Residential Clothes Washers and DryersTechnical Subcommittee

Ryan Firestone & Christian DouglassRegional Technical Forum

March 10, 20151-3 PM

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Presentation Outline

Today’s Objective: Guidance on Clothes Washer measure development, guidance on developing a Clothes Dryer research plan

• Interaction between Washer and Dryer measures

• Updates to Clothes Washer measure• Developing a Clothes Dryer measure

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Overview• RTF Clothes Washer UES measure is due for an update

– Sunset date June 2015

– New federal standard, and ENERGY STAR and CEE specifications effective March 7, 2015

– New market data (NEEA)

– New field data on washers and dryers (NEEA)

• ENERGY STAR has its first Dryer specification (v.1.0), effective January 1, 2015– ENERGY STAR resistance and heat pump based dryers are available

– NEEA is conducting research on dryers to support an RTF Dryer UES measure

• There is a significant interaction between Washer and Dryer measures– Much of the Washer savings come from reductions in drying energy required after

washing (higher spin)

– Dryer savings are dependent on the moisture content of incoming clothes

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Washer / Dryer Interaction

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Washer/Dryer Interaction

• Dryer energy consumption is determined by – Amount of moisture to be removed from clothing

– Energy efficiency of removing moisture from clothing

moi

stur

e (lb

s)

1 / dryer efficiency (kWh/lb)

Washer EE

Dryer EE

dryer energy (kWh)

Washer/Dryer Interactionm

oist

ure

(lbs)

1 / dryer efficiency (kWh/lb)

dryer energy (kWh)

Baseline WasherBaseline Dryer

moi

stur

e (lb

s)

1 / dryer efficiency (kWh/lb)

EE WasherEE Dryer

dryer energy (kWh)

Baseline WasherEE Dryer

moi

stur

e (lb

s)

1 / dryer efficiency (kWh/lb)

dryer energy (kWh) sa

ving

s

moi

stur

e (lb

s)

1 / dryer efficiency (kWh/lb)

EE WasherBaseline Dryer

dryer energy (kWh)

savingsWasher savings

Dryer savings

?

Washer/Dryer Interaction7m

oist

ure

(lbs)

1 / dryer efficiency (kWh/lb)

EE WasherEE Dryer

dryer energy (kWh)

Washer savings

Dryer savings

?

• How to deal with these savings?

– Measure identifiers• Would require washer specs for Dryer measure, and dryer specs for

Washer measure

– Distribute across both measures• E.g., Option 3

• Guidelines call for considering all cost effective measures in “full measure package”

• Method would not handle Washer and Dryer tiers– We’d need to simplify to a single EE level for the analysis

– Assume order of measures• CAT/Staff propose to assume EE washer goes in first or at same time

as EE dryer– ENERGY STAR (2015 spec) penetration of Washers was already ~70% in

2014

– Significantly EE Dryers (i.e., heat pump) are an emerging technology in U.S. markets

– Is there interest in combined washer/dryer measures?

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Updates to Residential Clothes Washers Measures

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Remaining Moisture Content

• NEEA Washer/Dryer field study found that real-world clothing retains moisture more than DOE test cloth– Clothing coming out of washer are wetter than test clothes.

• Average rated remaining moisture content (RMC) in CEC DB: 36%

• Field study average: 71%

– More dryer energy is required to remove a pound of moisture from clothing than test clothes (higher kWh/lb moisture)

• DOE Washer test procedure assumes 0.5 kWh/lb

• Field study average 0.62 kWh/lb

Remaining Moisture Content

• This has a huge impact on estimated drying energyNEEA Field

Study findings

clothing (lbs/year) 2342 2342 assume NEEA value

RMC out of washer 71% 36% average in CEC DB

RMC out of dryer 7% 4%DOE test procedure assumption

moisture removed (lbs/year) 1494 741 computed

kWh/lb moisture 0.62 0.50DOE test procedure assumption

dryer energy (kWh/year) 920 370 computed

DOE Washer Test Procedure

Impact of a 10% reduction in RMC (faster spin cycle)

Improved RMC 64% 32%dryer energy (kWh/year) 817 329dryer energy savings (kWh/year) 102 42

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Market Share

• NEEA sales data from 2014 suggests very high penetration of ENERGY STAR 7.0 qualifying washers – This version of the specification effective March 7, 2015

• Final numbers not yet available, but preliminary analysis is ~70% of combined top- and front- loading– Current RTF measure assumes 54%, based on 2013 sales

and ENERGY STAR v6.1

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Measure Grouping• Use a combined Top/Front load baseline (as in current UES measure)?• If so, ENERGY STAR top loader is less efficient than the baseline

– Exclude ENERGY STAR top loader?

• Note: CEE Tier 1 top loaders are scarce, Tier 2 / 3 top loaders aren’t available

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Developing a Clothes Dryer Measure

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Residential Clothes Dryers

• Federal standard:– New standard effective January 1, 2015

• ENERGY STAR v1.0– Effective January 1, 2015

• Heat Pump (HP) Dryers introduced to U.S. market in Q4 2014

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Residential Clothes Dryers• Energy efficiency metrics

– Federal standards • D (Energy Factor (EF))– from previous standard. Pounds of clothes dried per kWh at

highest temperature, 66% ΔRMC, assumed impact of auto-termination, no cool down

• D1 (Combined Energy Factor (CEF) – current standard. Pounds of clothes dried per kWh at highest temperature, 53.5% ΔRMC , assumed impact of auto-termination, no cool down

• Optional D2 (CEF) – current standard. Pounds of clothes dried per kWh at highest temperature, 55.5% ΔRMC, tested with auto-termination and cool-down – required for ENERGY STAR

– NEEA proposal• UCEF (lab testing) – Average of 5 modes (D2 plus 4 with more representative test

cloth). Annual energy and frequency of modes aligns with field study.– Technical working group decided not to weight the modes differently.

• Field testing – estimated annual kWh and average pounds cloth/kWh

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Residential Clothes Dryers

• NEEA Proposed Tiers– Standard – dryers that satisfy the federal standard

by don’t qualify for ENERGY STAR

– 1 – ENERGY STAR qualifying, probably not heat pump

– 2 – today’s hybrid heat pump (LG, Whirlpool and Kenmore)

– 3 – likely hybrid heat pump limit

– 4 – pure heat pump dryer (e.g., Blomberg)

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Available Data• CEC Database

– Products registered for sale in CA• Washer performance metrics: IMEF, IWF, RMC

• Add date

• NEEA Washer/Dryer field study– Metered energy consumption, log book of clothing weights and machine settings.

• NEEA / PG&E lab study– Lab testing to determine D2, UCEF

– Estimated market share per unit to estimate market average performance

– Durango factor – laboratory at 6,500 ft.• Unquantified impact on CEF, UCEF (likely improves metric a few percent)

– Durango lab has since closed

• Ongoing NEEA lab and field testing of HP Dryers– NEEA will certify Tier 2 / 3 / 4 dryers for now

Tier 1 Dryers• No clear correlation between D1 and D2

• NEEA investigating D2 / UCEF relationship– 9 Standard dryers

– 2 Tier 1 dryers

• Should the RTF pursue a Tier 1 Dryers measure?– Would likely require Tier 1 lab testing

Current Data

Energy Consumption Metric

Data Source What kind? How many? D EF D1 CEF D2 CEF UCEF Field

CEC DB/Other product DBs

Standard X

Tier 1, 2 X

2011 DOE X X

NEEA Washer/Dryer Field Study

~46x Standard (some Tier 1?)

X (field)

X (field) X

Baseline Dryer Study

9x Standard X

(Durango)X

(Durango) 2x Tier 1

HP Dryer testing Tier 2,3,4 X X X

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What the RTF needs• A reliable metric of real-world energy use of dryers

– UCEF is a good candidate, might be adjusted based on field test findings

– Need confidence that UCEF values from lab(s) are comparable

• Significant samples of machines in all performance tiers tested to this metric– RTF needs confidence the samples are representative of the tier

– CEF and UCEF for each tier are averages of representative products

• Current Practice baseline performance level– If not using DOE metric, need a means of estimating market share of sampled

machines

– Current Practice Baseline CEF and UCEF are the weighted averages of all tiers.• Weighted by current market share

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Questions for Subcommittee and RTF

• Is UCEF a sufficient metric for estimating energy consumption

• Is the Durango lab testing sufficient for estimating baseline UCEF?– If so, should the UCEF be adjusted for altitude?– Is there sufficient data to estimate Tier 1

consumption and savings?• If existing data is not sufficient for a proven

measure, what does research need to provide?

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Next Steps for CAT/Staff

• Update Washer workbook and create Dryer workbook.

• Draft Preliminary Research Plan for dryers– Improve certainty of UCEF for baseline? Tier 1?– Establish UCEF for Tier 2/3/4– Consider calibrating UCEF mode weights to field

results for all Tiers