Resistive and Inductive Fault Current Limiters: Kinetics ...
Transcript of Resistive and Inductive Fault Current Limiters: Kinetics ...
TECHNOLOGYCENTRE Bruker HTS GmbHBruker Advanced SuperconBraunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
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Resistive and Inductive Fault Current Limiters:Kinetics of Quenching and Recovery
Inductive and Resistive HTS Fault Current Limiters: Prototyping, Testing, Comparing
F. Mumford, Areva T&D A. Usoskin, Bruker HTS
AREVA T&D Research & Technology Centre
Stafford, UK
Bruker HTS GmbH
Hanau, Germany
TECHNOLOGYCENTRE Bruker HTS GmbHBruker Advanced SuperconBraunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
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SuperconductingFault Current Limiter
forElectrical Power System
Protection
Part 1
Resistive and Inductive Fault Current Limiters:
Kinetics of Quenching and Recovery
Part 2
TECHNOLOGYCENTRE Bruker HTS GmbHBruker Advanced SuperconBraunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
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SuperconductingFault Current Limiter
forElectrical Power System
Protection
Part 1
TECHNOLOGYCENTRE Bruker HTS GmbHBruker Advanced SuperconBraunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
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�Growing electricity demand in industrialised countries
� Evolution of 2.5% average per year
�Why such an evolution in electricity demand?
� Cities are becoming increasingly populated
� New gadgets
� Electric transportation
� Better life style
� Etc.
Future needs for Electrical Power
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TECHNOLOGYCENTRE Bruker HTS GmbHBruker Advanced SuperconBraunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
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High stresses result in higher probability of fault s
In the near future, networks may reach or exceed their short-circuit limits!
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TECHNOLOGYCENTRE Bruker HTS GmbHBruker Advanced SuperconBraunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
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Fault Current Limiters(FCL)
are urgently needed
� Increase of fault levels beyond existing circuit-breaker capacities
�Fault levels increasing before circuit-breaker opens (first peak)
Many networks may soon reach or Exceed their Short-Circuit Limits!
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TECHNOLOGYCENTRE Bruker HTS GmbHBruker Advanced SuperconBraunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
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Before and after a fault current…
�What are the causes of faults?
� Severe weather
� Errant tree branches
� Wandering squirrels
� Equipment failures
� Metal poles…
Consequences of a major a fault …… .
�What are the consequences?
� Interruption of customer service
� Increase costs
� Loss of income…
Consequences of a major a fault …… .Consequences of a major a fault …… .
�What are the consequences?
� Interruption of customer service
� Increase costs
� Loss of income…
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Aftermath of a major Short-Circuit FaultTransformer Damage
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Aftermath of a major Short-Circuit FaultTransformer Damage
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The network system reaction
�Present network systems are designed to tolerate hi gh currents for several cycles
�Faults interrupted within:
� 100 msec ( [[[[ 100 kV system)
� 60 msec (>100 kV system)
But, the system fault levels are increasing !But, the system fault levels are increasing !
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TECHNOLOGYCENTRE Bruker HTS GmbHBruker Advanced SuperconBraunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
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The main benefits of the insertion of a FCL …
�Improve power quality
�Avoid:
�Over-dimensioning of equipment
�High investments
�Replacing existing equipments that have a low ratin g
compared to the high rating required
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TECHNOLOGYCENTRE Bruker HTS GmbHBruker Advanced SuperconBraunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
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The Optimum Solution: Superconducting Fault Current Limiter
�Properties
�Self activating
�Fail safe
�Low maintenance
�High impedance in fault operation
�Low impedance in normal operation
�Limits fault current before first peak
�Tolerant to a 5 cycle fault current limiting (100 msec.)
�Operational before circuit-breaker re-closes
�Environmentally friendly (liquid nitrogen cooling,77K)
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TECHNOLOGYCENTRE Bruker HTS GmbHBruker Advanced SuperconBraunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
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Three Most Common types of FCL
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Resistive FCL with protective shunt
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FCL with saturated iron
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FCL with saturated iron
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TECHNOLOGYCENTRE Bruker HTS GmbHBruker Advanced SuperconBraunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
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FCL with saturated iron
TECHNOLOGYCENTRE Bruker HTS GmbHBruker Advanced SuperconBraunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
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Inductive Shielded FCL in a network system
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TECHNOLOGYCENTRE Bruker HTS GmbHBruker Advanced SuperconBraunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
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How do Superconducting FCLs work� When operated below critical parameters:
� Tc (temperature )
� Ic (current )
� Hc (magnetic field )
�Superconductors have virtually zero resistance
� When operated above Tc, Ic, Hc, normal state resistance is restored
� The inherent ability to “switch”from virtually zero resistance to a finite value when Ic is exceeded can be used to limit short-circuit fault currents
� This switching property is utilised in the inductive shielded type FCL
� SFCL
Tc
Ic
Hc
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TECHNOLOGYCENTRE Bruker HTS GmbHBruker Advanced SuperconBraunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
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What is an SFCL?
�The SFCL is a transformer with:
�A shorted secondary superconducting winding
�A copper primary winding connected in series with a network line
�In normal network operation, magnetic flux is excluded from the transformer iron core
�Low impedance is seen by the system
�In a fault limiting scenario Ic for the superconductor is exceeded and flux enters the core
�Large impedance is seen by the system
Fault current is limited & the system protectedFault current is limited & the system protected
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TECHNOLOGYCENTRE Bruker HTS GmbHBruker Advanced SuperconBraunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
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Fault Current Limiting with an SFCL
-20000
-10000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
Prospective Fault Current
Limited Fault Current
Fault Onset
Normal
operation
Cur
rent
(A
)
Time (s)
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Inductive Shielded type SFCL
Primary winding
Cryostat
Superconducting Cylinders
Laminated Iron Core
�Construction
�Transformer device with:
� Copper primary winding
� Superconducting “shorted”secondary winding.
�Primary winding is in series with the line to be protected.
SFCL has the potential to meet all FCL objectivesSFCL has the potential to meet all FCL objectives
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Safety assured with the SFCL
Bruker HTS GmbH
Resistive and Inductive Fault Current Limiters: Kinetics of Quenching and Recovery
Part 2
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FCL demonstrators
- Constructions
- CC Tapes
- FCL Assembling
- Measurements
- Results and further steps
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Processing route for YBCO coated conductor
deep polishing
US cleaning
ABAD YSZ buffer
HR-PLD
CeO2
HR-PLD
YBCO
PVD
Ag or Au
Annealing
Cu platin
g
150µm
Vacuum, mbar 10-5 10-1 10-1 10-5
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Shunt layer in SFCL
0
1
2
3
0 2 4Shunt thickness (µm)
Ele
ctric
al fi
eld
(V/c
m)
1
2
3
dA
dP
dE ⋅= ρ ρ is resistivity of the shunt metal,
d is a shunt thickness and dP/dA is a surface density of power dissipation.
200 W/cm2
50 W/cm2
100 W/cm2
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Inductive shielded and resistive SFCL
SUPERPOLI FCL-5.5-50 module based on YBCO-coated stainless steel tubes and Au shunt layer.
Nominal (non-limited) current 2 500 A (ampl.)Nominal power losses ~ 0.1 WFault current, max. 50 000 A (ampl.)Peak power at fault current: 150 000 W
∅ 55 mm
500 mm
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R(I) curves
0
2
4
6
0 2 4 6Current (kA)
Res
ista
nce
(mO
hms)
1 2 3
IS-SFCL
IS-SFCL
R-SFCL
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Inductive SFCL: I(V) curves
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 20 40 60
Voltage (V)
Cur
rent
(A
)
0,2
1
0,6
2
3
A B C D
0,4
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Cu losses are subtracted
Test SU240b cu100trns, 11x7CC-mod
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
voltage 1, V
curr
ent 2
, pro
sp. c
urre
nt 1
, A
3800A Oscill.
Z1(at 3000A)=0.25 V/30 A= 8.3 mOhms => ∆U = 0.8 V at 100A
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Kinetics of quench and recovery: inductive SFC
-2
0.6ms
<0.2ms
20 40 60 80 0 0
1
2
-1
Cur
rent
(kA
)
Time (ms)
Kinetics of quench and recovery in SFCL with a shielding module exhibiting 0.9 kA critical current.
Current versus time at quench event with duration of 31 ms. Prospective current of 30 kA (peak value) is limited to 1.2 kA (second peak).
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Kinetics of quench and recovery: inductive SFC
Current versus time at quench event with duration of 90 ms.
Prospective current of 20 kA (peak value) is limited to 5 kA (second peak).
During quench current in primary winding corresponds to 40-50 A.
Cur
rent
(kA
)
Time (ms)
0 50 100 200 150 250
0
2
4
6
-2
-4
-6
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Shunt layer in SFCL: R-SFCL
00
5 time [ms]15
2
4
-2
-4
current [kA]
0.5 ms
fault current
limitedcurrent
nominal current
10 20
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Summary
A. There is no difference in performance of inductive SFCL andresistive SFCL
B. Nevertheless, the inductive SFCL
- has favorable functionality at HV
- exhibits less cooling losses (no current leads in the cryostat)
- should have similar dimensions and weight (!)
C. Low loss (Z<0.015 Ohm) in the nominal regime aredemonstrated in 100kVA
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