Resilience through co-primary PNT solutions: GPS … through co-primary PNT solutions: GPS and...

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Resilience throughco-primary PNT solutions:

GPS and eLoran

By Charles SchueSeptember 4, 2014

EMEA OperationsBertem, Belgium

Corporate HeadquartersChesapeake, VA

Washington DC Metro AreaLeesburg, VA

Southeast RegionNorth Charleston, SCISO 9001

FM 540606

Imagination | Transformation | Innovation 2

The Problem: Vulnerabilities

The Need: Resilience

The Solution: Co-Primary GPS and eLoran

eLoran Basics

The Technology: Service Provider

The Technology: User

The Tipping Point: Time and Frequency

Use Cases

A Way forward in the U.S.?

Questions, and possibly answers.

Outline





FM 540606


The Problem: Vulnerabilities

• Performance degradation

– Ionosphere & solar activities (natural)

– Unintentional & intentional (human factors)

• Signal blockage

• Spectrum competition

• Common signal use across GNSS

• Radio frequency interference

• System anomalies & failures

– GPS, WAAS, GLONASS, Galileo

• Jamming

• Spoofing & Counterfeit Signals

• Proliferation of satellite systems

• Escalating costs

• Program funding delays

• Satellite launch problems

[Source: ctstechnologys.com/gps-jammers/]

Blocker

Disrupter

Waterproof

40 Watts

All Bands

1,000 m

Of the 16 Critical Infrastructure / Key Resource sectors in

the U.S., 15 use GPS timing.

GPS timing is deemed essential

for 11 of the sectors.

[Source: U.S. DHS]

http://www.ctstechnologys.com/gps-jammers/986809.html













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The Problem: Unintentional

Moonlighting near NWK

Leaving a switch on in San Diego

Watching TV in Half Moon Bay





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The Problem: (Un)Intentional?

LSQ spectrum valued at $265K per kHz.

http://www.lightsquared.com/





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The Problem: Intentional

Source: Ministry of Land Transport and

Maritime Affairs





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The Problem: Jamming

AIS

Depth Sounder Gyro Compass

Radar

DGPSECS

Nov / Dec 2009

Feb / Mar 2013

Source: GLAs





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The Problem: Spoofing

Sources: University of Texas at AustinDr. Todd Humphreys





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The Problem: Engineers





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The Need: Resilience

P

T

N

Chemical

Commercial Facilities

Communications

Critical Manufacturing

Dams

Defense Industrial Base

Emergency Services

Energy

GPS

Financial Services

Food and Agriculture

Government Facilities

Healthcare

Information Technology

Nuclear Systems

Transportation Systems

Water Systems

eLoran

Critical Infrastructure / Key Resource SectorsSource: US PPD-21 of February 12, 2013





FM 540606

The Solution: Enhanced Loran (eLoran)

Technology Available Today• Leverages $160+M U.S. Govt Investment• Maritime HEA, CCZ, EEZ• Aviation En-Route, Terminal, NPA• UTC Aligned 1PPS

A Terrestrial PNTFP&D Utility• The “A” in Dr. Parkinson’s “PTA”• Typically High-Power; Wide Area• Capable of P < 10 meters• Capable of T < 100 nanoseconds• Provides Stratum-1 F• True North Azimuth < 4 milliradians• Secure One Way Communications

Anti-JamAnti-SpoofAnti-CyberProof-of-PositionProof-of-Time

IndoorsUrban CanyonsMountainsTriple CanopyNorthern LatitudesUndergroundUnder waterUnder ice

AccuracyAvailability

IntegrityContinuity

ComplementaryInteroperableIndependentMulti-modal

DiverseP, N, T, F, P + D,

I

The best co-primary PNT solution on the planet!






FM 540606

Legacy Loran and eLoran: Salient Differences

Imagination | Transformation | Innovation

• Each transmitting site synchronized to UTC using “ensembling” of technologies and methods

• Three Primary Reference Standards

• GNSS, when available; not directly coupled

• TWSTT

• TWLFTT (completely “sky-free”)

• Differential corrections for improved accuracy

• dLoran and/or dGPS

• All-in-View signals

• Data Messaging Service (low rate – one way)

• Additional integrity

• Differential corrections ()

• Other secure communications

13





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Evolution

Imagination | Transformation | Innovation

Source: Professor David Last, UK

14





FM 540606

Low Frequency – Analogous to TV

Standard Loran (Loran-C)Black & White TV

Modernized LoranColor TV

Prototype eLoranHD Ready

Enhanced Loran (eLoran)HDTV

LFPhoenix™Premium Channels






FM 540606


Hint: GPS is vulnerable. eLoran is the best alternative.

Every Study and Report: Same Conclusion

US GAO

US GAO

US DOT US DOT US IAT US DOT US ndp

IMO IALA UK RAoE US DHSUK GLA





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Augmentation (vice primary)

SBAS (WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS), GBAS (DGPS)

Single mode

aviation, maritime, land-mobile, time, or frequency

Require external 1PPS or 10 MHz and/or Position

INS, Cs, Rb, CSAC, OCXO

Similar failure modes (e.g., low power, shared spectrum)

GNSS, communications satellites

Over-promised capability and often coupled to GNSS

NTP, PTP (IEEE-1588), fiber

Local area

radio, TV, WiFi

Unprotected spectrum

ISM band

Not under government control

StarFire, OnStar

Not under (fill in your country’s) sovereign control

GPS, GLONASS, CNSS, Galileo

Regional

QZSS, IRNSS

Many years away

MEMS INS, cold atom, gravimetric

National or regional

ASTRA, Sky, Viasat, Skylife, Direct TV, Dish

Why Alternatives are NOT Co-Primary





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The Technology: Service Provider

Transmitting Site

1

2

3

4

5

6

230 VUPS

LAN

Uninterruptible Power Supply - provided by GLAs

Server

Network switch with VPN support

MCS Server

WorkstationSecondary Workstation

LCD, keyboard and mouse set

per MCS Workstation

WorkstationPrimary Workstation“Control” &Monitor Site

Differential eLoran Site





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The Technology: User

“Software Defined” Receivers• Multi-mode

• E- or H-Field Antennas

Applications• Timing and Frequency

• Maritime• Differential (ΔLoran) Reference Sites

• Scientific, Research• Land Mobile• OEM Module

• Aviation






FM 540606 20

Sources: Results from a GPS Timing Criticality Assessment, Carroll (DOT/VNTSC); Lombardi (NIST)

U.S. Timing & Frequency Requirements






FM 540606 21

U.S. Timing Providers

Source: The Potential Role of eLoran in the National Time and Frequency Infrastructure

21





FM 540606 22

U.S. Frequency Providers

Source: The Potential Role of eLoran in the National Time and Frequency Infrastructure






FM 540606

Loran-C, eLoran, and GPS in Europe

Loran-C: Highly repeatable accuracy but with Offset 357.3 m from surveyed position.

Single frequency GPS: Error 2.2 m (95%) Offset 0.6 m (2 feet) from surveyed position.

eLoran: Error 7.1 m (95%) Offset 2.4 m (< 8 feet) from surveyed position.






FM 540606


Monitor Location

Distance from Transmitter

USNO 118 miles

Leesburg 143 miles

Bedford 311 miles

2013 Timing Trials Set-Up





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GPS vs eLoran Timing Performance

GPS v. Cs at Bedford, MA eLoran v. Cs at Bedford, MA

311 miles from transmitter.





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Timing Results: USNO

• eLoran 1PPS measured against USNO Master Clock (Washington, DC)

• 15-day continuous observation. 60 seconds observation interval

• Apparent diurnal behavior. Standard deviation: 29 ns

• 118 miles from transmitter. Only coarse calibration performed





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Timing Results: Leesburg, VA

• eLoran 1PPS measured against Cesium (not disciplined)

• 15-day continuous observations. 120 seconds observation interval

• Apparent diurnal behavior. Standard deviation: 36 ns

• 143 miles from transmitter





FM 540606


Comparison of Leesburg and USNO data

• High correlation between phase differences at Leesburg and USNO

• Amplitude of phase changes higher at Leesburg

• Correlation indicates that differential corrections from USNO would benefit a

user at Leesburg ( ~ 25 miles) or vice versa





FM 540606


eLoran in Europe

• eLoran 1PPS measured against

Novatel OEM3 GPS Receiver

• 6-day continuous observation.

• 120 seconds observation interval

• Diurnal behavior present but less

prominent.

• Standard deviation – 14 ns

• 480 km (298 miles) from transmitter

at Lessay, France

696 km

480 km





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eLoran in the UK





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eLoran in the UK

Harwich

Sheerness

Humber





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Use Case: Telecommunications Timing

ETSI PRC Mask

UN-150 eLoran

performance

TS3100 GPS

PRS

performance

Testing by Chronos Technology Ltd.Additional Testing by National Physical Laboratory

Use Case: Electrical Power Grid

33

Frequency Data Recorder





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Use Case: Electrical Power Grid

0 500 1000 1500 200059.94

59.96

59.98

60

60.02

60.04

60.06

Time (s)

Fre

qu

en

cy(H

z)

Frequency Comparision of FDR with GPS vs with eLoran

Frequency-FDR with GPS

Frequency-FDR with eLoran

0 500 1000 1500 2000-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

Time (s)

Un

wra

p A

ng

le(r

ad

ian

)

Angle Comparision of FDR with GPS vs with eLoran

Angle-FDR with GPS

Angle-FDR with eLoran

40 60 80 100 120 14059.975

59.98

59.985

59.99

59.995

Time (s)

Fre

qu

en

cy(H

z)

Frequency Comparision of FDR with GPS vs with eLoran

Frequency-FDR with GPS

Frequency-FDR with eLoran

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-6

-4

-2

0

2

Time (s)

Un

wra

p A

ng

le(r

ad

ian

)

Angle Comparision of FDR with GPS vs with eLoran

Angle-FDR with GPS

Angle-FDR with eLoran

“That is great. Now we can see the data.

Could you tell me which unit is using eLoran now?”





FM 540606


How did we get where we are at today?

During the period from 1997 through 2006, US Congress appropriated over $160M to modernize and upgrade Loran-C to eLoran.

In March 2007, the DOT POS/NAV Executive Committee and DHS Geospatial/PNT Executive Committee accepted the findings of the Institute for Defense Analysis’ Independent Assessment Team, and agreed to pursue the designation of eLoran as national PNT backup for the U.S. homeland.

In February 2008, DHS adopted and publically announced eLoran as the national backup to GPS.

In March 2008, as a result of NSPD 39, the National Executive Committee for Space-Based PNT tasked DOT and DHS with completing an action plan that included identifying an executive agent, developing a transition plan to address funding and operations, and requested approval by DOT and DHS Secretaries resulting in a final decision. DHS ultimately identified NPPD as the executive agent to carry eLoran forward.

In February and August of 2010, Loran-C was terminated in the U.S. while leaving the fate of eLoran uncertain.

Other countries continued development of eLoran. UK in 2011 adds third party service to data channel.

UK begins deployment of initial dLoran service in seven harbors in 2013.

SK Telecom proposal for eLoran system selected in 2014 for award by ROK.





FM 540606


• Possible Approach

– Government loans existing assets (i.e. land, buildings, antennas, site equipment)

under a 20 year lease

– Industry provides necessary equipment and services to fulfill a service-level

agreement (similar to GLAs in the UK)

– Potential for a two-tiered service with mechanism for revenue recovery to reduce

or eliminate out-year costs to government

• Phased Approach

– Initial phase resurrects 2008 era

– Rapid build out of CONUS high reliability timing network (dual coverage)

– Position and Navigation capabilities evolve later

– Encourage Canadian interest/investment along US / CAN border

– Expand into Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico

• Benefits

– Deferral of Environmental Compliance & Restoration costs

– Fulfills backup PNT capabilities per National Security Presidential Directives

– Advances technology, creates employment, reinvigorates industry

USA: Public Private Partnership?





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Start: 4 Station (“Single”) Timing Coverage





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19 Station Timing Coverage





FM 540606

• eLoran is a significant improvement over legacy Loran because of modernized technology, improved timing, and the addition of the data channel.

• eLoran can provide reliable, accurate Position, Navigation, Timing, Frequency, Phase, and Data to complement GNSS.

• Foreign countries are beginning to adopt eLoran as an alternative and backup to GNSS.

• eLoran is the only (very) wide area, multi-modal, interoperable, complementary, diverse, independent, co-primary PNT solution to GNSS.

• eLoran enables multi-level resiliency solutions. Niche, special-purpose, or stove-pipe solutions can build upon the co-primary attributes that GPS and eLoran provide.

• eLoran provides “proof of time” and “proof of location”.

• eLoran reaches inside buildings, even without windows.

• eLoran is not a hold-over solution. It is a co-primary source of time, frequency, and phase.

• eLoran considerably exceeds the requirements for LTE phase synchronization.

Why should I care?


Resilience through co-primary PNT solutions: GPS … through co-primary PNT solutions: GPS and...

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