Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of theTaylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Edited byMohammad J. Taherzadeh Tobias Richards

Resource Recoveryto Approach Zero Municipal Waste

GREEN CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGSeries Editor: Sunggyu Lee

Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Contamination and Mitigation StrategiesHui Li, Shanna Knights, Zheng Shi, John W. Van Zee, and Jiujun Zhang

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Materials Properties and PerformanceDavid P. Wilkinson, Jiujun Zhang, Rob Hui, Jeffrey Fergus, and Xianguo Li

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Materials Properties and Performance Jeffrey Fergus, Rob Hui, Xianguo Li, David P. Wilkinson, and Jiujun Zhang

Efficiency and Sustainability in the Energy and Chemical Industries: Scientific Principles and Case Studies, Second Edition

Krishnan Sankaranarayanan, Jakob de Swaan Arons, and Hedzer van der Kooi

Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook Xing L. Yan and Ryutaro Hino

Magneto Luminous Chemical Vapor Deposition Hirotsugu Yasuda

Carbon-Neutral Fuels and Energy Carriers Nazim Z. Muradov and T. Nejat Veziroglu

Oxide Semiconductors for Solar Energy Conversion: Titanium Dioxide Janusz Nowotny

Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advanced Materials and Technologies Xianxia Yuan, Hansan Liu, and Jiujun Zhang

Process Integration for Resource Conservation Dominic C. Y. Foo

Chemicals from Biomass: Integrating Bioprocesses into Chemical Production Complexes for Sustainable Development

Debalina Sengupta and Ralph W. Pike

Hydrogen SafetyFotis Rigas and Paul Amyotte

Biofuels and Bioenergy: Processes and TechnologiesSunggyu Lee and Y. T. Shah

Hydrogen Energy and Vehicle SystemsScott E. Grasman

Integrated Biorefineries: Design, Analysis, and OptimizationPaul R. Stuart and Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi

Water for Energy and Fuel ProductionYatish T. Shah

Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies, Second EditionSunggyu Lee, James G. Speight, and Sudarshan K. Loyalka

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

bora

s] a

t 04:

22 0

1 Ju

ly 2

015

Environmental Transport PhenomenaA. Eduardo Sáez and James C. Baygents

Resource Recovery to Approach Zero Municipal WasteMohammad J. Taherzadeh and Tobias Richards

Energy and Fuel Systems IntegrationYatish T. Shah

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

bora

s] a

t 04:

22 0

1 Ju

ly 2

015

Cover: City image is copyrighted by Borås Energy and Environment and used with permission.

CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government worksVersion Date: 20150611

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-4036-8 (eBook - PDF)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit-ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site athttp://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the CRC Press Web site athttp://www.crcpress.com

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

bora

s] a

t 04:

22 0

1 Ju

ly 2

015

v

ContentsSeries Preface ...........................................................................................................viiPreface.......................................................................................................................ixEditors .......................................................................................................................xiContributors ........................................................................................................... xiii

Chapter 1 An Overview of Solid Waste Management toward Zero Landfill: A Swedish Model ..................................................................1

Kamran Rousta, Tobias Richards, and Mohammad J. Taherzadeh

Chapter 2 Sustainable Management of Solid Waste ...........................................23

Kim Bolton, Barbara De Mena, and Gerhard Schories

Chapter 3 Laws and Regulations Governing Waste Management: Institutional Arrangements Regarding Waste Management .............. 41

Ulla Eriksson-Zetterquist and Maria José Zapata Campos

Chapter 4 Source Separation of Household Waste: Technology and Social Aspects ............................................................................. 61

Kamran Rousta and Lisa Dahlén

Chapter 5 Composting of Wastes ........................................................................77

Antoni Sánchez, Xavier Gabarrell, Adriana Artola, Raquel Barrena, Joan Colón, Xavier Font, and Dimitrios Komilis

Chapter 6 Biogas from Wastes: Processes and Applications ............................ 107

Maryam M. Kabir, Gergely Forgács, Mohammad J. Taherzadeh, and Ilona Sárvári Horváth

Chapter 7 Combustion of Wastes in Combined Heat and Power Plants ........... 141

Anita Pettersson, Fredrik Niklasson, and Tobias Richards

Chapter 8 Recent Developments in the Gasification and Pyrolysis of Waste ........165

Tobias Richards

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

bora

s] a

t 04:

22 0

1 Ju

ly 2

015

vi Contents

Chapter 9 Metal Recycling ............................................................................... 185

Christer Forsgren

Chapter 10 Material and Energy Recovery from Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment: Status, Challenges, and Opportunities ........207

Efthymios Kantarelis, Panagiotis Evangelopoulos, and Weihong Yang

Chapter 11 Recycling of Thermoset Composites ...............................................249

Mikael Skrifvars and Dan Åkesson

Chapter 12 Recycling of Papers and Fibers ........................................................ 261

Samuel Schabel, Hans-Joachim Putz, and Winfrid Rauch

Chapter 13 Product Design for Material Recovery............................................. 301

Taina Flink and Mats Torring

Chapter 14 Landfill Mining: On the Potential and Multifaceted Challenges for Implementation ........................................................................... 313

Joakim Krook, Nils Johansson, and Per Frändegård

Index ...................................................................................................................... 331

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

bora

s] a

t 04:

22 0

1 Ju

ly 2

015

vii

Series PrefaceThe subjects and disciplines of chemistry and chemical engineering have encoun-tered a new landmark in the way of thinking about, developing, and designing chem-ical products and processes. This revolutionary philosophy, termed green chemistry and chemical engineering, focuses on the designs of products and processes that are conducive to reducing or eliminating the use and generation of hazardous sub-stances. In dealing with hazardous or potentially hazardous substances, there may be some overlaps and interrelationships between environmental chemistry and green chemistry. While environmental chemistry is the chemistry of the natural envi-ronment and the pollutant chemicals in nature, green chemistry proactively aims to reduce and prevent pollution at its very source. In essence, the philosophies of green chemistry and chemical engineering tend to focus more on industrial appli-cation and practice rather than academic principles and phenomenological science. However, as both chemistry and chemical engineering philosophy, green chemistry and chemical engineering derive from and build upon organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry, fuel chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, environmental chemistry, thermodynamics, chemical reaction engineering, transport phenomena, chemical process design, separation technol-ogy, automatic process control, and more. In short, green chemistry and chemical engineering are the rigorous use of chemistry and chemical engineering for pollution prevention and environmental protection.

The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 in the United States established a national policy to prevent or reduce pollution at its source whenever feasible. And adher-ing  to the spirit of this policy, the Environmental Protection Agency launched its Green Chemistry Program to promote innovative chemical technologies that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufac-ture, and use of chemical products. Global efforts in green chemistry and chemical engineering have recently gained a substantial amount of support from the inter-national community of science, engineering, academia, industry, and governments in all phases and aspects. Some of the successful examples and key technological developments include the use of supercritical carbon dioxide as a green solvent in separation technologies; application of supercritical water oxidation for destruc-tion of harmful substances; process integration with carbon dioxide sequestration steps; solvent-free synthesis of chemicals and polymeric materials; exploitation of biologically degradable materials; use of aqueous hydrogen peroxide for efficient oxidation; development of hydrogen proton exchange membrane fuel cells for a variety of power generation needs; advanced biofuel productions; devulcanization of spent tire rubber; avoidance of the use of chemicals and processes causing gen-eration of volatile organic compounds; replacement of traditional petrochemical processes by microorganism-based bioengineering processes; replacement of chloro-fluorocarbons with nonhazardous alternatives; advances in design of energy-efficient processes; use of clean, alternative, and renewable energy sources in manufacturing;

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

bora

s] a

t 04:

22 0

1 Ju

ly 2

015

viii Series Preface

and much more. This list, even though it is only a partial compilation, is undoubtedly growing exponentially.

This book series (Green Chemistry and Chemical Engineering) by CRC Press/Taylor & Francis is designed to meet the new challenges of the twenty-first cen-tury in the chemistry and chemical engineering disciplines by publishing books and monographs based on cutting-edge research and development to affect reduc-ing adverse impacts on the environment by chemical enterprise. And in achieving this, the series will detail the development of alternative sustainable technologies that will minimize the hazard and maximize the efficiency of any chemical choice. The series aims at delivering readers in academia and industry with an authorita-tive information source in the field of green chemistry and chemical engineering. The publisher and its series editor are fully aware of the rapidly evolving nature of the subject and its long-lasting impact on the quality of human life in both the present and future. As such, the team is committed to making this series the most compre-hensive and accurate literary source in the field of green chemistry and chemical engineering.

Sunggyu LeeOhio University

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

bora

s] a

t 04:

22 0

1 Ju

ly 2

015

ix

PrefaceA population of 7 billion in the world means 7 billion waste producers. The wide-spread current practice of getting rid of municipal solid wastes (MSW) in the world is through landfill. These wastes represent a mixture of resources, but knowledge has not developed enough to enable their utilization in a proper and economical way. This results in an almost linear utilization of our resources, wherein the material passes through society only once before being dumped in a landfill; this practice is not sustainable in the long term. It means that we should aim for zero landfill and to completely recover our resources in order to realize a sustainable society. Although landfilling of all organic wastes is forbidden in Europe, there are only a few coun-tries, such as Sweden, Germany, Belgium, and Switzerland, that have approached zero landfill, using a variety of technologies to recover resources from MSW.

This book provides a holistic approach to resource recovery from MSW toward zero waste. It is a complex subject with several technical, social, environmental, man-agement, and sustainability aspects. However, there are cities and countries where zero waste is a reality, although continuous development is still ongoing. This book starts with an overview of solid waste management toward zero waste. It has sev-eral examples from Sweden and particularly from one city (Borås), where this topic has been on the agenda since 1986. After this, a discussion of sustainability aspects together with laws and regulations of waste management follows. One important choice, which is considered in Chapter 1, is whether people should separate their MSW at home or let machines and workers do it. When the waste is separated in different fractions, then we have several technologies to take care of them and con-vert them to different resources. Organic or biological wastes can be converted to compost or biogas and biofertilizers. We have combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification for the rejects. There are different recycling technologies, of which this book covers metals, electronic wastes, thermoset composites, papers, and fibers. Other technolo-gies, such as glass recycling, are covered in the introduction (Chapter 1). However, in order to have good recycling, the recycling should be considered when the products are designed and produced. This is discussed in Chapters 9 through 12. Finally, if the materials are landfilled, then landfill mining should be considered. This is the topic of Chapter 14.

This book is designed to be suitable for teaching at the higher education level, as well as for researchers and companies and municipalities. We hope that it contributes to a better global environment and more sustainable societies.

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

bora

s] a

t 04:

22 0

1 Ju

ly 2

015

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

bora

s] a

t 04:

22 0

1 Ju

ly 2

015

xi

EditorsMohammad J. Taherzadeh earned a PhD in bioscience and an MSc in chemical engineering. He has been a professor in bioprocess technology since 2004 and research leader at the Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery (SCRR), University of Borås, Sweden. With about 50 researchers, the SCRR covers technical, environmental, and social aspects of sustainable resource recovery. Professor Taherzadeh is working on converting wastes and residuals to ethanol, biogas, animal feed, and biopolymers, focusing on fermen-tation development using bacteria, yeast, and filamentous fungi. He has to his credit more than 160 publications in peer-reviewed science journals, 12 book chapters, and 3 patents, and he is currently the main supervisor of more than 10 PhD students and several postdoctoral fellows. Dr. Taherzadeh collaborates with several companies, and some of his research results have been industrialized. More informa-tion about him is available at www.adm.hb.se/~mjt/.

Tobias Richards has been a professor in energy recov-ery since 2010 at SCRR, University of Borås in Sweden. He is the leader of the group working on combustion and thermal treatment. Professor Richards focus area is treat-ment by thermal processes of different materials, espe-cially mixed materials such as waste. His aim is to get valuable products such as electricity, heat, synthesis gas, and pyrolysis oil and, when necessary, destroy potential harmful substances. Professor Richards has to his credit 30 peer-reviewed and published articles and 2 book chap-ters and is currently supervising 5 PhD students.

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

bora

s] a

t 04:

22 0

1 Ju

ly 2

015

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

bora

s] a

t 04:

22 0

1 Ju

ly 2

015

xiii

Contributors

Dan ÅkessonSwedish Centre for Resource RecoveryUniversity of BoråsBorås, Sweden

Adriana ArtolaDepartment of Chemical EngineeringEscola d’EnginyeriaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain

Raquel BarrenaDepartment of Chemical EngineeringEscola d’EnginyeriaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain

Kim BoltonSwedish Centre for Resource RecoveryUniversity of BoråsBorås, Sweden

Maria José Zapata CamposSchool of Business, Economics

and LawGothenburg Research InstituteUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden

Joan ColónDepartment of Chemical EngineeringEscola d’EnginyeriaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain

Lisa DahlénDivision of Waste Science and

TechnologyLuleå University of TechnologyLuleå, Sweden

Barbara De MenaDas Technologie-Transfer-Zentrum

BremerhavenWater, Energy, and Landscape

Management InstituteBremerhaven, Germany

Ulla Eriksson-ZetterquistSchool of Business, Economics,

and LawGothenburg Research InstituteUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden

Panagiotis EvangelopoulosMaterials Science and EngineeringRoyal Institute of TechnologyStockholm, Sweden

Taina FlinkStena Recycling ABGothenburg, Sweden

Xavier FontDepartment of Chemical EngineeringEscola d’EnginyeriaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain

Gergely ForgácsChemical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of BathBath, United Kingdom

Christer ForsgrenStena Metall AB

and

Chalmers Technical UniversityGothenburg, Sweden

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

bora

s] a

t 04:

22 0

1 Ju

ly 2

015

xiv Contributors

Per FrändegårdDepartment of Management and

Engineering, Environmental Technology, and Management

Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden

Xavier GabarrellDepartment of Chemical EngineeringEscola d’EnginyeriaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain

Ilona Sárvári HorváthSwedish Centre for Resource RecoveryUniversity of BoråsBorås, Sweden

Nils JohanssonDepartment of Management and

Engineering, Environmental Technology, and Management

Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden

Maryam M. KabirSwedish Centre for Resource RecoveryUniversity of BoråsBorås, Sweden

Efthymios KantarelisMaterials Science and EngineeringRoyal Institute of TechnologyStockholm, Sweden

Dimitrios KomilisDepartment of Chemical EngineeringEscola d’EnginyeriaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain

Joakim KrookDepartment of Management and

Engineering, Environmental Technology, and Management

Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden

Fredrik NiklassonEnergy Technology SP Technical Research Institute

of SwedenBorås, Sweden

Anita PetterssonSwedish Centre for Resource RecoveryUniversity of BoråsBorås, Sweden

Hans-Joachim PutzPaper Technology and Mechanical

Process Engineering Technische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadt, Germany

Winfrid RauchMatthiessen EngineeringBesançon, France

Tobias RichardsSwedish Centre for Resource

RecoveryUniversity of BoråsBorås, Sweden

Kamran RoustaSwedish Centre for Resource RecoveryUniversity of BoråsBorås, Sweden

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

bora

s] a

t 04:

22 0

1 Ju

ly 2

015

xvContributors

Antoni SánchezDepartment of Chemical EngineeringEscola d’EnginyeriaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain

Samuel SchabelPaper Technology and Mechanical

Process EngineeringTechnische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadt, Germany

Gerhard SchoriesDas Technologie-Transfer-Zentrum

BremerhavenWater, Energy, and Landscape

Management InstituteBremerhaven, Germany

Mikael SkrifvarsSwedish Centre for Resource RecoveryUniversity of BoråsBorås, Sweden

Mohammad J. TaherzadehSwedish Centre for Resource RecoveryUniversity of BoråsBorås, Sweden

Mats TorringStena Recycling ABGothenburg, Sweden

Weihong YangMaterials Science and EngineeringRoyal Institute of TechnologyStockholm, Sweden

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

bora

s] a

t 04:

22 0

1 Ju

ly 2

015

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

bora

s] a

t 04:

22 0

1 Ju

ly 2

015