– Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree• 1 Total Stress Score (36-180)• 3 Factor Scores
– Parental Distress (range 12-60)– Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction (range 12-
60)– Difficult Child (range 12-60)
• 1 Biased Response Set Score – Defensive Responding (range 7-35)
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Impact on the Family• Adapted Version – G• 34 questions in two parts• Likert Scale 1 to 4
– Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree• Total Impact• 5 Subscales
– Financial Impact– Familial Burden– Caretaker Burden– Disruption of Planning– Coping Score
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Percent with High Stress at 6 & 12m(>85th percentile)
19
8
17
0
8
12
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Mod-Prof Unil/ Mild Cntl
% 6 mos.% 12 mos.
p=0.727 p=0.499
n=3 n=1 n=12n=1 n=9
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Conclusions: Bivariate Group Analyses1. Although all mothers reported varying
degrees of parenting stress at 6 & 12m (ranging from low to high), there were no sig. differences across groups.
2. Families with children with bilat mod-prof HL reported ↑ use of general and specialized professional services at 6 & 12m.
3. Mothers of infants with bilat mod-prof HL reported financial impact at 12m.
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Conclusions from Correlation Analysis of Total Cohort
1. ↑ resources was associated with ↓ stress, ↓ impact, and ↓ financial impact at 6 & 12m.
2. ↑ resources of time and money were consistently associated with ↓ stress levels & ↓ impact on the family.
3. ↑ support was associated with ↓ total parenting stress and ↓ parental distress at 6m only.