Resistance to Resistance to ModernityModernity

Chapter 23 Section 4Chapter 23 Section 4

Notes 6.0Notes 6.0

Objectives…Objectives…

Summarize the areas of Summarize the areas of resistance to the major resistance to the major cultural changes of the cultural changes of the 1920s1920s

What happened to the long What happened to the long campaign to prohibit liquor?campaign to prohibit liquor?

1818thth Amendment… Amendment… SupportersSupporters

– Women’s temperance groupsWomen’s temperance groups– Middle class progressivesMiddle class progressives– Rural ProtestantsRural Protestants

““noble experiment”noble experiment” Volstead Act – 1919:Volstead Act – 1919:

– Law enforcing 18th Amendment– Defines process & procedures for banning alcohol and its

production / distribution

The Volstead Act…The Volstead Act…

Reverend Billy SundayReverend Billy Sunday preaching in preaching in New York (1917)New York (1917) ……

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVZ-J3c8_AY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiWJw7nDrgA

How well was Prohibition How well was Prohibition enforced?enforced?

Volstead Act – 1919…Volstead Act – 1919… Widespread lawbreaking…Widespread lawbreaking… Law enforcement bribed…Law enforcement bribed… Boost to violent organized Boost to violent organized

crime…crime… 2121stst Amendment…. Amendment…. Success?Success?

A moonshiner and his still-A moonshiner and his still-19301930

The “speakeasy’…The “speakeasy’…

SpeakeasySpeakeasy

The Boozejoint – a speakeasy The Boozejoint – a speakeasy in Chicagoin Chicago

Federal officials with Federal officials with confiscated beer and distilling confiscated beer and distilling

equipmentequipment

Per Capita Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages Per Capita Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages 1910-1929   1910-1929                    .                  .

Prohibition Prohibition humor:humor:

“Among the “Among the Bootleggers”Bootleggers”

Al CaponeAl Capone“Scarface”“Scarface”1899-19471899-1947

Chicago- Italian gang leader..“The most notorious gangster in the history of the nation”

"I make my money by supplying a "I make my money by supplying a public demand. If I break the law, public demand. If I break the law, my customers who number my customers who number hundreds of the best people in hundreds of the best people in Chicago, are as guilty as I am. Chicago, are as guilty as I am. The only difference is that I sell The only difference is that I sell and they buy. Everybody calls me and they buy. Everybody calls me a racketeer. I call myself a a racketeer. I call myself a businessman.“ businessman.“

- - Al CaponeAl Capone

Capone’s income by 1929…Capone’s income by 1929…

$100 million per year…$100 million per year…– $60,000,000$60,000,000 Speakeasies, night Speakeasies, night

clubs, distilleries & breweries)clubs, distilleries & breweries)– $25,000,000$25,000,000 (Gambling: Book (Gambling: Book

making, race tracks)making, race tracks)– $10,000,000$10,000,000 (Brothels) (Brothels) – $10,000,000$10,000,000 other rackets other rackets

(illegal businesses)(illegal businesses)600 gangster employees600 gangster employees

Al Capone’s Earning Al Capone’s Earning ComparisonComparison1925-1930 2015

Al Capone’s Earnings

$100,000,000 About $1.1 Billion

Babe Ruth’s Earnings

$110,000 About $1.2 Million

Hoover’s Salary $80,000 About $860,000

American Salary $2,000 About $22,000

The fall of Al Capone…The fall of Al Capone…1931 convicted of tax evasion 1931 convicted of tax evasion 11 years in prison… sent to 11 years in prison… sent to

Alcatraz Alcatraz Released 1939.. No longer able to Released 1939.. No longer able to

sell illegal alcoholsell illegal alcoholWeak health… the effects of VD Weak health… the effects of VD Died in 1947 (Age 49)Died in 1947 (Age 49)

The St. Valentines DayThe St. Valentines Day MassacreMassacre

St. Valentine’s Day St. Valentine’s Day MassacreMassacre

1929 murder of six mob associates and a mechanic of the North Side Irish gang led by Bugs Moran during the Prohibition Era. It resulted from the struggle between the Irish American gang and the South Side Italian gang led by Al Capone — to take control of organized crime in Chicago.

Eliot Ness Eliot Ness and the and the

“Untouchables”“Untouchables”The Untouchables were a group of eleven U.S. federal law-enforcement agents, led by Eliot Ness, who, from 1929 to 1931, worked to end Al Capone's illegal activities by aggressively enforcing Prohibition laws against Capone and his organization. In their conduct, they became legendary for being fearless and incorruptible, earning the nickname "Untouchables". Gangster Squad?

Why did the government limit Why did the government limit immigration?immigration?

1900 -1920: 10.5 million came 1900 -1920: 10.5 million came from Southern and Eastern Europefrom Southern and Eastern Europe

2X as many came from S. and E. 2X as many came from S. and E. as came from N. and W. Europeas came from N. and W. Europe

Many Catholic and JewishMany Catholic and Jewish Lived in poor – isolated Lived in poor – isolated

neighborhoods of the citiesneighborhoods of the cities

What forces came together to What forces came together to create opposition to create opposition to

immigration?immigration? Nativist MovementsNativist Movements

– 1890s – anti-Catholic American Protective Assoc.1890s – anti-Catholic American Protective Assoc.– Immigration Restriction LeagueImmigration Restriction League

Scientific RacismScientific Racism– Madison Grant & “race suicide” (article on Madison Grant & “race suicide” (article on

p. 17)p. 17)– Eugenics = genetic inferiority Eugenics = genetic inferiority

““100 percent American”100 percent American” Red Scare links immigration to radicalismRed Scare links immigration to radicalism Post-war depression & rising unemploymentPost-war depression & rising unemployment

What restrictions were placed What restrictions were placed on immigration?on immigration?

Immigration Act of 1921… 3% of Immigration Act of 1921… 3% of 1910 census1910 census

Johnson –Reed Immigration Act of Johnson –Reed Immigration Act of 1924…reduced to 2% of 1890 1924…reduced to 2% of 1890 censuscensus

Did not apply to W. hemisphereDid not apply to W. hemisphere Congress accepts the idea of Congress accepts the idea of

superior vs. inferior racessuperior vs. inferior races

The case of Sacco and The case of Sacco and VanzettiVanzetti

Sacco and Vanzetti CaseSacco and Vanzetti Case

Foreign immigrants and anarchists Foreign immigrants and anarchists from Italyfrom Italy

Murder and robbery of a factory Murder and robbery of a factory paymasterpaymaster

No confessions, solid alibis with No confessions, solid alibis with circumstantial evidencecircumstantial evidence

Judge was prejudiced; Jury finds them Judge was prejudiced; Jury finds them guilty and sentences them to deathguilty and sentences them to death

Public outcry! Disagreed! Public outcry! Disagreed!

Sacco & VanzettiSacco & VanzettiVictims of intolerance or Victims of intolerance or

villains?…villains?…

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdstXviXwYA

Sacco & Vanzetti

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3SuTTcj2u8

What is What is the the

messagemessageof this of this

cartoon?...cartoon?...

Sacco & Vanzetti’s Funeral Sacco & Vanzetti’s Funeral ProcessionProcession

Sacco and Vanzetti CaseSacco and Vanzetti Case

Protests erupts world-wideProtests erupts world-wide Executed in 1927Executed in 1927 In 1961, ballistics show the gun In 1961, ballistics show the gun

found on Sacco is the murder found on Sacco is the murder weapon.weapon.

Still is no proof that either pulled Still is no proof that either pulled the trigger. the trigger.

Limiting ImmigrationLimiting Immigration ““Keep America for Americans”Keep America for Americans”

Low wages for immigrantsLow wages for immigrants

Racist ideas grow Racist ideas grow

““In 2004, the foreign-born In 2004, the foreign-born population in the United population in the United

States reached 35.7 States reached 35.7 million persons, million persons,

comprising approximately comprising approximately 12 percent of the United 12 percent of the United States population. Of this States population. Of this group, estimates indicate group, estimates indicate

approximately 10.3 million approximately 10.3 million — 29 percent of the — 29 percent of the foreign born — were foreign born — were

unauthorized migrants.”unauthorized migrants.”

Estimates for Illegal Immigrants Entering the United

States

UnauthorizedMigrants

TemporaryLegalResidents

Refugees

LegalPermanentResidents

NaturalizedCitizens

Countries by birth rate 2008Countries by birth rate 2008

Arizona SB 1070Arizona SB 1070““The The Support Our Law Enforcement Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Actand Safe Neighborhoods Act (introduced as (introduced as Arizona Senate Bill Arizona Senate Bill 10701070 and thus often referred to simply and thus often referred to simply as as Arizona SB 1070Arizona SB 1070) is a legislative Act ) is a legislative Act in the U.S. state of Arizona that is the in the U.S. state of Arizona that is the broadest and strictest anti-illegal broadest and strictest anti-illegal immigration measure in decades. It has immigration measure in decades. It has received national and international received national and international attention and has spurred considerable attention and has spurred considerable controversy.”controversy.”

Signed into law April 23, 2010, “Critics of the Signed into law April 23, 2010, “Critics of the legislation say it encourages racial profiling, while legislation say it encourages racial profiling, while supporters say the law prohibits the use of race as supporters say the law prohibits the use of race as the sole basis for investigating immigration status.”the sole basis for investigating immigration status.”

The Klan RisesThe Klan Rises““100 percent Americanism”100 percent Americanism” In 1924 = 4.5 millionIn 1924 = 4.5 millionTargeted anyone not white, Targeted anyone not white,

native-born, or protestant.native-born, or protestant.By the end of the 1920s, By the end of the 1920s,

violence and other criminal violence and other criminal activity reduces its popularity.activity reduces its popularity.

What caused the resurgence of What caused the resurgence of the KKK?the KKK?

The Birth of a Nation Hiram Evans recruiting campaign to pay

for new members– Advocated “100% Americanism” and “white

supremacy” Righteous defenders of traditional values

of small-town Protestant America Popular social movement including women 1924 – 3 million members

Who became the targets of the Who became the targets of the new Klan?new Klan?

Birth controlBirth control Violators of prohibitionViolators of prohibition DarwinismDarwinism Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church African AmericansAfrican Americans JewsJews immigrantsimmigrants

KKK RallyKKK Rally

1925: Anti-immigration march in 1925: Anti-immigration march in N.J.N.J.

1923: Postcard sent 1923: Postcard sent to Madison, WI to Madison, WI

                                              

1924: KKK Spring festival

50,000 KKK MEMBERS MARCHING

KKK in Washington D.C. KKK in Washington D.C. 19251925

K.K.K. Meeting 1923K.K.K. Meeting 1923

What led to the demise of the What led to the demise of the KKK?KKK?

Stephenson incident – broke Stephenson incident – broke prohibition, immoral, disgracedprohibition, immoral, disgraced

Evidence of corruption & political Evidence of corruption & political wrangling among leaderswrangling among leaders

Success of immigration restrictionSuccess of immigration restriction Less concern over BolshevismLess concern over Bolshevism Economic prosperityEconomic prosperity

Explain how Explain how this picture this picture

illustrates the illustrates the Scopes Trial Scopes Trial controversy?controversy?

What was the nature of the What was the nature of the fundamentalist revival of the fundamentalist revival of the

1920s?1920s? Reaction to the Social Gospel…Reaction to the Social Gospel… Refocus on religious practicesRefocus on religious practices Literal reading of the BibleLiteral reading of the Bible Rejection of modern science as Rejection of modern science as

inconsistent with the word of inconsistent with the word of GodGod

Target Target Darwin’s Theory of Darwin’s Theory of EvolutionEvolution

How did science conflict with How did science conflict with religion?religion?

Darwin’s theory of evolution…Darwin’s theory of evolution… By 1925 – 20 states had passed By 1925 – 20 states had passed

anti-evolution lawsanti-evolution laws Tennessee passed a law against Tennessee passed a law against

the teaching of evolutionthe teaching of evolution The American Civil Liberties The American Civil Liberties

Union offered to defend any Union offered to defend any teacher who taught evolutionteacher who taught evolution

The Scopes TrialThe Scopes Trial

John Scopes taught Darwin’s John Scopes taught Darwin’s theory to his biology classtheory to his biology class

Clarence Darrow – ACLU lawyerClarence Darrow – ACLU lawyer William Jennings Bryan – special William Jennings Bryan – special

prosecutor and an “expert on prosecutor and an “expert on the Bible”the Bible”

Scopes guilty – fined $100Scopes guilty – fined $100 Tennessee threw out the Tennessee threw out the

conviction on a technicalityconviction on a technicality

John John ScopeScope

ss

The Evolution of The Evolution of ManMan

ClarencClarence e

DarrowDarrow

Wm. Wm. Jennings Jennings

BryanBryan

Clarence Darrow & Wm J. BryanClarence Darrow & Wm J. Bryan