Resource conservation techniques in rice wheat cropping system
-
Upload
christopher-potts -
Category
Documents
-
view
164 -
download
11
Transcript of Resource conservation techniques in rice wheat cropping system
2
Resource conservation technologies in rice- wheat
cropping system
Sudhir RajputDivision of Agronomy
Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi – 110 012
Outline
• Introduction
• Emerging challenges in RWCS
• RCTs in Rice-wheat system
• Research finding
• Conclusions
3
Introduction
• Rice-wheat (RW) system 13.5 m ha area in South AsiaExtending across IGP of
Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan.
• RW contribute >80% of total cereal production
• Critically important to employment & food security for millions of rural families
4
Rice-Wheat System in the South Asia
5
Country Area (m ha) Area (%) Contribution (%) in total cereal production
Rice Wheat
India 10.3 23 40 85
Pakistan 2.3 72 19 92
Bangladesh 0.5 5 85 100
Nepal 0.6 35 84 71
Total 13.7
(Yadav et al.,1998)
Rice-wheat cropping system in India
• RWCS contributes about 31% of total food grain production of country
• Contributes about 90% rice & 60% wheat to PDS and thus considered as back bone of country’s food security
• It has a capacity to produce 10-15 tonnes of cereal grain/ha /yr 6
Resource conservation technologies (RCTs)
8
Resource conservation technologies are the practice, when followed results in saving of energy, cost and also reduced the environmental pollution over the conventional practices.
Prospects of RCTs in rice- wheat cropping system
• Reduction in cost of production
• Saving in water and nutriens
• Increased productivity
• Improvement in soil health
• Reduced incidence of weeds
• Environmental benefits
• Resource improvement9
Aerobic rice
Direct seeded rice
RCTs for rice
10
SRILCC
Brown Manuring
AWD
System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Raise output by 50% or more
Significant reductions in: Seed requirements -- by 80-90% Water requirements -- by 25-50% Agrochemicals – little or no need
Any varieties of seeds can be used
Costs of production lower by 10-25%
Farmer incomes -- rise by 50-100% Favorable environmental impacts
12
Direct seeded rice
Rice is sown directly in dry soil (dry seeding) or wet soil (wet seeding), and irrigation is given to keep the soil sufficiently moist for good plant growth, but the soil is never flooded.
Methods of direct seeding
Dry seeding Wet seeding
dry seed sprouted seed
Co-culturing of Sesbania with rice for 25-30 days and then knocking
down with 2,4–D ester
Brown Manuring
- A simple handy, ever-lasting pocket tool, made up high quality plastic material and cosists of 6 strips of different shades of green from pale green to dark green
- Easy to use and inexpensive alternative to chlorophyll meter
- Measures leaf color intensity which is related to leaf N status
- Helps farmers determine the right time of N application
Leaf colour chart(LCC)
AWD in rice • Intermittent irrigation
• Flooding field with shallow water depth and then waiting for a few days after the floodwater has dissipated before irrigating again.
• AWD reduces seepage and deep drainage losses
• IGP showing large irrigation water savings (15–40% of the applied water or up to 840mm) with AWD in (PTR) in comparison with continuous flooding
(Tuong et al.,1994)
15
Aerobic rice• High-yielding rice grown in non-puddled, aerobic soils under
irrigation and high external inputs.
• Irrigation is applied when the soil becomes dry, and the quantity of applied water is sufficient to bring the soil to field capacity.
• Aerobic rice should be responsive to high inputs (water, nutrients) to reach high yields under non-flooded conditions.
RCTs for wheat
17
Zero tillage FIRBS
Surface seeding
SWI Crop residue management
System intensification
18
Sowing without field preparation It has got knife type tynes, which
are used for cutting the soil as narrow slit to place seed and fertilizer at appropriate depth.
Can sow about 1.5 acre in one hour. It can save field preparation costs to the extent of Rs. 2000-2500/- per ha.
It is recommended to use the machine at a little higher soil moisture as compared to conventional tillage.
It can be used for crops like wheat, rice, soybean, greengram under tilled as well as non-tilled conditions
Zero till drill
Zero-Tillage : Astonishing Benefits
Timely planting of wheat
Water saving 20-30%
Energy saving 80%
Increased fertilizers use Efficiency
Decrease population of weeds
Increase in yield 20%
Improving SOC, soil structure & microbial population
19
In this method, wheat is sown on raised beds accommodating 2-3 rows of wheat
Bed planting reduces the population of Phalaris minor on the top of the bed
Bed planting reduce the lodging
Less seed and nutrient requirement by 25 %
Good for irrigation as well as for drainage
Less water requirement by 30- 40%
Furrow irrigated raised bed system (FIRBS)
Furrow irrigated raised bed system (FIRBS)
21
SYSTEM OF
WHEAT INTENSIFICATION (SWI)
Sowing one seed/pocket in line, with 25 cm x 25cm spacing
Use of conoweeder, immediately after irrigation reduced irrigation water during the vegetative growth period
22
SWI for poor and marginal community estern IGP , avg productivity is verey low.
23
Surface seeding
24
Excess soil moisture lead delayed sowings after rice harvest in lowland areas
Seeds of wheat broadcast (about a week before harvesting) or on wet/muddy soil (after rice harvest)
Benefits: (i) Equipment not needed, (ii) Heavy textured soils are more suitable, (iii) Suitable for areas where land preparation is very difficult and costly, and often results in cloddy tilth
Most simplest ZT systems, promoted in eastern India, Nepal & Bangladesh
Precautions: (i) Key to success is correct soil moisture at sowing, (ii) Less moisture reduces germination, higher moisture can cause rotting of seeds, (iii) Rice straw mulch after seeding ensures better germination
25
Surface seeding
Crop Residue Management Techniques• The HappySeeder is a tractor-powered
machine that cuts and lifts the rice straw, sows into the bare soil, and deposits the straw over the sown area as a mulch.
• The HappySeeder thus combines stubble mulching and seed and fertiliser drilling into a single pass
• Turbo seeder is an advance version of happy seeder Developed by PAU in collaboration with ACIAR
• Capable of seeding in to residue load of up to 8t/ha
(Sidhu et al., 2007)
Crop residues management by Happy Seeder
27
CropResidues Beats the Terminal Heat in Wheat
-7.5
-6.5
-5.5
-4.5
-3.5
-2.5
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
110 111 114 115 116 120 121 122 128 130 131 132 135 138 141 143 148 150 151 153
Days after sowing
Tem
per
ature
diffe
rence
(o C
)
Residue retained Residue removed
Terminal heat
( Jat et al.,2008)
29
Reduces unevenness of the field + 2 cm
Improves crop stand and yields
Additional field area added ~3-6%
Increase water productivity by 35-45%
Increase nutrient use efficiency by 15-25%
Improve farm profitability(Jat et al., 2004)
April to JuneJuly to Oct Nov to April
Dual-purpose summer legumes (DPSL)
Ssummer moongbean fits well in RWCS and can partly meet N requirements of RWCS.
Summer moongbean has a potential to yield 0.5-1.5 t/ha pulse grain, leaves 30-50 kg N/ha as a residual N
Time and fuel consumption as influenced by tillage practices in wheat at farmers field
Tillage practices
Tractor operation
Time (hr/ha)
Fuel (liters/ha)
Time saving (%)
Fuel saving (%)
Zero tillage 1 1.56 6.00 83.42 90.76
Conventional tillage (drill)
10 9.41 65.00 --- ---
(Sharma et al., 2004)
Sowing method
Days taken to maturity
Irrigation water
applied (cm)
Rice yield (t/ha)
Water productivity (kg
grains/m3)
DSR 113 148 6.82 0.461
TPR 125 174 7.59 0.436
Water productivity (kg grains /m3 ) as influenced by sowing methods (average of 6 years) Water productivity (kg grains /m3 ) as influenced by sowing methods (average of 6 years)
( Gill et al. 2007)
Grain yield and irrigation water productivity of rice under different crop establishment techniques and land leveling practices
Crop Establishment
Technique
Rice Grain yield (t/ha) Total water use (m3/ha) Water productivity(kg grain/m3 water)
Laser Leveling
Traditional Leveling
Laser Leveling
Traditional Leveling
Laser Leveling
Traditional Leveling
DSR(drill sown)
5.25 5.10 11200 12471 0.50 0.41
TPR (puddled)
5.41 4.98 13718 15056 0.39 0.33
Mean 5.33 5.04 12459 13763 0.45 0.37
35(Jat et al., 2006)
Rice grain yield and N-use efficiency under different N management practices
N management practice
Total N applied(kg/ha)
Grain yield (t/ha) Agronomic efficiency (kg grain/kg N)
Control 0 2.75 -
Recommended N management
80 3.86 13.9
LCC≤3 (no basal N) 80 4.18 17.9
80% N basal+ LCC≤3 104 3.62 8.4
Farmers’ practice(3 splits)
100 3.74 9.9
36
(Jat and Sharma 2005)
Planting pattern Seed rate (kg/ha)
Leaf area index
Number of spikes/
m2
Grain yield
(kg/ha)
water Productivity
(kg/m3)
Bed 75 cm -3 rows
90 4.23 386.3 4560 1.53
B 90 cm -3 rows 80 5.32 445.7 6180 2.25
B 90 cm -4 rows 90 4.66 384.7 4890 1.75
Flat planting 100 5.06 426.1 5282 1.26
CD 0.05 -- 0.26 19.84 343 0.11
Wheat yield and productivity of wheat as influenced by planting pattern
(Kumar et al.,2010)
Emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and global warming potential of soil under different tillage treatments in wheat
38(Bhatia et al.,2012)
Performance of RCT on yield, N, and WUE in RWCS
Treatment Mean crop yield t/ha NUE kg grain/kg N uptake WUE( kg grain/ m33water)
Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Wheat
DSR 4.14 4.60 18.2 16.3 0.43 1.96
SRI 5.42 5.12 28.8 20.6 0.38 2.22
TPR 4.93 4.74 24.7 17.4 0.31 1.91
Control 1.96 2.65 0 0.00 0.12 1.10CD( P=0.05) 0.27 0.35 1.91 NS 0.30
Sub plots
ZT - 4.73 - 17.3 - 2.35
HS - 4.96 - 19.1 - 2.44
FIRB - 5.68 - 25.3 - 3.72
CWS - 4.28 - 13.6 - 1.69CD( P=0.05) - 0.10 - 1.69 - 0.35
-(Pal et al., 2012).
Effect of different RCTs in basmati rice (‘PRH 10’)-wheat (‘HD 2894’) cropping system at New Delhi
(Sharma et al., 2012)
Effect of dual purpose legumes in system productivity &profitability of RWCS
41j
(Jat et al., 2012)
Treatment Yield (t/ha) Soil fertility after 6 cycles
Rice Wheat Total OC (%)
Av P(kg/ha)
Av K(kg/ha)
R. S. Pura (06 years)
CR without N 4.31 3.39 7.70 0.38 11.5 90
CR+ 10 kg N 4.61 3.73 8.34 0.48 15.2 99
CR+ 20 kg N 4.46 3.90 8.36 0.46 13.2 96
Kanpur (06 years)
CR without N 4.41 4.03 8.44 0.29 21.4 188
CR+ 10 kg N 4.56 4.36 8.92 0.36 25.8 200
CR+ 20 kg N 4.69 4.14 8.83 0.34 26.5 198
Initial values of OC, Available P and available K were 0.43 and 0.10%, 10.4 and 18.4 kg/ha, and 91.5 and 218 kg/ha, respectively at R. S. Pura and Kanpur.
Yadav (1997)
Crop productivity and soil fertility under crop residue incorporation
Treatment Grain yield (t/ha)
Rice Wheat Total
Removed 4.02 4.09 8.11
Burnt 4.14 4.14 8.24
Incorporated 4.47 4.57 9.04
CD (P=0.05) 0.44 0.40 0.487
(Sharma,1998)
Effect of crop residue management on the productivity of rice- wheat cropping system
( Jat et al.,2008)
Saving of resources : 60-85%
Yield advantage : 3-17%
Increase in profitability : 11-45%
Increase in energy efficiency : 20-39%
Lower production cost : 8-27%
Saving in irrigation water : 4-38%
Reduced weeds : 10-48%
Improved soil health
RCTs – Advantages in RWCS
(Sharma and Jat 2006)45
RCTs save inputs like seed, fertilizer, water energy besides improving the crop productivity and environmental quality
RCTs also improves the soil physical, biological and chemical health
RCTs are more effective in combinations rather than their individual application