Resource Efficient, Low Carbon Cities

From the Environmental Sustainability Knowledge Transfer Network

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Resource Efficient, Low Carbon Cities

The Grand Challenge:

Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is not the only pressing issue to be addressed for a city of the future. An expanding population with improving standard of living, migrating into cities means that we will not be able to ensure access to the key resources. This includes food and water, minerals and metals, oil and power. The effective use of resources, energy and social capital is key for long-term economic success. In promoting innovation we take account of the ‘triple bottom line’ of environmental, social and financial sustainability.

A future city will be an economically successful, resource efficient, positive place to live

The Context:

Using Backcasting techniques a stakeholder workshop identified five aspects of a Resource Efficient Low Carbon Future City:

Figure 1: Five aspects of a Resource Efficient Low Carbon Future City

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1. Best Practice Deployment

A city of the future would comprise a number of Symbiotic systems e.g. integrated water/waste water/energy generation. City infrastructure would be Sustainable (in line with the 3Ps of sustainability), resilient and flexible. This could be in the form of a “resilient” energy infrastructure or procurement practices which focus on the desired outputs, not the method of delivery, thus allowing the easier deployment of new technologies and business models as they are developed.

The City will have functioning networks of “green” infrastructure providing essential eco-system services. The development of best practices in technology and other areas will ensure that all resources are used to maximum potential throughout the life cycle. It will be easy to move material resources around the city using low carbon transport infrastructure (both for first life and end of life usage and distribution).

2. People Focused

The future City will be a pleasant place for the occupants to live and work. It will have a stable, slow growth population of “Happy” people. It will create a culture that means everyone contributes to the vision and people will want to make the city attractive to live in.

Technology will enable Citizens to have access to data to choose the “right thing” and this “self interest” will drive economic and competitive uses of resources. Good sustainable urban planning will mean that People will live near to good local services and facilities to reduce transport needs and minimise congestion.

3. Effective use of Energy and Heat

In our City we are capturing fugitive heat and reusing it as heat or power. (From processes and services which are generating lots of waste heat e.g. data centres). This, combined with effective energy recovery from waste materials, will provide secure energy for the city. In fact some cities may even be self-sufficient or even export energy.

It will have climate sensitive buildings. Energy use in buildings will be much reduced through: building insulation, low energy lighting, newer buildings. Materials and energy currently treated as waste will be used productively.

4. Commercial Brand Image

The city of the future will be attractive to investors and new residents. It should be commercially vibrant and also have the infrastructure and facilities to attract new business and the staff / customers. It will be more competitive by virtue of being more resource-efficient. The effective use of physical resources and utilities will lead to lower costs for business operations and residents. The cost of resources and understanding of their true value will drive efficiencies. e.g. “Another thing that should not be belittled is that Amsterdam Smart City has succeeded in branding Amsterdam as a forward thinking city with smart ideas, and has made Amsterdam an international example in which other cities can find inspiration.”

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5. Efficient Use of Material Resources

Natural Resource flows will be driven to optimise resource consumption, minimisation of waste. There will be a zero waste culture; materials which cannot be economically recovered elsewhere in the value chain will be used in energy generation.

Utilisation of “waste” energy will be a driving factor in the issuing of planning permits. For example new commercial enterprises will need to use renewable or district heating grids. Wastes are reprocessed to generate electricity / heat and low carbon fuels (biodiesel and gas), this include food wastes and waste water solids. The city will be part of a complex system comprising many interlinked “closed loops”.

In the move towards a more “circular economy” in product life cycles, the “end of life” management of materials and products will have a significant role to play in the creation of new products and production of resilient water and energy supplies.

In order to use resources more efficiently, it is essential to consider the lifecycle of the resource, which may encompass multiple product lifetimes. The opportunities to improve the resource efficiency and decrease the carbon intensity of products are not limited to a specific stage of the lifecycle, and improvements at one stage may have an adverse impact on another.

The greatest benefits accrue by moving from the traditional “linear lifecycle”;

(extract consume waste) to a closed-loop /circular process as shown in the diagram.

Figure 2: Linear and Circular economies

Extract Manufacture Consume Dispose

Extract

Manufacture

Consume

Dispose

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However, as cities are always going to be importers of resources, the model is more like a vortex shape of almost closed loops, each extracting maximum value from a resource before it exits to the next loop.

Figure 3: Vortex

Top Priorities for the Catapult to Focus on

The themes identified were separated into “technical” and “non-technical” topics and a number of these “technical” topics were further explored in the second workshop.

From this exercise the following challenges were identified and expanded.

• Efficient Use of Resources / Maximising Value of Resources

• Resource Efficient Communities / Smart Neighbourhoods

• Data Collection and Modelling

• Heat movement and storage

Waste Materials Out

Extract maximum value from resources

Resources In

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The Challenge: Efficient Use of Resources / Maximising Value of Resources

A significant area of discussion focused on the areas of “traditional” resource efficiency which are often highlighted in workshop around this topic. These have included improved recycling technologies, waste collection and separation strategies and technologies, sustainable design, remanufacturing through to energy from waste.

Although phrases such as “closed loop” and “circular economy” are becoming popular ways to describe some resource efficiency concepts, they are not necessarily the correct way to describe this within a city system. Due to the nature of a “city” there will be a net import of materials and resources. What is required is the extraction of maximum value from these resources. These materials will have an associated cost to them on entry to the city system it is vital that the full value of them is “realised” within the city.

Resource flows will be driven to optimise resource consumption, minimisation of waste. There will be a move towards zero waste culture; materials which cannot be economically recovered elsewhere in the value chain will be used in energy generation and soil enrichment.

The city will be part of a complex system comprising many interlinked “closed loops”, which will effectively make a spiral of the value chain until maximum value has been extracted from the materials.

Some of this valorisation of materials feeds into “effective utilisation of energy” as energy recovery is a valid use of materials.

The real innovations to be had in this area are around the integration of the disparate systems currently in place in many systems which deal with the various waste streams and under different sets of regulation. E.g. household waste water, municipal solid waste, industrial / business waste / industrial waste water etc.

There is also the opportunity to redesign products and services to be more resource efficient and contribute to the “circular economy” model. UK businesses have a significant market opportunity to develop products and services that make better use of materials in a world that is already facing increasing competition and prices for these resources. Better resource management not only helps conserve materials, but also contributes to the low-carbon economy through the management of ‘embedded carbon’.

In recent years there has been considerable progress made in areas such as recycling and material recovery as much as 80% of material flows in the UK economy are still based on the linear model of ‘take-make-dispose’, according to data from WRAP (Waste and Resources Action Programme). This recovery rate and the recovery of materials at a higher level in the value chain could be increased by adopting innovative new designs and resource efficient business models; for example, research suggests that around 33% of electronic products are still functioning when they are discarded. Extending product lifetimes however, requires not only measures targeting changes in product design and manufacturing, but also complementary measures aimed at changing consumer behaviour and business models.

To address the issue of maximising value of “post consumer” goods and materials the idea of “remanufacturing and industrial resource parks” was suggested.

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These could embrace a number of the following concepts;

• Repair and refurbishment of products - • Remanufacture of products – • Recovery and reuse of components – on site and off site

o Also reuse of construction and demolition waste to create new construction materials on site

• Recovery and reuse of materials - on site and off site • Recycling of material for use on site and off site • Heat recovery and waste derived fuels • Production of compost and soil improvers

The Challenge: Resource Efficient Communities / Smart Neighbourhoods

This is interlinked with the issue of “Efficient Use of Resources / Maximising Value of Resources”. The effective integration of housing and community services could make a significant contribution to resource efficiency and the carbon footprint of the city.

The focus of this work stream is not the deployment of photovoltaics, insulation and renewable energy sources in the community, which we have assumed would be par for the course in “future cities” and will also be addressed to some extent in the “resilient energy” area, whether retro-fitted or new build. It is more focused on a new approach to the use of resources and materials within the community.

There is a need for large scale deployment of a number of the concepts below at “community scale” or wider. These residential areas would be fully monitored to measure the resource flows in and out, energy consumption and production, environmental scale of the impacts and social impacts on residents.

The resources that have been identified include a range of currently available technologies as well as concepts requiring further development;

• Development and deployment of water saving technologies; o Rainwater harvesting – and quality improvement where required to British Standard for

rainwater Harvesting Flushing Washing machines Garden irrigation

o Grey water reuse – and quality improvement where required to British Standard for Grey water Dishwashers Washing machines Showers etc..

o Waterless technology

• Integration of waste water/sewage systems with food waste disposal

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o For treatment by localised Anaerobic Digestion plants1

which could provide heat and power back into the community as well as source of soil improver.

• New logistics models and responsibility for delivery of goods and collection of waste. o Collection of recyclables by shopping delivery service o Waste collection on demand – “smart” systems to enable householders to have waste and

materials collected when needed. o Incentive based recycling systems – ways to reward good behaviour in consumers e.g.

local reverse vending machines

Why is this a priority challenge area? Why is this a complex challenge?

This is a priority area as people and communities are the real reason that cities exist and can potentially have a significant on the overall impacts of the city on the surrounding environment. However, the impact of the citizens can also be mitigated by the type of resources/ products that are purchased, the way they are delivered, the way that they are used and disposed of. This creates a complex structure of interlinked challenges ranging from product design, technical integration of services through to behavioural change.

Who are the stakeholders for this challenge?

Stakeholders in this area are diverse

Product and service design - Product designers - Manufacturers, - Retailers and distributors - Consumers

Design of resource efficient technologies

- Innovative SMEs - Universities and research centres - Large business

Integration and deployment of Technologies

- Energy and water utilities - Construction companies - Planners / local authority - Waste companies - ICT companies - Consumers

1 http://www.recyclingwasteworld.co.uk/cgi-bin/go.pl/article/article.html?uid=93697;type_uid=49

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Additionality – how will the Catapult add value over and above work that might be carried out elsewhere?

Some of the innovation in these areas lies in the combination and deployment of existing technologies alongside new ideas. Many of these have been demonstrated at small scale, but there is a great opportunity to build a large scale demonstration of a combination of the state of the art concepts.

The catapult can provide the mechanism to bring these diverse stakeholders together and facilitate joined-up thinking to address these problems.

The planned monitoring, modelling and observation capability of the Catapult will be essential for the collection of real time data on the material flows, impacts and emissions within these activities.

Where are the overlaps with other themes in the Future Cities SIG?

This area is heavily influenced by the attitudes and behaviours of the occupants of cities. It is essential to educate, empower and employ “people” in order to move towards Resource Efficient Communities / Smart Neighbourhoods. This can be achieved through the engaging citizens work stream and the connecting city systems. The effective movement of “materials” and “resources” around a city is also part of a resource efficient community and this will feed into activities in the Increasing population without increasing congestion work stream.

The Challenge: Data Collection and Modelling (Energy and Resources)

Participants commented that technological solutions to many resource efficiency problems already exist but that their deployment and, as such, their propagation and further development, are hindered by lack of data and models and by the difficulty of overcoming ‘institutional inertia’; contrasting with countries such as Sweden, Denmark and Germany where, it was perceived, “They just get on and do it.”

In all groups much was made of the need for detailed mapping of resource flows, including energy. It was considered that the development of comprehensive models would permit analysis leading to the identification of potential areas of synergy. It was perceived that there were problems associated with the ownership and security of data, interoperability of data (calls for an Internet of Things for energy) and the availability of maps and models for use by third parties (would they be open-source platforms?)

Some participants called for research into the dynamic use of energy data based on real-time building and appliance use. This would require collaboration and cooperation between energy providers.

Similarly, it was proposed that mapping and modelling of materials flows and patterns of use might enable more resources to be reused and wastes diverted from disposal to secondary uses or recovery of constituent materials. Without obvious initial benefit or value to individual organizations it will be necessary to establish the ownership, governance and financial structures associated with the data gathering and modelling.

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Why is this a priority challenge area?

It is a well-known adage that ‘If you can’t measure it you can’t manage it’. By providing the data and information on how cities operate now it is possible to generate models and thereby look at linkages between variables. With comprehensive (robust) models it is possible to look at how changes to inputs might impact on other aspects of the city performance in the future and to trial different options to determine what is favourable.

Pilot-scale interventions can be measured and monitored and their impacts compared against city-models to establish whether the projected impacts accord with reality. By having a city-wide, multi-dimensional model it is possible to fast-track developments that can be shown as beneficial and avoid costly mistakes.

Why is this a complex challenge?

Cities are large and complex entities and there are many interrelated variables. Cities already collect much data but this is held in a number of different formats and on different platforms. Disparate entities within cities will collect data and generate information that is unknown to others. Even within city authorities there is rarely a ‘governing mind’ analogous to a brain and there are often vested interests that prevent collaboration or disclosure. Questions of data ownership and storage, protection of personal or commercially sensitive interests and the potential for misuse of data are all factors that mitigate against the development of such widespread monitoring and measurement.

Who are the stakeholders for this challenge?

Because of the wide scope of this ‘challenge’ the stakeholder community is hard to define. Certainly City Authorities have an interest in the potential to simulate interventions and determine whether policies will be effective before they are implemented. Similarly a real-time monitoring system will allow them to ‘fine-tune’ or optimize existing systems. Obviously the manufacturers of monitoring and data collection devices will be key to the development of low cost and robust systems of measurement. Similarly, the IT consultancies that will devise and maintain the models and databases have a central role as do game designers who might be involved in providing virtual environments (serious gaming). Social scientists should be heavily involved, given the ‘Orwellian’ overtones of an all-seeing environment or ‘panopticon’. Without the engagement and consent of citizens it might prove difficult to justify the necessary expenditure.

Additionality – how will the Catapult add value over and above work that might be carried out elsewhere?

The Catapult will, in the first instance, act as a space in which all parties can come together to explore the concept and work out details. Catapult staff will act as moderators of discussions to ensure that vested interests do not dominate. Catapult funding will enable participants to engage without incurring full cost.

The potential impact on the challenge and timescales of impact

By undertaking a trial project it will be possible for the host city to obtain a clearer view of the workings of its component parts, enabling it to manage better the use of resources (material and energy). The time to implement such a programme is likely to be significant due to the ill-defined nature of the proposals and the requirement for widespread consultation ahead of implementation.

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Capability and resource requirements to address the challenge: e.g. technical expertise, capital facilities and equipment, etc.

In order to undertake projects in this space it will be necessary to engage the expertise of multiple parties, including; suppliers of IT infrastructure - both hardware (sensors, wireless networks) and software (database, serious gaming); resource efficiency/industrial symbiosis expertise (e.g. NISP/International Synergies) in order to facilitate dialogue and design the experimental set-up, city authorities to ensure buy-in from potential participants and allow access to public sector facilities; energy utilities; material suppliers and waste handling companies as well as attendant logistics providers. Importantly, it will be necessary to support the development of any pervasive data collection and handling with appropriate social science expertise.

Ahead of a funding call to refine the project specification it is difficult to determine precisely what will be required by way of capital, facilities and equipment. It is likely that there will be a significant need of RFID tags or similar to track the movement of materials and substantial investment in the development/integration of wireless networks. A suitably-scaled and representative domain in which to apply the measurement and modelling is necessary. This might consist of a borough, a campus, a village or something similarly discrete in order to be able to identify and delineate the parameters to be measured and monitored.

Example projects or activities

- Virtual environment for the trading of waste products incorporating third-party tracking and brokerage as well as one-to-one interaction

- Distributed, pervasive monitoring and mapping of energy usage and waste heat generation. - Modelling of stand-by generation capacity for use in periods of peak demand. - The application of serious gaming technology to model the user interface in a virtual

environment through a number of scenarios Headline Business Case for activity – Predicted impact on UK businesses, activity, jobs, etc, and inward investment opportunities; How much investment for this kind of impact? Who would benefit? What are the opportunities for UK industry? Is this an opportunity for UK to take a global lead?

The main drivers for the many calls for greater measurement and monitoring were the need for greater efficiency of city systems and the ability to track resources such that they can be readily captured for re-use, thus saving cost, reducing emissions of CO2 and minimizing waste.

If it were possible to demonstrate that it is feasible to develop meaningful information from the accrual of mass datasets on the material and energy resources in a city then it is possible that UK based consultants can sell the expertise globally however it is not readily apparent where the scope is for the development of a significant technological component that might result in the establishment of manufacturing facilities or licensing opportunities.

What are the opportunities for SMEs and how do they enter the market?

SMEs are unlikely to be the main ‘players’ in this market initially, although they will almost certainly feature in the supply chains of the large consultancy companies that will undertake the data management and modelling. However, it is likely that some of the computer gaming and virtual

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environment design will be carried out by SMEs and SMEs will certainly benefit from the efficiency gains resulting from implementation of the measurement and modelling.

Where are the overlaps with other themes in the Future Cities SIG?

This area is heavily influenced by the attitudes and behaviours of the occupants’ of cities. It is essential to educate, empower and employ “people” in order to be able to collect the required data. This can be achieved through the engaging citizens work stream and the connecting city systems. The effective movement of “materials” and “resources” around a city is also part of a resource efficient community and this will feed into activities in the Increasing population and without increasing congestion work stream.

The Challenge: Heat movement and storage

There was much discussion at both workshops of the problem of waste heat energy in urban areas: both the impacts of fugitive heat and the need for cooling but primarily the capture, storage, transport and deployment of heat energy. Examples were given of large industrial heat sources (extant or in planning) that are (or will be) located remotely from the parts of the city that require heat or the energy that might be recovered from it.

Examples were given of schemes where heat was being scavenged (e.g. PepsiCo in Leicester) and it was agreed that the technology exists to capture and re-use heat locally, however heat transport over significant distances is problematic due to losses via temperature gradient and because of the very high costs of trenching for pipe laying.

It is evident that an expensive and carbon-intensive resource is being wasted in cities the world over and that cost and environmental impact could be minimised by devising policies and mechanisms to encourage and enable its reuse. By establishing a viable market in heat the producers of heat would benefit by selling their ‘waste’, those involved in the capture, storage and transport would benefit by selling the heat and those in the construction and technology sectors who facilitate the whole transaction would benefit through the development of equipment and systems that could be replicated globally.

Specific comments from the workshop on the 5th September include:

• ‘Look at best practice for energy and heat mapping (e.g. Nottingham City Council, Sheffield University/NERC)’

• ‘Grades of “waste” heat mapped to enable co-location of possible users’ • ‘Policies for the geographically appropriate siting of industry (e.g. industries with large cooling

demand in colder areas)’ • ‘Look at planning policy and zoning to reduce energy wastage – create standards’ • ‘Examine existing District Heating Schemes (Sheffield and Birmingham in the UK, global best-

practice e.g. Copenhagen Heat Networks) to look at the constraints and examine where improvement is required.’

• ‘Look at failed schemes to learn lessons for the future.’ • ‘Need for effective Low and High grade heat storage technologies.’ • ‘Putting wasted (heat) Energy to use. • Establish network to identify partnering opportunities

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• Develop credible models to evaluate the cost & benefit to both parties (supplier & user) • Include environmental & social cost/benefit.’ • ‘Look at imaginative uses for waste heat, e.g. saunas.’

Why is this a priority challenge area?

The problem of what to do about waste heat is a priority challenge because it represents both a hugely expensive wasted resource and a significant environmental impact. Moreover, the Urban Heat Island effect (to which waste heat is a contributing factor) is a significant factor in urban poor health issues and has a knock-on environmental impact in that it encourages the use of cooling devices such as air conditioning; in themselves very energy intensive and generators of waste heat.

Why is this a complex challenge?

The complexity lies in the fact that waste heat is generated in many parts of the urban environment and similarly potential users of waste heat are widely distributed. Heat energy is generated in a variety of forms (low temperature, high temperature, hot air, steam etc.) and does not always lend itself to capture. Waste heat is generated continually even when the demand for it from potential users is reduced.

Who are the stakeholders for this challenge?

Stakeholders include the (mostly large industrial) producers of waste heat, potential users including other industries, office and domestic accommodation and swimming pools, city authorities who have responsibility for the infrastructure through which waste heat might be transported (roads, pavements, public spaces) and technology providers. Energy utilities have often been involved in the delivery of combined heat and power systems and would most likely be key stakeholders in this challenge. The construction sector would need to be involved in order to work on the problems associated with pipe installation.

Additionality – how will the Catapult add value over and above work that might be carried out elsewhere?

Because the issue does not belong to one group of stakeholders it is a knotty problem that no one is keen to ‘own’. By pulling stakeholders together in a research project and demonstrating a workable model for assessing, modelling, allocating, storing and transporting waste heat the Catapult can accelerate the development of a market and as such the provision of technological solutions to address that market.

The potential impact on the challenge and timescales of impact

Combined Heat and Power systems exist but are not commonplace and are generally designed from scratch. This represents an opportunity to make inroads into the use of a distributed resource by establishing the economic viability, technical feasibility and ‘do-ability’.

An exercise in mapping heat sources and sinks across a medium-sized city such as Leeds or Nottingham might be achieved in 6 months with a further 6 month modelling period.

Trials of trenchless pipe-installation techniques might reasonably be achieved within one year.

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The investigation of alternatives to heat transfer in pipes could be undertaken inside 6 months although the development of appropriate infrastructure and transport media/vehicles might be a long-term project (1-2 years)

Capability and resource requirements to address the challenge: e.g. technical expertise, capital facilities and equipment, etc.

In order to address this challenge it will be necessary to work with a city that has one or, preferably, more large heat sources and potential users of the waste heat. It will be necessary to involve manufacturers and installers of thermally insulated pipework (assuming that is considered the optimal means of transporting the heat energy) or manufacturers of equipment for the recovery of low grade heat for the generation of power (e.g. Rankine Cycle engines). It will require academic input to design experiments and undertake measurement, analysis and reporting and will need strong central co-ordination and facilitation to ensure all parties remain engaged.

Example projects or activities - Comparison of different heat transport media. - Exploring the use of road/rail transport of heated media to get around the expense and

difficulty involved in the installation of (underground) pipe networks. - Analysis of heat recovery and transport versus direct recovery of heat energy as electric power

and re-use via the grid. - City-wide mapping of heat sources and potential sinks including real-time inputs - District-scale modelling of heat generation and needs and subsequent construction of heat

distribution network using novel, low-cost technology and trenching/trenchless techniques. Headline Business Case for activity – Predicted impact on UK businesses, activity, jobs, etc, and inward investment opportunities; How much investment for this kind of impact? Who would benefit? What are the opportunities for UK industry? Is this an opportunity for UK to take a global lead?

The business case lies in the recovery of what is currently a wasted resource. By capturing and reusing a substantial energy source, cities can reduce the costs of operation for businesses, making them attractive places for companies to locate (including overseas companies) and thereby stimulating city economies. If widely developed, the reduction in energy demand generally will contribute to the competitiveness of UK plc and contribute to the reduction in CO2 emissions required by government.

There are opportunities to use waste heat for heat-intensive nascent industries such as city-farms or biorefineries for the production of algal-derived fuels and other chemicals/chemical feedstocks. These sectors have struggled to get off the ground to date because of the high energy costs but represent potentially high-value industries, contributing significantly to city economies.

By reducing the emissions to the low atmosphere of waste heat it will be possible to impact on the reduction of the heat-island effect and thereby making a general contribution to well-being in cities.

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For the companies involved in manufacturing of equipment and devising methods of deploying novel technologies there is the opportunity to be First Movers and to export those skills and equipment since this is a global issue. If it were possible to demonstrate low-cost and efficient means of moving waste heat around an urban environment, the potential implications for UK manufacturing and consulting would be significant.

What are the opportunities for SMEs and how do they enter the market?

Opportunities for SME involvement are not immediately apparent however the establishment of a market will inevitably generate supply-chain roles in servicing the requirements of large infrastructure engineering companies. It is unlikely that such a novel market sector could be delivered using only existing technology and methods of working.

Where are the overlaps with other themes in the Future Cities SIG?

There are numerous potential overlaps/interfaces between this challenge and those being addressed by others in the SIG and the associated KTNs: Resilient energy, effective use of resources, energy generation and supply and the Energy SIG.

Potential Role of the Catapult

In the areas addressed under the theme of Resource Efficiency, much of the potential innovation in lies in the combination and deployment of existing technologies alongside new ideas. Many of these technologies have been demonstrated on small scale, often as the result of funded research projects but there is a great need to build large scale demonstrators with a combination of the state of the art concepts.

The Catapult can provide the mechanisms to bring these diverse stakeholders together, access funding and facilitate joined up thinking to address these problems. Lending its brand to the project(s) will help get around the issue of ‘not invented here’ syndrome or parochialism.

The planned monitoring, modelling and observation capability of the Catapult will be essential for the collection of real time data on the benefits, impacts and emissions within these activities.

Recommendations to the Technology Strategy Board

The UK has enjoyed decades of growth in wealth and wellbeing, based on a linear consumption pattern, fuelled by intensive use of resources. However there is now a dual challenge of stimulating the growth needed to provide jobs and well-being to its citizens, and of ensuring that the quality of this growth leads to a sustainable future.

To tackle these challenges and turn them into opportunities the UK economy will require a fundamental transformation within a generation – in energy, industry, transport systems, and in producer and consumer behaviour.

The creation of a Future Cities Catapult, with a strong focus on “Resource Efficient – Smart Neighbourhoods” will enable this transformation in a timely, predictable and controlled manner and will allow us to develop our wealth and wellbeing, whilst reducing the levels and impact of our resource use.

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In addition, becoming more resource efficient will lead to lowering carbon emissions. A city’s carbon emissions could be characterized as in-manufacture, in-use and at point of disposal (the carbon footprint of a city). The opportunity exists, therefore to establish systems and business models that require fewer initial inputs, which maximise efficiency in use and that recover as much as possible post-use. Specifically, it is recommended that projects be procured which address the use, reuse and recovery of materials and the capture, transfer and reuse of heat energy at a pilot-scale. Both of these initiatives would require a significant element of data capture and modelling in order for them to be considered of significant benefit.

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Appendix 1: Key Stakeholders: Who should the Catapult engage with?

Some suggested stakeholder representatives.

Affiliation Experience/Expertise Marks and Spencer plc ESKTN Board Member

Sustainable retail / Sustainable food supply

Sustainable construction / Plan A

SITA External Affairs director at SITA UK

Veolia Managing Director at Veolia Environmental Services plc

ASDA Head of Corporate Sustainability

Sustainable retail / Sustainable food supply

Waste management

Independent consultant – Retail Sector

Sustainable retail / Sustainable food supply

Waste management

Geneco (Wessex Water)

General Manager, Geneco

Wastewater, Sustainable transport (bio-gas for transport)

Carillion Chief Sustainability Officer

Sustainable construction, Building services

Halcrow Global Leader, Tunnel engineering

Below-ground infrastructure

Balfour Beatty Global Head of Sustainability

Peel Holdings Director of Sustainability

Transport

Communities / Retail

Waste / Energy

Ellen Macarthur Foundation (Partners = B&Q, BT/Cisco, Renault and National Grid

Chief Executive

Rethinking the economy

The Circular Economy

Towns (and cities) in transition

Transition Towns Movement

Co-founder of Transition Town Totnes and of the Transition Network

Coordinated the first eco-village development in Ireland to be granted planning permission.

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Affiliation Experience/Expertise Professor of Sustainable Spatial Development at the University of Leeds

Trustee of Urban Mines, Chair of the Academy for Sustainable Communities. Vice-President of the Town and Country Planning Association, Hon-Chair of the Regional Studies Association,

Birmingham City Council

Head of Climate Change & Sustainability

Independent Consultant

Ex Director of Biffa Waste Services Limited, Chair of Waste2Tricity renewable energy

WRAP Resource Efficiency and Sustainable Development (Design and Waste Prevention)

Energy Innovation Centre

Denise heads up the world-class Energy Innovation Centre, taking the lead in assisting individuals and businesses in getting their ideas to commercialisation

Energy Technology Institute

Chief Executive

Forum for the Future?

AECOM consulting engineers

Technical Director District Energy and Sustainability

Milton Keynes University

Interim Dean, founded Smart Cities Institute

Severn Trent Water Water Strategy Manager

EON Energy Sustainable Cities Initiative

Yorkshire Water Head of Innovation Delivery

Arup Global Head of Water

United Utilities Innovation Manager

Marks and Spencer Sustainable Raw Materials Specialist

Balfour Beatty Global Head of Sustainability

CBI Policy Advisor, Sustainability

Strathclyde University Former Head of Energy Policy Scottish Government, all round guru on energy and cities http://www.strath.ac.uk/economics/staff/bellinghamrichard

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Appendix 2: Examples: List of examples of best practice from around the world

• Centre for Low Carbon Futures – Resource Efficient Cities http://www.lowcarbonfutures.org/projects/smart-infrastructure/future-cities

• Sustainable Urban Environments – multi-university long term initiative in UK http://www.urbansustainabilityexchange.org.uk/ISSUESSueProgramme.htm and subsidiary consortia - http://www.urbansustainabilityexchange.org.uk/ISSUESSueConsortia.htm

• Sustainable Cities Research Institute, University of Northumbria

• King’s College MSC Sustainable Cities http://www.kcl.ac.uk/prospectus/graduate/sustainable-cities

• Helsinki – Low to No http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecoinnovation2012/1st_forum/presentations/day1/session_3_1_justin_cook.pdf

• Sheffield EWF plant and district heating - http://www.chpa.co.uk/chp-with-district-heating_187.html http://www.veoliaenvironmentalservices.co.uk/Sheffield/What-happens-to-your-waste/District-Energy/

• Bristol http://www.sustainablebristol.com/topics/resources/

• Birmingham – district heating http://tinyurl.com/6nktc7d

• Masdar City http://www.masdarcity.ae/en/ - UAE

• Various EU cities participating in Biogas Max project http://www.biogasmax.eu/ deriving biogas from organic wastes and using it as a fuel for municipal transport.

• Various EU cities participating in Eco-City project demonstration sites http://www.ecocity-project.eu/ especially Trondheim http://www.ecocity-project.eu/TheProjectTrondheim.html

• Melbourne City as a Catchment ‘total water cycle management’ - http://wsud.melbournewater.com.au/

• Vancouver 2020 – greenest city initiative http://vancouver.ca/greenestcity/ with a ten-point action plan summarized in pdf documents such as ‘Clean Water’, ‘Zero Waste’ and ‘Lighter Footprint’. University of British Columbia Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability.

• Hamburg Ecocity - http://www.ecocity.de/en a smallish development in the docks area of the city showcasing developments in material use, water management and energy

• Thirteen French cities in the Eco-City (Cities of tomorrow) initiative http://www.dialogue-ecocite.fr/

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Appendix 3: Resources: List of available resources e.g. research papers, reports, UK research centres

• Sustainable Cities http://sustainablecities.dk/ - Denmark

• Sustainable Cities International (inc. Sustainable Cities Network) – Canada http://sustainablecities.net/our-info/our-story

• Sustainable Cities Collective (information source rather than actual initiative) – USA http://sustainablecitiescollective.com/all/6540?ref=navbar

• Worldchanging http://www.worldchanging.com/

• Sino-British Sustainable Cities Collaboration http://www.eco-cities.org.uk/background/index.php

• European Urban Knowledge Network http://www.eukn.org/France/fr_en

• EcoAP forum on Eco-Innovation in the sustainable construction value chain http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecoinnovation2012/1st_forum/presentations.html

• Transition Network - http://www.reconomyproject.org/?cat=33

• San Francisco Foodshed Project – e.g. http://www.farmland.org/programs/states/ca/Feature%20Stories/SanFranciscoFoodshedProject.asp

• EcoInnovation Observatory - http://www.eco-innovation.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=280&Itemid=212

• The Crystal - a sustainable cities initiative by Siemens that explores how we can create a better future for our cities.http://www.thecrystal.org/_html/about/about.html

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Appendix 4: Engagement Activities: List of engagement activities carried out and participating organisations.

Full report of Stakeholder round table and back casting exercise - attachment. Outputs from 5th September Large workshop - see below

Closing the Materials Loop

Policy

Integrated Food supply and waste disposal

Waste collected on demand and pay as you throw

Waste is minimised, reused &recycled in the city. What is not recycled is used for Energy recovery

Resource efficient Waste CHP – district heating + electricity

Integrated recycling facility

Refunds / incentives for recycling materials

Barrier Planning Process and Objectives

HK Gov - Planned integrated waste management (acknowledge limitations of underlying philosophy)

Barrier Public mandate short term

Design for disassembly – clear materials streams separation. Effective & enforceable policy and regulation

Residents are conscious not to waste – behavioural change

Communication / education

Solution Education of people

Provision of high tech for farmers in rural areas? Provide information

Illegal / illicit supply / demand

Solution Action & Adaption of Education

Local Authorities Manufacturers

Retailers

Supply Chain

Waste / water/ energy management company

Transport Providers

Construction Companies

Politicians

Media

Technology providers

People

Schools Further Education

Local Authorities

Retailers

Integrated water and waste recycling

T2 Heathrow, reuse of demolition/ construction materials on site

Financial + accounting models for efficiency

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Group 2 Efficient Use of Resources

SMART Neighbourhoods

Enabling Research

Evaluation /Proper Measurement

SMART Housing ***

Inc. water conservation, rainwater harvesting, waste recycling & treatment, energy efficiency etc..

Give individuals the ability to have waste and recycling bins emptied on demand through ICT

Small scale, urban located CHP using residential waste feeding local electricity & heat demands *

Large Scale Food Waste Disposal + sewage trail. Fully monitored e.g Milton Keynes east or west expansion **

Planning Policy framework for “smart” business/industrial estate framework *

Grades of “waste” heat mapped to enable co-location of possible users

Planning Policy framework for decentralised off-grid power generation

Retro-fitting of local grids for “Tri-Generation” + (tools?)

Demonstrate effective co-waste water / organic food waste disposal to sewer for downstream AD energy recovery; decentralised energy production

Bio-remediation creating fuel crops - can it be done (safely)?

On a whole city basis, what is the optimal balance of separation vs aggregation

Local vs central

AD vs incineration vs remanufacture vs compost *

Database of “resource” research

- NDTP - Wastenet - Universities - EU - SMART Futures

LCA vs ecofootprint vs carbon calc **

1. development indicators to measure the benefits of sustainability resources

2. Efficient allocation of resources in sustainability context **

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Social / Behavioural change

Integrated Resources Centre

Fund a “resources Czar” **

Developing a “benefit corporate structure” in the UK

Equity in access to scarce resources. Ensuring benefits of sustainable cities benefit the disadvantaged

Behavioural change to save energy and resources *

“new media” 1. stamp issues? 2. “waste file” weekly TV (country file) *

Transparency of waste costs at a household level

Local recycling to create employment and products

How to use recyclates.

Materials Research ***

Proper “remanufacturing Facility” – upping value of

recyclates before leaving site *

Integrated Waste Recycling centre

Resource Recovery

- materials - RDF

Biomass use before and following energy recovery **

Landfill mining and resource recovery

Energy From waste, using novel technologies at an industrial scale *

Valorising Waste

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Exercise 2 – group 1

Planning and Design

Develop more effective standards for integrated city design and management

Establish effective governance for sustainability. ********

Circular Economy

Develop standards and practical measures to drive the end of life materials / circular economy via improved design for reuse / disassembly ***

Knowledge Networks

Develop international learning networks to share good (and bad) practice between cities *

Accounting and Management Systems

Design integrated, life cycle led, financial and resource management system. ***

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WATER

Adding value to waste (resources)

Collecting coffee grounds (from cafes) and converting them to boards + soil improvers

Using segregated waste

Bioremediation + fuel crops i.e. growing biomass on land that cannot be used for anything else.

Food Waste

Source control, not end of pipe

Imperial College

Mini food waste composting

Israel – capturing energy from trucks to power houses!

Decentralised low carbon power generation

Good practice – Nottingham City Council have Energy consumption Map of city

Water Conservation

Water management

Water meter programmes

Food + biodegradable waste to landfill ban

Adding value to waste (resources)

Collecting coffee grounds (from cafes) and converting them to boards + soil improvers

Using segregated waste streams

Bioremediation + fuel crops i.e. growing biomass on land that cannot be used for anything else. Food Waste

Public Centres to see + try innovative resource management

Severn Trent “carbon neutral” or zero carbon HQ

Broad Mill “energy Farm.

Community owned wind and solar farm

Short coppice willow or miscanthus on poor quality land or contaminated land

Matching resource flows across industry – networks of resource flows

Resources

Resource recovery for organics / non-organics

Build guidance on waste management and storage

Stakeholders Local Authorities

- National Government - Utilities - EU

Good practice – Nottingham City homes have “better homes scheme, which is changing tenant behaviour

Waste / waste water

Co-disposal options to AD

Stakeholders

- Householder - Manufacturers - Food prep - Roads (drainage /flooding)

Solid and liquid wastes. Changing attitudes in favour

- CIWEM - OFT

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Mapping of heat sources and demand (uni Sheffied – NERC)

Problem People – 60% of UK population don’t believe in global warming

Public Education & awareness

Information and data flow to those who implement innovation

Mapping CO2 and VOCs in full at m2 scale – measurement rather than assumptions

Stakeholders

- Universities - Schools /FE - Companies /HR - NGOs - Gov Agencies

Understand “true value” of materials

1. Start up capital models to ensure innovation

2. PPI investment models

Maximise stakeholder value, not shareholder value

Finance & investm

ent

Stakeholders

- Universities - Schools /FE - Companies /HR - NGOs - Gov Agencies

Baseline long term common governance

City Governance – Political Footballs - elections

European pathway programme

Drivers – EU directives

Streamlining processing

Planning policy – zoning to reduce energy

Finland – changed planning regs to allow innovation

Policy

Education / Communication

Community energy share schemes

Ethical Investment models

Reconciling quarterly profits reporting vs. long term investment requirement for infrastructure

Build guidance on waste management and storage

New corporation types for environmental benefits – benefit companies and stakeholders (California)

Birmingham City council – CHP + district heating network

Local Authority Planning –

Best and worst

SMART business estates – planning / land lords

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Effective Utilisation of Energy Energy (Heat) Storage + Movement Energy Systems Data & Modelling Enabling Instruments ‘People’

Effective Energy Storage Systems (PV+ water H2 H2 +O2 water + energy Technology Efficiency

Low and High grade Heat storage technologies

How do we store energy more efficiently?

Putting wasted (heat) Energy to use. 2.1.1 | establish network to identify

partnering opportunities 3.1.1 | develop credible models to

evaluate the cost & benefit to both parties (supplier & user)

4.1.1 | include env & social

Energy Storage Solutions Invest in SMART grids and alternative storage

How to store Low grade Heat more effectively

Urban Small Scale AD networks – manage organic waste + fully utilise all outputs energy, transport fuel, fertiliser Urban growing + agriculture Utilise existing heat sources

Identification of City Systems that (can?) interact and share energy sources

Can systems balance micro gen and macro gen effectively?

Effective Integration and control of networked energy sources (CHP, EFW, BioFuel etc)

Decentralise vs centralised. How do we balance their development? How do we manage and operate between them?

Dynamic use of energy data 1.1.1.1 | Integrated building appliances

to feed into data gathering exercise – requires integration between energy service providers.

2.1.1.1 | Based on building use (real time) provide advice to end users on efficiency

Lack of integrated energy models (engineering/commercial)

Energy Models • New

conceptualization • marketisation

Access to city urban data in open way but taking account of privacy

Data governance – how to manage/govern data generated by energy monitoring

Who collects, stores, manages and distributes all the data?

City systems data – ownership, security, standards and interoperability, monetisation, business models

Governance • ‘optimum’ governance • Creative partnerships • Regulation v. incentives

Envisioning what a future city really means for people

Minimize energy use (Maximize use of passive technology)

Reduce fuel consumption in transport. Encourage cycling to work and mobility managers

How do we get people who will live in these systems to care? What are the social justice

and social equity issues of creating sustainable future cities?

How best to create green infrastructure?

How do we overcome split incentives between investors developers, utilities, citizens etc.? Facilitate public-private co-working

Secondment of public sector and utility staff between each others’ offices to enable people behaviour and technology transfer

How can innovative technologies overcome the ‘valley of death’ in terms of their deployment?

How do we find funding for innovative clean technologies? Crowd funding?

How to optimise investment in energy-saving measures for buildings and infrastructure

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Company Please select the area you are interested in:

ESKTN Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

Sustainable Construction iNet Energy Efficiency and Heat

Severn Trent Water Best Practice Deployment

CEGE University College London Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

Cranfield University Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

Amey Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

WAMTECH Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

University of Northampton Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

Halcrow Group Limited Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

Resource Efficiency Pathway Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

CAG Best Practice Deployment

Zero Waste Scotland Energy Efficiency and Heat

New Economy Energy Efficiency and Heat

Nottingham City Council Energy Efficiency and Heat

Boots Energy Efficiency and Heat

Clicks and Links Ltd Energy Efficiency and Heat

The University of Northampton Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

Manchester City Council Best Practice Deployment

Argenta Europ Ltd Best Practice Deployment

Cranfield University Best Practice Deployment

Dan & Adam Ltd Best Practice Deployment

Carbon Trust Energy Efficiency and Heat

Greenwatt Technology Energy Efficiency and Heat

leit-werk Best Practice Deployment

Balfour Beatty plc Energy Efficiency and Heat

CO2Sense CIC Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

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Company Please select the area you are interested in:

Brunel University Energy Efficiency and Heat

Brunel University Energy Efficiency and Heat

University of Reading Energy Efficiency and Heat

York Environmental Sustainability Institute

Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

ADMEC - Nottingham Trent Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

Product Design, Nottingham Trent University Energy Efficiency and Heat

Independent Best Practice Deployment

AdvEnTech Group Ltd. Energy Efficiency and Heat

Nustone Ltd Best Practice Deployment

Wolverhampton University Best Practice Deployment

University of Westminster Best Practice Deployment

Oxford Brookes University Energy Efficiency and Heat

Creative Health Lab Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

AquamatiX Ltd Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

De Montfort University Energy Efficiency and Heat

None Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

EcoVentures Energy Efficiency and Heat

Andrew Kluth Associates Best Practice Deployment

Plan Bee ltd Best Practice Deployment

ESKTN Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

urbedDesignerUrbed Energy Efficiency and Heat

University of Salford Energy Efficiency and Heat

energy4evolution Energy Efficiency and Heat

Nottingham Trent University Best Practice Deployment

CoverCare Energy Efficiency and Heat

Abiliti Best Practice Deployment

WYG Group plc Waste / Low Waste / Energy from Waste

Space Synapse Systems Ltd Best Practice Deployment

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Company Please select the area you are interested in:

Doug Marriott Associates Ltd Energy Efficiency and Heat

EHV Engineering

Waste / Low Waste / Energy

from Waste

Opportunity Peterborough Best Practice Deployment

Smart Cities institute, UCMK

(University of Bedfordshire) Best Practice Deployment

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Contact Details Environmental Sustainability Knowledge Transfer Network

University of Oxford C-Tech Innovation Ltd Begbroke Science Park Capenhurst Technology Park Kidlington Capenhurst Oxford Chester OX5 1PF CH1 6EH Telephone: +44 (0)1865 610500 Fax: +44 (0)1865 610501 Email: esktn@earth.ox.ac.uk Website: www.innovateuk.org/sustainabilityktn

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