Resistance to the HolocaustResistance to the Holocaust

Belfer Presentation

Robert Hadley

Mandel 2001-2002

Define ResistanceDefine Resistance

What does this term mean?– Physical – Spiritual– Cultural– Emotional

PhysicalPhysical

Underground Youth Movements

PartisansCamp Revolts

Underground Youth MovementsUnderground Youth Movements

Hashomer and HeChalutz (Zionist)

Akiva (Zionist) Dror (Zionist) Bund Betar Communists

Partisan MovementsPartisan Movements

Abbe Kovner, Vilna Ghetto

Bielski Partisans, Belorussia

Joining Polish and/or Russian Partisan Movement

Camp RevoltsCamp Revolts

Sobibor

Treblinka

Auschwitz

Map of RevoltsMap of Revolts

Role of Women in the ResistanceRole of Women in the Resistance

Intelligence and Reconnaissance

CouriersFightersEducators

SpiritualSpiritual

Maintaining ones Faith in God

Strength of Human Dignity

Observing Jewish Traditions

Kiddush ha-Shem ("Sanctification of God's Name")

Prayers and Religious observationPrayers and Religious observation

Minyanim (10 or more gathered to pray)

Religious Holidays Fasting and

remaining Kosher in face of starvation

EmotionalEmotional

Staying alive!Helping others stay aliveNot allowing ones spirit to be

defeated

Resource : If you Cried, You died

CulturalCultural

Art and Music– Terezin Requime

Schools Community based

programs– Self Help

Plays Lectures

Art in the CampsArt in the Camps

How is Art resistance?

What record do we have of the Holocaust as a result of Artists?

Urge to create in the midst of death

Cultural EventsCultural Events

Cultural events took place in the camps and ghettos

Impact and power of such events as Resistance?

Music in the CampsMusic in the Camps

Archive of music program from Terezin

Importance music played in camp life?

Schools in the GhettosSchools in the Ghettos

Primary purpose to nourish the body and the soul (see the bread on napkins)

Aliya: Religious boarding schools

Most Schools were clandestine

Orphanages: Dr Janusz Korczak

Movies/VideosMovies/Videos

Escape From Sobibor (1989) Showtime

The Grey Zone (2002)

Out of the Ashes (2003) Showtime

Uprising (2001) NBC

BooksBooks

Defiance: The Beilski Partisans by Nechama Tec They Fought Back by Yuri Suhl The Avengers by Rich Cohen The Bravest Battle by Dan Kurzman Resistance by Israel Gutman Justyna’s Narrative by Gusta Draenger Kazik: Memoirs of a Warsaw Ghetto Fighter by Simha

Rotem Unbroken by Len Crome Against All Hope by Hermann Langein Fighting Back by Harold Werner

Great Web Sites!Great Web Sites! The Ghetto Fighter’s House: Museum of the Holocaust and Resistance.

http://www.gfh.org.ilIsraeli museum with searchable archives. Many articles and pictures online.

Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership. - www.jpfo.comUses the history of genocide and resistance to it to argue for the right to bear arms.

Museum of the Slovak National Uprising.http://www.muzeumsnp.skMuseum in Slovakia dedicated to their 1944 armed uprising against the Germans, one result of which was the Jewish Novaky brigade.Anniversary of the said Uprising - http://www.55snp.sk/en

Simon Wiesenthal Center - http://www.wiesenthal.comHas material on the Warsaw Ghetto uprising as well as general Holocaust information

http://www.yad-vashem.org.il/ Incredible archives of the Holocaust including Resistance

Online lessonsOnline lessons

http://connections.smsd.org/veterans/holocaust_resistance_movement.htm (Great list of FAQ’s with websites)

http://www.ushmm.org/education/foreducators/guidelines/ (scroll down to Sample lessons, do the one on Resistance, powerful tool with students!)

http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/RESIST2.htm (Excellent resource on Resistance for educators)

http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?ID=275 (Great comprehensive Lesson when pressed for time in a unit)

More Online LessonsMore Online Lessons

http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/RESIST/WARSAW.HTM (Great way to connect with the Ringleblum play)

http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/RESIST/resistan.HTM (I have used Courage to care in the classroom…Great video…and great way to close a unit on the Holocaust. Bring Hope back to your students…like I said..bring them out of the darkness)

Even more lessons!Even more lessons!

http://www.holocaust-trc.org/lesson.htm (many lesson plans and activities around Resistance and resistance movements, all vetted by Mark Nataupsky, an excellent educator from Virginia!)

http://www.holocaust-trc.org/Warsawhs.pdf (excellent Resistance Unit created by Sol Factor, a Mandel fellow from Ohio. You don’t have to use the entire unit…the lessons can be extracted separately)

Totten SeriesTotten Series

Teaching and Studying about the Holocaust

Holocaust Education

Holocaust Literature